Taimakon shari'a a Amurka

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Taimakon shari'a a Amurka
Bayanai
Applies to jurisdiction (en) Fassara Tarayyar Amurka

Taimakon shari'a a Amurka Shine bayar da taimako ga mutanen da ba za su iya samun wakilcin doka da samun damar shiga tsarin kotu a Amurka ba. A cikin Amurka, tanadin taimakon shari'a ya bambanta ga dokar laifi da na farar hula . Taimakon shari'a na laifuka tare da wakilcin doka yana da garantin ga waɗanda ake tuhuma a ƙarƙashin tuhumar aikata laifuka (wanda ke da alaƙa da tuhume-tuhumen) waɗanda ba za su iya ɗaukar lauya ba. Ba a ba da garantin taimakon shari'a na farar hula a ƙarƙashin dokar tarayya, amma ana ba da ita ta nau'ikan kamfanonin lauyoyi masu amfani da jama'a da asibitocin shari'a na al'umma kyauta ( pro bono ) ko kuma a rage farashi. Ana samun wasu nau'ikan taimakon taimakon shari'a ta hanyar sabis na shari'a na tarayya, lauyoyin pro bono, da masu sa kai masu zaman kansu. [1][2]

Taimakon shari'a[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekara ta 1942, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci a Betts v Brady cewa kotuna za su ba da taimakon shari'a bisa ga shari'a. [3] Sa’ad da aka soke wannan shari’ar, kotu ta yi a Gideon v Wainwright cewa talakawan ‘yan ƙasa “ba su da fasaha da kuma ilimin da ya dace don shirya kāriyarsa, ko da yake yana da cikakken. Yana bukatar hannun jagora a kowane mataki a cikin shari’ar da ake yi masa.” [4] Daga baya, kotun ta kuma faɗaɗa haƙƙin haɗawa da laifuffuka, da manyan laifuka. [5] [6] Gwamnatin tarayya da wasu jihohi suna da ofisoshin masu kare hakkin jama'a wadanda ke taimaka wa marasa galihu, yayin da wasu jihohin ke da tsarin ba da aikin ga lauyoyi masu zaman kansu. Ko da yake ana buƙatar samar da masu kare jama'a a matakin gwaji, ba sa samun sabis na lauyoyi kyauta don ɗaukaka ƙara da kotun daukaka kara. Kuɗaɗe don taimakon aikata laifuka na zuwa ne daga jihohin Amurka da gwamnatin tarayya.[1]

Taimakon shari'a na farar hula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mahimmanci, kotu ba ta ba da wannan garantin taimakon shari'a ga al'amuran jama'a a cikin Lassiter v Sashen Sabis na Jama'a , yana mai cewa tanadin ya kasance ƙasa da mahimmanci a cikin al'amuran da 'yanci ba a cikin hadari. [7] Ƙungiya mai haɗin kai zuwa ga Taimakon Shari'a na Jama'a a Amurka bai ci gaba ba sai tsakiyar shekara ta 1900s. Farkon abubuwan da suka faru sun samo asali ne tun daga shekara ta 1876, tare da sanannun ƙungiyar taimakon doka, an kafa Ƙungiyar Baƙi ta Jamus a New York.[8] A shekara ta 1965, akwai ƙungiyoyin ba da agajin doka kusan 157 a duk faɗin ƙasar, waɗanda ke hidima kusan kowane babban birni. [8] Hukuncin Kotun Koli Gideon v. Wainwright ya ba da tabbacin damar ba da shawara a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi laifuka, amma ya bar batun taimakon farar hula ba a warware ba. Yunkurin tsawaita Gideon ga al'amuran jama'a na ci gaba da samun karbuwa, kamar yadda Jihohi irin su New York da California ke kan gaba wajen samar da ingantaccen tsarin taimakon doka.

