Yancin yin bayani
 Right to explanation | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | subjective right (en)  |
| Fuskar | Kirkirar Basira (Artificial Intelligence) |
musamman ma hankali na wucin gadi da kuma fannin ilmantarwa na inji, haƙƙin Bayani (ko haƙƙin bayani) haƙƙin da za a ba da bayani don fitar da algorithm. Irin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da farko suna nufin haƙƙoƙcin mutum da za a ba da bayani game da yanke shawara waɗanda ke shafar mutum sosai, musamman a shari'a ko kuɗi. Misali, mutumin da ya nemi rance kuma an hana shi na iya neman bayani, wanda zai iya zama "Ofishin bashi na X ya ba da rahoton cewa kun bayyana fatarar kuɗi a shekarar da ta gabata; wannan shine babban dalilin da ya sa za ku iya yin kuskure, don haka ba za mu ba ku rance da kuka nemi ba. "
Wasu irin wadannan hakkoki na shari'a sun riga sun kasance, yayin da ikon "dama ga bayani" gabaɗaya lamari ne na muhawara mai gudana. An yi muhawara cewa "yancin zamantakewa don bayani" muhimmiyar tushe ce ga al'umma mai bayanai, musamman kamar yadda cibiyoyin wannan al'umma za su buƙaci amfani da fasahar dijital, hankali na wucin gadi, ilmantarwa na inji.[1] A wasu kalmomi, cewa tsarin yanke shawara ta atomatik da ke amfani da bayanin zai zama abin dogaro da bayyane. Ba tare da wannan haƙƙin ba, wanda za'a iya kafa shi ta hanyar doka da kuma ta hanyar ka'idojin ƙwararru, za a bar jama'a ba tare da wata matsala ba don kalubalantar yanke shawara na tsarin sarrafa kansa.
Misalan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Samun bashi a Amurka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A karkashin Dokar Daidaitaccen Kudin (Dokokin B na Dokar Dokokin Tarayya), Title 12, Babi na X, Sashe na 1002, §1002.9, ana buƙatar masu ba da bashi su sanar da masu neman waɗanda aka hana su bashi tare da takamaiman dalilai don daki-daki. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin §1002.9 (b) (2):
Tarayyar Turai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dokar Tsaro ta Tarayyar Turai (wanda aka kafa a 2016, yana aiki a shekara ta 2018) ya ba da haƙƙin yanke shawara ta atomatik a cikin Dokar Tsaro na Bayanai ta 1995 don samar da wani nau'i na doka na haƙƙin bayani, wanda aka bayyana kamar haka a cikin Recital 71: "[batun bayanai ya kamata ya sami] haƙƙin ... don samun bayani game da shawarar da aka samu". Gabaɗaya:
Koyaya, har zuwa inda ka'idojin da kansu ke ba da "dama ga bayani" ana muhawara sosai.[2][3] Akwai manyan fannoni biyu na zargi. Akwai muhimman batutuwan shari'a tare da haƙƙin kamar yadda aka samu a Mataki na 22 - kamar yadda karatun ba su da ɗaurewa, kuma ba a ambaci haƙƙin bayani a cikin abubuwan da ke ɗaurewa na rubutun ba, saboda an cire shi yayin tsarin majalisa.[3] Bugu da kari, akwai manyan ƙuntatawa akan nau'ikan yanke shawara ta atomatik da aka rufe - wanda dole ne ya kasance "kawai" bisa ga sarrafa kansa, kuma yana da tasiri na doka ko makamancin haka - wanda ke iyakance kewayon tsarin atomatik da yanke shawara wanda haƙƙin zai shafi.[3] Musamman, haƙƙin ba zai yiwu a yi amfani da shi ba a yawancin lokuta na rikice-rikicen algorithmic waɗanda aka karɓa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai.[4]
Faransa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Faransa dokar Loi pour une République numérique ta 2016 (Dokar Jamhuriyar dijital ko loi numérique) ta gyara tsarin gudanarwa na kasar don gabatar da sabon tanadi don bayanin yanke shawara da hukumomin gwamnati suka yi game da mutane.[5] Ya lura cewa inda akwai "ƙaddamarwa da aka yanke bisa ga maganin algorithmic", dokokin da ke bayyana wannan magani da "babban halaye" dole ne a sanar da su ga ɗan ƙasa a kan buƙata, inda babu warewa (misali don tsaron ƙasa ko tsaro). Wadannan ya kamata su hada da wadannan:
- digiri da yanayin gudummawar sarrafa algorithmic ga yanke shawara;
- bayanan da aka sarrafa da kuma tushen sa;
- sigogi na magani, kuma inda ya dace, nauyin su, an yi amfani da shi ga halin da mutumin da ya shafi;
- ayyukan da aka gudanar ta hanyar magani.
