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Rashin lafiya

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Rashin lafiya
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Stannosis cuta ce ta huhu wadda ba ta da fibrotic, wadda ke faruwa sakamakon kamuwa da cutar huhu na tsawon lokaci da kuma shaƙar tin. [1] Pneumoconiosis galibi ana samun ƙurar da ba ta da tsari a jikin huhu; a wannan yanayin, ana samunta ne ta hanyar ma'adanai na tin oxide. Ƙwayoyin ƙura da hayaƙi daga masana'antun tin, stannous oxide (SnO2) da stannic oxide ( SnO2 ), [2] sun shafi gano cutar stannosis. [2] [1] Ayyuka masu haɗari kamar, tinning, tin-working, da smelting sune inda aka rubuta yawancin lokuta na stannosis. Lokacin da aka shaƙar da ions na tin da suka narke a matsayin hayaki, tin oxides suna taruwa a kan ƙwayoyin huhu da ƙwayoyin amsawar garkuwar jiki. [3] Idan ma'aikaci ya fuskanci tin oxides a lokuta da yawa na dogon lokaci, suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da stannosis.

Toxicology da Physiology

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Ma'aikatan da suka fuskanci mummunan yanayi, na ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da yawan allurai daban-daban, suna haifar da ɗan ƙaiƙayi a idanu, fata, da membranes na mucous. [4] Lokacin da aka shaƙa kayan ƙarfe marasa tsari, jiki yana kunna tsarin garkuwar jiki kuma yana aika macrophages zuwa huhu. Macrophages suna ƙoƙarin cire ƙwayoyin xenobiotic ; duk da haka, stannous da stannic oxide suna tsoma baki ga aikin ƙwayoyin. [3] Ajiye tin a kan ƙwayoyin huhu ya bayyana bayan hoton X-ray, kodayake stannosis bai bayyana yana lalata kyallen huhu ba. [5] [6] Tunda macrophages suna ɗauke da tin oxides amma kaɗan ko babu fibrosis, ana rarraba stannosis a matsayin pneumonia mara fibrotic. [3] Stannosis cuta ce mai wuya wacce ba ta bayyana ba a tarihi. [1] Saboda haka, jami'an lafiya ba su ƙirƙiri tsarin maganin cutar ba tukuna.

Halayen Tin don amfanin masana'antu

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Ana amfani da ƙarfen tin oxide don yanayin canjin yanayinsu da kuma ƙarancin cajin da ke cikin iskar oxygen. Idan aka dumama shi zuwa yanayin zafi sama da 2602 °C ko 2875 K, tin oxides suna fara tafasa suna samar da hayaki. [7] Misali, tin yana samar da Sn 2 lokacin da aka dumama shi a cikin yanayi mai iskar oxygen; wanda kuma ake kira feebly acid. [7] Tin oxide an san shi da kasancewa mai kyau mai kara kuzari a cikin halayen photochemical masu ƙarfi ( photocatalysis ) da samar da wutar lantarki daga haske (photoelectrocatalysis). [8] Ana amfani da makamashin da aka samar ta hanyar raba ruwa a cikin photoelectrocatalysis don ƙirƙirar rini mai bushewa. [8]

Ana samun Tin a yanayi a matsayin wani ma'adinin lu'ulu'u mai launin fari ko launin toka wanda ake kira cassiterite. [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span> ] Ana girbe ƙarfen da ke jure tsatsa musamman a Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Zaire, Thailand, da Najeriya. [7] A al'ada, ana amfani da tin don ƙirƙirar kwantena; duk da haka, tunda yawan amfani da robobi da aluminum, wannan ba abu ne da aka saba gani ba. Akwai nau'ikan tin guda biyu na allotropic, ya danganta da zafin jiki. Akwai nau'ikan sifofin tin gami da ƙarfe masu zuwa: mai laushi mai laushi, mai narkewa, pewter, tagulla, Babbit, White, da phosphorus ƙarfe na tagulla. [7] Tin oxide ƙarfe suna jure tsatsa wanda yake da mahimmanci a amfanin masana'antu. [7]

Tin(II) oxide, ko Stannous oxide, foda ne mai launin ruwan kasa-baƙi ko kuma wani abu mai ƙarfi mai launin shuɗi-baƙi.

Aikace-aikacen masana'antu na Tin oxides

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Stannous oxide (SnO2)

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Ana amfani da sinadarin Stannous oxide (SnO2) wajen kera kayan gilashi, kamar yumbu. [9] Wannan sinadarin ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma yana ɗaukar siffar foda mai launin baki ko kuma mai launin shuɗi-baƙi. [10] An yi masa lakabi da cewa yana da haɗari ga lafiya kuma yana da haɗari ga lafiya a cikin sassan amincin sinadarai na takaddun bayanai na aminci .