Babban ofishin likitancin doka a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Suffolk

Taimakon shari'a ga shari'o'in jama'a a halin yanzu ana ba da su ta nau'ikan kamfanoni masu amfani da doka da kuma asibitocin shari'a na al'umma, waɗanda galibi suna da "taimakon shari'a" ko "ayyukan shari'a" a cikin sunayensu. Ayyukan sha'awar jama'a sun fito ne daga manufar haɓaka samun daidaiton adalci ga matalauta kuma hakan ya samo asali ne daga rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin baƙi na Turai. Irin waɗannan kamfanoni na iya sanya kuɗin shiga da rufin albarkatu gami da ƙuntatawa kan nau'ikan shari'o'in da za su ɗauka, saboda koyaushe akwai yuwuwar abokan ciniki da yawa kuma ba su da isasshen kuɗi don zagayawa. Nau'o'in shari'o'in gama gari sun haɗa da: hana ko hana fa'idodin gwamnati, korar mutane, tashin hankalin gida, matsayin shige da fice, da nuna wariya . A shekara ta 2006, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka ta amince da wani kuduri wanda ya ayyana irin waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin "tushen buƙatun ɗan adam," kuma ta bukaci gwamnatin Tarayya ta ba da sabis na shari'a a irin waɗannan lokuta.[9] Wasu kungiyoyin ba da agajin doka suna aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na waje ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyin sa-kai waɗanda ba su da shawara a cikin gida.

Yawancin aikin taimakon shari'a na yau da kullun sun haɗa da shawarwari, shawarwari na yau da kullun, da bayyanuwa a cikin ƙararrakin gudanarwa, sabanin ƙarar shari'a a cikin kotuna. Duk da haka, gano rashin adalci mai tsanani ko maimaituwa tare da adadi mai yawa na wadanda abin ya shafa wani lokaci zai ba da hujjar farashin babban tasirin shari'ar.

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ofishin Damar Tattalin Arziƙi (OEO)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shirin taimakon shari'a na farko da ya wanzu a matakin tarayya an aiwatar da shi duk da cewa Ofishin Harkokin Tattalin Arziki (OEO), wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1965. An kafa OEO ta hanyar Dokar Damar Tattalin Arziki a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yaƙin Talauci na gwamnatin Johnson . [10] Daraktan farko na OEO, Sargent Shriver, ya motsa kungiyar zuwa ga samar da taimakon doka. A cikin wata hira da aka tambayi Shriver wane shiri ne daga yaƙin da ake yi da Talauci, ya amsa da cewa "Na fi alfahari da ayyukan shari'a saboda na gane cewa tana da babbar damar sauya tsarin da ake amfani da rayuwar mutane a ƙarƙashinsa. ” [11] [12]

Ayyukan Shari'a ga Talakawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yunƙurin farko na Amurka na samar da maganin shari'a ya faru ne a cikin shekara ta 1965. Ofishin Damar Tattalin Arziƙi ya ƙirƙiri shirin Ayyukan Shari'a don Talakawa , ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sargent Shriver. Akidun da ke cikin shirin sun yi amfani da "samfurin adalci", kamar yadda ya wuce samar da damar samun taimakon doka. Abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tarwatsa shingen da waɗanda ba za su iya samun kariyar doka ke fuskanta ba bisa dalilan wariyar launin fata, jinsi, da/ko aji. Ta haka ne jihar ta yi kokarin rage radadin talauci ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da doka ta tanada, tare da magance matsalolin da ke haifar da talauci. An yi amfani da wannan hanyar a cikin "yaƙin talauci" a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Johnson. [13] Sabuwar rukunin lauyoyin yaki da talauci sun yi aiki don canza rayuwar waɗanda talauci ya zalunta ga jama'a. Yin amfani da haɗin kai na musamman na fahimtar abubuwan da ke haifar da talauci yayin da ake bin adalci na tattalin arziki, wannan aikin yana nufin canza yanayin zamantakewar wanda ya gina da kuma samar da yanayin talauci.[13]

A ƙarshen shekara ta 1960s duk da haka, Amurka ta ga koma baya yayin da waɗanda suka fuskanci wariya da talauci suka zama masu karɓar bunƙasa shirin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Za a maye gurbin "samfurin adalci" da tsarin "samun adalci" don mayar da martani ga saurin sauye-sauyen al'umma da ke faruwa a tsakanin al'ummar Amurka a karkashin gwamnatin Nixon. Wannan sabuwar hanyar za a ƙirƙira ta a ƙarƙashin Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Shari'a (LSC), kuma za ta sami ƙarin mayar da hankali na mutum-mutumi tare da iyakancewar tasirin zamantakewa, kamar yadda Amurka ba ta ayyana cewa sabis na shari'a na da haƙƙin samun garanti ba. [13] "Samar da adalci" shine samfurin da ofisoshin ba da agajin doka da ayyuka za su bi don ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa.