Masana sun lura cewa wannan haƙƙin, yayin da aka iyakance ga yanke shawara na gudanarwa, ya wuce haƙƙin GDPR don yin amfani da shi a bayyane ga tallafin yanke shawara maimakon yanke shawara "kawai" bisa ga sarrafa kansa, tare da samar da tsarin don bayyana takamaiman yanke shawara.[5] Lalle ne, haƙƙin yanke shawara na atomatik na GDPR a cikin Tarayyar Turai, ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da aka nemi "dama ga bayani" a ciki, sun samo asali ne a cikin dokar Faransa a ƙarshen 1970s.[6]
Shawarwari
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Edwards da Veale suna ganin haƙƙin bayani kamar yadda yake samar da wasu dalilai don bayani game da takamaiman yanke shawara. Suna tattauna nau'ikan bayani guda biyu na algorithmic, bayani na tsakiya da bayani na batutuwa (SCEs), waɗanda ke da alaƙa da bayani game da tsarin ko yanke shawara.[4]
Ana ganin SCEs a matsayin hanya mafi kyau don samar da wasu magunguna, kodayake tare da wasu matsaloli masu tsanani idan bayanan sun yi rikitarwa. Shirin su shine su rushe cikakken samfurin kuma su mai da hankali kan wasu batutuwa ta hanyar bayani na koyarwa ga wani tambaya, "wanda zai iya zama na ainihi ko zai iya zama almara ko bincike". Wadannan bayani dole ne su haɗa da cinikayya tare da daidaito don rage rikitarwa.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ M. Berry, David (2021). "Explanatory Publics: Explainability and Democratic Thought". Fabricating Publics: The Dissemination of Culture in the Post-truth Era. arXiv:2304.02108.
- ↑ Goodman, Bryce; Flaxman, Seth (2017). "European Union Regulations on Algorithmic Decision-Making and a 'Right to Explanation'". AI Magazine. 38 (3): 50–57. arXiv:1606.08813. doi:10.1609/aimag.v38i3.2741. S2CID 7373959.
- 1 2 3 Wachter, Sandra; Mittelstadt, Brent; Floridi, Luciano (December 28, 2016). "Why a Right to Explanation of Automated Decision-Making Does Not Exist in the General Data Protection Regulation". International Data Privacy Law. SSRN 2903469.
- 1 2 Edwards, Lilian; Veale, Michael (2017). "Slave to the algorithm? Why a "right to an explanation" is probably not the remedy you are looking for". Duke Law and Technology Review. SSRN 2972855. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content. - 1 2 Edwards, Lilian; Veale, Michael (2018). "Enslaving the Algorithm: From a 'Right to an Explanation' to a 'Right to Better Decisions'?" (PDF). IEEE Security & Privacy. 16 (3): 46–54. arXiv:1803.07540. doi:10.1109/MSP.2018.2701152. S2CID 4049746. SSRN 3052831. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content. - ↑ Bygrave, L A (2001). "Minding the Machine: Article 15 of the EC Data Protection Directive and Automated Profiling" (PDF). Computer Law & Security Review. 17 (1). doi:10.1016/S0267-3649(01)00104-2.