Stannic oxide ( )

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Tin(iv) oxide, ko stannic oxide, wani abu ne mai kama da farin foda mai kauri wanda ba shi da fari ko fari.

Babban amfani da stannic oxide ( SnO2 ) ya haɗa da goge gilashi, marmara, azurfa, da kayan ado ban da ƙirƙirar rini ga masaku, takarda, gilashin yumbu, tawada na bugawa, shafi, da launuka a cikin polymers na abinci. [11] Stannic oxide kuma ba ya narkewa a cikin ruwa kuma yana rabuwa a cikin acid sulfuric da hydrochloric acid . [11]

Nazarin shari'a

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Masana'antar cire tin

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A shekarar 1979, an gano wani ma'aikacin hakar ma'adinai mai shekaru 26 wanda ke aiki a injin narkar da na'urar narkar da na'urar huhu yana da wani yanayi na musamman bayan an yi masa gwajin na'urar. Bai nuna alamun cutar ba duk da cewa yana da ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙarfe a cikin huhu. [5] A wannan masana'antar, an tantance wani mutum mai shekaru 55 wanda ya ɗora tarkacen tin a cikin tanderun narkar na tsawon shekaru 15. [5] An tabbatar da cewa tari da fashewar na'urar ta kasance saboda ƙwayoyin ƙarfe a cikin huhu, ko kuma stannosis. Binciken biopsy na namiji na biyu ya nuna ƙwayoyin macrophages da suka cika da ƙura da suka shafi ƙwayoyin haɗin gwiwa na hist a cikin huhu. [5] Binciken ya gano cewa ma'aikata biyu a cikin wani ma'adinan da ke tantance na'urar, waɗanda suka sarrafa tin da aka narkar, sun kamu da stannosis. A cewar masu binciken " Stannosis: Rahoton shari'o'i 2 ", ma'aikatan biyu sun kasance ƙarƙashin aikin marufi mafi ƙura na tin-oxide don jigilar su. [5] Ana yin bincike kan masu hakar tin yawanci lokacin da ake tantance ko akwai stannosis saboda yadda suke fuskantar sinadarin tin oxides kusan kashi 70-80% idan aka kwatanta da sauran ayyukan da ake yi a masana'anta. [5]

Tankunan ma'ajiyar madarar tin

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Bayan shekaru 17 na fenti foda mai zafi a cikin tankunan, wani majiyyaci namiji mai shekaru 74 ya kamu da tari busasshe da kuma ciwon mara mai tsanani. [1] Saboda ba a yi amfani da na'urorin sarrafa injiniya da kayan kariya na numfashi ba, ma'aikacin ya sami mummunan rauni a huhu. [1] Idan aka kwatanta da ma'aikatan lafiya, marasa lafiya, yana da ruwa mai yawa na bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BLAF) wanda ke ɗauke da tin. [1]

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Altraja A, Nigol K, Altraja S, Viitak A (2012-03-12). "Increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid tin content in stannosis". Chest Disease Reports. 2 (1): 8. doi:10.4081/cdr.2012.e8. ISSN 2039-4772. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Altraja_2012" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. 1 2 "Pulmonary stannosis". Radiopedia. July 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 Chong S, Lee KS, Chung MJ, Han J, Kwon OJ, Kim TS (2006-01-01). "Pneumoconiosis: comparison of imaging and pathologic findings". Radiographics. 26 (1): 59–77. doi:10.1148/rg.261055070. PMID 16418244.
  4. ↑ Dikensoy O, Kervancioglu R, Ege I, Uysal N, Elbek O, Ozkur A (2008). "High prevalence of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases among Turkish tinners". Journal of Occupational Health. 50 (2): 208–211. doi:10.1539/joh.l7104. PMID 18403874. S2CID 10074583.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sluis-Cremer GK, Thomas RG, Goldstein B, Solomon A (February 1989). "Stannosis. A report of 2 cases". South African Medical Journal. 75 (3): 124–126. PMID 2919326. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Sluis-Cremer_1989" defined multiple times with different content.
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Fishwick_2017".
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "Tin | Sn". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  8. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Manjunathan_2020".
  9. ↑ "Stannous Oxide Formula". oftschools.com.
  10. ↑ "Tin(II) oxide". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
  11. 1 2 "Tin(IV) oxide". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
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