Kamfanin Sabis na Legal (LSC)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Taimakon shari'a na farar hula ya bayyana a farkon shekarun 1870. [14] A farkon shekarun 1960 wani sabon tsari na ayyukan shari'a ya fito. Gidauniyar, musamman Gidauniyar Ford, ta fara ba da tallafin shirye-shiryen sabis na shari'a da ke cikin hukumomin zamantakewar jama'a da yawa, bisa falsafar cewa ayyukan shari'a ya kamata ya zama ɓangaren ƙoƙarin yaƙi da talauci gaba ɗaya. A cikin shekara ta 1974, Majalisa ta ƙirƙiri Kamfanin Sabis na Shari'a (LSC) don samar da kuɗin tarayya don ayyukan taimakon doka na farar hula (marasa laifi). A shekara ta 1975, Hukumar Sabis ta Shari'a ta karɓi aikin OEO, wanda ya bar tsarin ƙungiyarsa da yawa bai canza ba.[15] Kudade yawanci yana fitowa ne daga Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Shari'a ta gwamnatin tarayya (LSC), Interest on Lawyer Trust Accounts, agaji, masu ba da taimako, da wasu gwamnatocin jihohi da na ƙananan hukumomi. Ƙungiyoyin ba da agajin shari'a waɗanda ke karɓar kuɗin LSC suna da ƙarin ma'aikata da ayyuka kuma suna iya taimakawa ƙarin abokan ciniki, amma kuma dole ne su bi tsauraran ƙa'idodin gwamnati waɗanda ke buƙatar kiyaye lokaci mai tsauri da kuma hana shiga da ayyukan aji . Ƙungiyoyin da ke karɓar tallafin LSC ba za su iya karɓar kuɗi daga wuraren da ba na LSC ba don bin yunƙurin majalisa wanda ya saba wa dokokin LSC. Baya ga zaɓe da ayyukan aji, ƙungiyoyin LSC ba za su iya yin shari'ar da ke da alaƙa da zubar da ciki ba kuma ba za su iya ciyar da wasu ƙalubalen jin daɗi na jiha ko tarayya ba. [16] Ƙungiyoyin LSC ba za su iya gudanar da tarurrukan bita da suka shafi harkokin siyasa da bayar da shawarwari ba. [16].

Koyaya, ko da tare da ƙarin tallafi daga LSC, jimillar taimakon shari'a da ake samu don shari'o'in farar hula har yanzu bai wadatar ba. Bukatar sabis na doka ya kasance mai girma. A cikin shekara ta 2018, kimanin Amurkawa miliyan 58.5 sun cancanci shirye-shiryen LSC. A cewar rahoton farko na Justice Gap na LSC, wanda shugabar LSC Helaine M. Barnett ta qaddamar a shekara ta 2005, duk ofisoshin ba da agajin shari'a a duk faɗin ƙasar, LSC - tallafi ko a'a, tare suna iya biyan kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 na buƙatun doka na masu karamin karfi. mutane a Amurka . . [17]"

Taimakon shari'a a matakin jiha[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayar da sabis na shari'a a matakin tarayya ta hanyar LSC bai isa ba, kuma yana barin babban buƙatun da ba a biya ba. Idan babu wani babban hukunci daga Kotun Koli da ke tabbatar da hakkin lauyan farar hula, kamar yadda ya faru game da batutuwan da suka shafi laifuka ta hannun Gideon v. Wainwright, Jihohi an bar su ga nasu na'urorin don cika babban buƙatar sabis na doka.

Wani muhimmin ci gaba a wannan yanki ya zo yayin da kowace jiha, ta fara da Florida, ta ƙirƙiri wani nau'in Sha'awar shirin Asusun Amintattun Lauya .

New York[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A tarihi, taimakon shari'a a Amurka ya fara ne a New York tare da kafa Ƙungiyar Taimakon Shari'a na New York a Shekara ta 1876. A cikin shekara ta 2017, Birnin New York ya zama wuri na farko a Amurka don ba da tabbacin sabis na shari'a ga duk masu haya da ke fuskantar korar tare da zartar da "Haƙƙin Shawarar Doka". Wakilan Majalisar Birnin New York Mark D. Levine da Vanessa Gibson ne suka gabatar da kudurin tun a shekara ta 2014 kafin a fadada shi zuwa yadda yake a yanzu. Kuɗaɗe don ayyukan shari'a da ke kewaye da korar da gidaje zai karu a cikin shekaru biyar, ya kai dala miliyan 155 nan da 2022. Ofishin Adalci na Birnin New York (OCJ) ne zai aiwatar da ayyukan ga gidaje waɗanda ba su wuce kashi 200% na layin talauci na tarayya ba.

Dokar ta ƙunshi tanadi ga OCJ don samar da rahotanni na shekara-shekara don sa ido kan ci gaba da tasiri na ayyukan da ake bayarwa. Rahoton na shekara ta 2017 ya gano cewa korar ta ragu da kashi 27% tun daga shekara ta 2013, kuma "a cikin shekaru hudu na shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2017, an kiyasta cewa New Yorkers 70,000 sun kasance a gidajensu sakamakon raguwar korar."

California[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dokar Bayar da Shawarar Jama'a ta Sargent Shriver ta 2009 ta ƙirƙiri wasu shirye-shiryen matukin jirgi waɗanda ke haɓaka wakilci a cikin lamuran taimakon jama'a game da ainihin buƙatun ɗan adam don tantance fa'idodin taimakon shari'a, da dabaru na aiwatarwa. Wani bincike na shekara ta 2017 ya bincika 10 daga cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen ba da agajin doka, kuma ya gano cewa masu karɓar taimakon sun inganta haɓaka sosai a cikin shari'o'in korar. Kashi 67% na shari'o'in sun daidaita, karuwa da kashi 33% idan aka kwatanta da wanda ake wakilta a kowane hali. Mahimmanci, binciken ya gano cewa, "yayin da duk abokan cinikin Shriver suka sami sanarwar korar, kashi 6% ne kawai aka fitar da su daga gidajensu ." [18] Idan ba a cika buƙatun samun kuɗin shiga ba, ƙungiyoyin ba da agajin doka a California da Hukumar Sabis ɗin Shari'a ke ba da tallafi ba za su iya ba da sabis ga waɗanda aka zaɓa ba. Wannan rashin daidaituwa yana shafar Latinos/kamar yadda suke zaune a California.

Hukumar Kula da San Francisco ta zartar da wata doka a cikin shekara ta 2012 tana bayyana niyyarta ta sanya San Francisco birni na farko don ba da tabbacin haƙƙin shawara. A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2018, San Francisco ta aiwatar da shirin "Haƙƙin Ba da Shawara" wanda ke ba da tabbacin wakilcin doka ga masu haya da ke fuskantar kora.

A halin yanzu, Lauyan Birnin Los Angeles yana duban dokar "Haƙƙin Ba da Shawara" wanda zai yi kama da waɗanda aka kafa a New York da San Francisco.

Dangantakar Lauya-Abokin ciniki a cikin ayyukan pro bono[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Muhawara mai mahimmanci game da ayyukan pro bono ta mai da hankali kan dangantakar lauya da abokin ciniki da kuma rarraba iko a cikinsa. Tun daga shekarun 1970s, yancin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin ra'ayin jama'a sun ƙirƙira kuma sun yi amfani da manufar "mallakar lauyoyi", wanda shine hasashe cewa lauyoyi suna aiki bisa ga imaninsu na sirri game da wane hanyar aiki zai fi dacewa ga abokin ciniki. Ga masu ƙaramin ƙarfi ko tsirarun abokan ciniki, ana ganin ƙaddamar da su ga ikon lauyoyi da yanke shawara mai iko a matsayin "farashin shiga kotuna". Tare da ƙarancin kuɗin da abokan ciniki ke da shi a kan shawarar su, lauyoyi sun kasance a tarihi sun riƙe ƙarin dabi'un uba don aikin bono, sabanin hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Ta fuskar lauyoyin sabis na shari'a, zato shine "abokin ciniki yana sha'awar sakamako kuma ya zo gare ku mai yiwuwa saboda kun san hanya mafi kyau, ko kuma hanyar da za ta iya samun sakamakon. . . Don haka, dole ne a sami dogaro da gwanintar lauya wajen kafawa da kuma ba da shawarar hanyoyin da za a bi.” [19] A cikin kashi talatin da biyu bisa dari na shari'o'i, lauyoyin sun yi ishara da yin shawarwari masu mahimmanci ba tare da shiga daga abokin ciniki kwata-kwata ba. [19]

Masu suka suna jayayya cewa hulɗar tsakanin lauyoyi da abokan ciniki yakamata ta kasance ta hanyar jagororin da aka shimfida a cikin Ƙididdiga na Haƙƙin Ƙwararrun Lauyoyin Amurka. Baya ga wannan lambar, babu wani bayanin ko jagororin dangantakar abokin ciniki-lauyi da babban nau'in bambancin, sakamakon, a aikace. Bayar da rigingimu na kundin yana tabbatar da cewa lauyoyi suna ba da fifiko ga aminci ga burin abokan cinikinsu fiye da bukatunsu ɗaya ko na waje. [19] Gaba ɗaya, lambar tana ba lauyoyi da ƙarin iko akan 'hanyoyin' kuma suna barin abokan ciniki alhakin manyan yanke shawara na shari'a (ciki har da idan abokin ciniki yana son sasantawa ko ɗaukaka ƙara).

Taimakon shari'a na gudanarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu jihohi (misali, California) sun kuma ba da garantin yancin yin shawara ga waɗanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu a cikin "laifi-laifi" ko shari'o'in gudanarwa kamar ƙarewa na haƙƙin iyaye na son rai [20] da ayyukan uba . [21] [22]

Taimakon shari'a na al'umma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin taimakon shari'a na al'umma yawanci suna samuwa ne don mayar da martani ga mutanen da ke fuskantar rashin haƙƙin mallaka ko rashin ayyuka, lokacin da ba za su iya biyan kuɗin lauya ba. Misalin irin wannan tsarin taimakon shari'a na al'umma shine ƙirƙirar Ƙungiyar Taimakon Shari'a ta New York, wanda aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1876 don taimakawa baƙi Jamus su magance jerin batutuwan da suka shafi al'ummominsu. Rashin (ko rashin iya kewayawa da fahimtar tsarin shari'ar Amurka) ya sa Jamusawa-Amurkawa haɓaka wannan rukunin yanar gizon don taimakawa mutane, waɗanda ke da rauni ga cin zarafi, aikata laifuka, da sauran batutuwan shari'a waɗanda suka addabi rayuwarsu. Wasu ƙungiyoyi za su yi amfani da hanyoyin doka a matsayin matakai masu amfani wajen canza muhimman dabi'u da al'adun jama'ar Amurka. Ƙasar Kasa ta Kasa don Ci gaban mutane masu launi (NAACP), da kuma kungiyar 'yar' yanci ta Amurka (ACLU), sune guda biyu daga cikin masu ba da taimakon A cikin Amurka, amma za a samu daga baya, kafa a cikin shekara ta 1909 da 1920 da 1920 da bi da shi. An kafa kungiyoyin ba da agajin shari’a ba bisa ka’ida ba, ta hanyar yin amfani da doka don bi, kalubalanci, da canza dokokin da ake da su da suka yi aiki a kan ’yan kasa mafiya rauni bisa dalilai na kabilanci, jinsi, dan kasa, da sauran nau'ikan da talakawa ke fama da su. . [23]

Asibitocin shari'a sun zama cibiyoyin taimakon shari'a, nasiha, da kuma wuraren da ake bi don fuskantar talauci.  A cikin waɗannan wurare, matalauta suna samun damar yin adalci, tare da ƙarancin ilimin shari'a na musamman wanda ke magance mafi yawan korafe-korafe da ke tasiri a rayuwar yau da kullum, wanda aka sani da tsarin "jam'a", samar da nau'in nau'i. "Kantin tasha ɗaya" wanda ke ƙoƙarin samun duk buƙatun shari'a na abokin ciniki ya hadu a cikin sarari guda, rage kashe kuɗi na samun lauyoyi da yawa a cikin shafuka masu yawa don batutuwan shari'a da yawa. Har ila yau, waɗannan shafuka suna la'akari da al'adun al'adu da zamantakewa da ke taimakawa wajen ƙiyayya da tunani da zamantakewa don samun damar neman taimakon shari'a ta al'ummomin marasa galihu. [23] [24] Muhimmin sashi na wannan ƙirar shine saduwa da abokin ciniki a inda suke, ko aƙalla, kasance a cikin wani wuri mai yuwuwa, kuma dacewa ga abokin ciniki ya ziyarta. Saka asibitocin shari'a na unguwanni, da tsarinsu mai ban sha'awa ga al'amura masu yawa. Saboda dokar talauci “ba wani fanni na musamman ba ne,” za a iya samun batutuwa da yawa da abokin ciniki ɗaya zai iya fuskanta, maiyuwa a lokaci guda, kuma maiyuwa ba su da alaƙa da wani lamari na musamman, ko haɗa kai zuwa irin wannan matakin da ke magance wani ɓangare na matsalar ke haifar da. [24]

Tasiri[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekara ta 2003, an buga wani bincike wanda ya danganta taimakon shari'a na jama'a zuwa ga raguwar ƙimar tashin hankalin Abokan Hulɗa (IPV). Shirye-shiryen da LSC ke tallafawa sun rufe shari'o'i guda 120,944 da suka shafi tashin hankali cikin gida a cikin shekara ta 2017 kaɗai. A cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo bayan wannan binciken, ɗimbin ƙungiyar bincike sun fara ɗaukar hoto don bincika ingantaccen tasirin taimakon shari'a. Nazarin ya kafa taimakon doka kamar samar da irin wannan fa'idodi kamar rage rashin matsuguni da kuma buƙatar matsuguni na gaggawa ta hanyar rage korar jama'a. A cikin shekaru ashirin da suka wuce, sabis na taimakon shari'a na farar hula ya nuna don ceton gidajen fiye da masu haya mutane 6,000 a New York bisa ga binciken shekara ta 1996 na Ƙungiyar Bar na Birnin New York. Saboda rarrabuwar kawuna na taimakon shari'a a Amurka, nazarin fa'idar farashi galibi yana keɓanta da wata ƙasa. Wani labarin na 2010 wanda ya tattara wasu bincike da yawa ya gano cewa fa'idodin ya wuce rage yawan tashin hankali a cikin gida, gano cewa samun damar ba da agaji yana kawo ƙarin kudade a cikin jihar ta hanyar taimakawa mutane su sami fa'idodin tarayya, kare yara, da taimakon zaɓaɓɓun ƙungiyoyi kamar tsofaffi da tsoffin sojoji. wadanda ake yawan amfani da su. [25].

Cibiyar Shari'ar Al'ummar Gabashin Bay (EBCLC)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cibiyar Shari'a ta East Bay Community tana ba da sabis na doka kyauta ga mazauna gundumar Alameda. Akwai asibitocin shari'a iri-iri daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Berkeley Boalt da rarrabuwar doka a cikin EBCLC kuma kowanne yana da nasa sharuɗɗan da ke tabbatar da cancantar abokan ciniki don karɓar ayyukansu. EBCLC tana da wurare biyu a Berkeley tare da wuri ɗaya akan Jami'ar Ave da ɗaya akan titin Adeline. EBCLC tana ba da Sabis na Tsabtace Tsabtace, Sabis na Clinical Adalci na tattalin arziƙin Al'umma, Adalci na Mabukaci da Sabis na Babban Clinic, Tsaro na Ilimi da Adalci don Sabis na Matasa, Ayyukan Lafiya da Jin Dadi, Sabis na Gidaje, da sabis na Shige da Fice.

Dokar Ayyukan Siyan Bashi Mai Gaskiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haife shi daga aikin haɗin gwiwar al'umma, Dokar Ayyukan Siyan Bashi mai Adalci ya koma ga ainihin hangen nesa na taimakon doka; samun adalci da canji na asali zuwa tsari tun daga tushe, samar da sauyi mai ma'ana ta al'umma daga kangin talauci, canza al'adun da wuraren zaman jama'ar Amurka ke aiki a karkashinsu. An cimma hakan ne ta hanyar yunƙurin yi wa al’umma hidima, ta hanyar buɗaɗɗen kofa Janar Clinic taron, wanda ya jagoranci EBCLC don sanin yawan adadin abokan ciniki da ba su dace ba duk ana tuhumar su kan bashin katin kiredit.  Saboda Babban Clinic ya ba da izini ga duk abokan cinikin da ke fuskantar nau'ikan lamuran shari'a daban-daban don neman taimakon doka, ya sami damar kama abokan ciniki tare da shaida da bayanan da ke goyan bayan matsayin cewa wannan abin da ya faru na dabarun kasuwanci ne da aka yi niyya, yana cin zarafin jahilai. marasa galihu, kuma mafiya talauci. Ikon isar da magunguna na doka ga abokan ciniki wani yanki ne kawai na maganin da EBCLC ta tura.  [26]

Iyaka na taimakon shari'a a cikin al'ummar Latino[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ayyukan shari'a da ake samu don abokan cinikin Latino da Hispanic sun bambanta. Wannan abokin ciniki na iya haɗawa da magana da Mutanen Espanya da abokan ciniki mara izini. [27] Latinos sau da yawa suna kuskuren notaries a matsayin ƙungiyoyin doka kuma suna juya zuwa notaries don shawarar doka waɗanda ba su cancanci bayarwa ba. [27] Dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'ummar Hispanic da sabis na taimakon shari'a ana iya kwatanta shi da ƙarancin tabbaci. 44% na Mutanen Espanya sun ce ba su da kwarin gwiwa kotuna za su yi musu adalci kuma kashi 49% sun yi imanin za a yi musu adalci. [28] 19% na Latinos sun ce su ko dangin dangi sun halarci kotu ko kuma sun shiga cikin wani laifi tare da taƙaitaccen sabis na lauya. [28] Ƙayyadaddun hukumomi kamar yanke kudaden shiga shine babban abin hana samun wasu sabis na taimakon doka na Latinos. Ga yawancin abokan cinikin Hispanic, talauci, tsarin iyali, da ƙididdiga na jama'a suna ƙayyade bukatun taimakon zamantakewa da shari'a. Abubuwan da ba na shari'a ba kamar sa ido, cin zarafi na gida, ƙarewar biza, da shingen harshe kuma na iya shafar ikon abokin ciniki don samun damar taimakon doka. Rashin sanin bambancin launin fata na iya hana lauyoyi samar da isassun ayyuka ga Latino/a da abokan cinikin Hispanic. A matakin laifi, masu kare jama'a galibi ba sa jin Mutanen Espanya, kuma suna ba da shawarar yin ciniki kan gwaji don Latino/a da abokan cinikin Hispanic.

Hidimar Latino da abokan cinikin Hispanic[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Idan Latino/abokan ciniki suna da mummuna gamuwa da tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka a takamaiman gundumominsu na asali, suna iya gwagwarmayar fahimtar tsarin shari'a na Amurka. Lokacin ba da sabis na doka ga abokan cinikin Latino, masu aikin shari'a yakamata su tambayi wane ɗan ƙasa ko ƙabila abokin ciniki ya fito. Lauyoyi da masu ba da agajin doka kada su ɗauka Latino/a ko abokan cinikin Hispanic suna jin Mutanen Espanya. Ya kamata su tabbatar da abin da yare/ yaren abokin ciniki ke magana. [29] Ana ba da shawarar cewa ƙungiyoyin doka su sami takaddun fassarar Mutanen Espanya game da shari'ar shari'a domin abokan cinikin Mutanen Espanya su iya fahimtar ƙamus na doka. [30] Latinos mara izini na iya fuskantar ƙarin sakamakon shige da fice saboda wakilcin doka da Latino/abokai suka samu a cikin wannan fagen doka ba su da asalin al'adu da ƙaura. [30]

Lauyoyin Latino[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lauyoyin Latino suna aiki azaman albarkatu don shawarwari da jagoranci a cikin Latino/al'umma. Suna da yuwuwar zama wani ɓangare na ƙaramin kamfani ko aiki a fagen sabis na jama'a da sabis na shari'a marasa riba. [31] Latinos suna da kashi 3% na lauyoyi, kuma ba su da isasshen wakilci a matsayin abokan tarayya ko abokan manyan kamfanonin lauya, masu gabatar da ƙara, da lauyoyin tsaro. [31]

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Lauyan kwangila
  • Asibitin shari'a
  • Mai kare jama'a
  • Ƙungiyar Taimakon Shari'a
    • Legal Aid Society of Cleveland
  • Daliban Shari'a a Aikin Aiki
  • Ƙungiyar Taimakon Shari'a na New York
  • Taimakon Shari'a a Texas: Cibiyar Sabis na Legal, Texas Rio Grande Legal Aid

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 George, James P. (Fall 2006). "Access to Justice, Costs, and Legal Aid". American Journal of Comparative Law. 54 (Supplement Issue): 293–316 – via HeinOnline.
  2. ↑ Headworth, Spencer; Ossei-Owusu, Shaun (2017). "The Accused Poor". Social Justice. 44 (2–3): 55–82. JSTOR 26538382.
  3. ↑ Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455 (1942)
  4. ↑ Gideon, 372 U.S. at 345
  5. ↑ Argersinger v. Hamlin, 407 U.S. 25 (1972)
  6. ↑ Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932)
  7. ↑ Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 U.S. 18 (1981)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Houseman, Alan W.; Perle, Linda E. (2007). Securing equal justice for all: A brief history of civil legal assistance in the United States (PDF) (Report). Center for Law and Social Policy.
  9. ↑ American Bar Association (August 7, 2006). "Resolution 112A" (PDF). p. 13.
  10. ↑ Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, Pub. L. No. 88-452, 78 Stat. 508
  11. ↑ Houseman, Alan W. (2007). "The Future Of Civil Legal Aid: A National Perspective". University of the District of Columbia Law Review. 10: 35–68.
  12. ↑ "Civil legal assistance saves money and helps people escape poverty - Talk Poverty". Talk Poverty (in Turanci). 2015-01-27. Retrieved 2018-10-30.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Smith, Gary F. (May–June 2011). "Poverty Warriors: A Historical Perspective on the Mission of Legal Services". Clearinghouse Review, Journal of Poverty Law and Policy. 45: 34–41 – via Heinonline.
  14. ↑ NLADA: About NLADA - History of Civil Legal Aid[permanent dead link]
  15. ↑ NLADA: About NLADA - History of Civil Legal Aid[permanent dead link]
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Houseman 2002
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named LSC 2005
  18. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :42
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  20. ↑ California Family Code §§ 7860-7864.
  21. ↑ Salas v. Cortez, 24 Cal.3d 22 (1979).
  22. ↑ California Welfare & Institutions Code § 317
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :6
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :7
  25. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Abel Vignola
  26. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :8
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named jstor.org
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lopez 2009
  29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Castex
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Walker, Nancy E. 2004
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Reynoso

Ci gaba da karatu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Batlan, Felice. Mata da Adalci ga Talakawa: Tarihin Taimakon Shari'a, 1863-1945 . (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015) xx, 232 pp.
  • Houseman, Alan W. da Linda E. Perle. Tabbatar da Daidaiton Adalci ga Kowa (Washington, DC: CLASP, 3rd rev. ed. 2013)
  • Johnson, Earl. Don Kafa Adalci ga Kowa: Baya da Gaba na Taimakon Shari'a na Jama'a a Amurka: Tsohon da Gaba na Taimakon Shari'a a Amurka (ABC-CLIO, 2013)
  • Spiegel, Mark. "Taimakon Shari'a 1900 zuwa 1930: Me ya faru da Gyara Dokar? ." DePaul Journal for Social Justice (2015). kan layi

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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