Tilde

Tilde
Iri	character (en) , diacritic (en) , mathematical symbol (en) , tone mark (en) , IPA symbol (en) da ideogram (en)

Tilde / / ˈtɪld eɪ , _ - da i - da , ˈtɪld / ) [ 1 ˜ ko ~, grapheme ne mai amfani da yawa. Sunan halin ya zo cikin Turanci daga Mutanen Espanya, wanda kuma ya fito daga Latin titulus, ma'ana "lake" ko "rubutun". Amfaninsa na farko shine azaman diacritic (lafazin) a hade tare da harafin tushe; amma saboda dalilai na tarihi, ana kuma amfani da shi a cikin tsayayyen tsari a cikin yanayi daban-daban.

Tarihi

Amfani da marubuta na tsakiyar zamanai

An fara rubuta tilde a kan wasiƙar da aka tsallake ko kuma haruffa da yawa azaman gajeriyar rubutun, ko "alamar dakatarwa" da "alamar ƙanƙancewa", wanda aka nuna shi azaman madaidaiciyar layi idan aka yi amfani da shi da manyan. Don haka, kalmomin da aka saba amfani da su Anno Domini ana rage su akai-akai zuwa A ^o Dñi, tare da tasha mai tsayi tare da alamar dakatarwa akan "n". Irin wannan alamar na iya nuna tsallake harafi ɗaya ko haruffa da yawa. Wannan ya ajiye akan kuɗin aikin magatakarda da tsadar magudanar ruwa da tawada. Yarjejeniya ta Turai ta Tsakiya da aka rubuta da Latin galibi sun ƙunshi irin waɗannan gajerun kalmomi tare da alamomin dakatarwa da sauran gajarta; Kalmomin da ba a saba gani kawai aka ba su cikakke.

Rubutun Littafin Domesday na 1086, wanda ke da alaƙa da misali, zuwa gidan Molland a Devon (duba hoto kusa), an taƙaita shi sosai kamar yadda tildes masu yawa suka nuna.

Rubutun Exeter Domesday na 1086

Rubutun da aka fadada shi da gajarta shine kamar haka:

Mollande tempore regis Edwardi geldabat pro quattuor hidis et uno ferling. Terra est quadraginta carucae. In dominio sunt tres carucae et decem servi et triginta villani et viginti bordarii cum sedecim carucis. Ibi duodecim acrae prati et quindecim acrae silvae. Pastura tres leugae in longitudine et latitudine. Reddit quattuor et viginti libras ad pensam. Huic manerio est adjuncta Blachepole. Elwardus tenebat tempore regis Edwardi pro manerio et geldabat pro dimidia hida. Terra est duae carucae. Ibi sunt quinque villani cum uno servo. Valet viginti solidos ad pensam et arsuram. Eidem manerio est injuste adjuncta Nimete et valet quindecim solidos. Ipsi manerio pertinet tercius denarius de Hundredis Nortmoltone et Badentone et Brantone et tercium animal pasturae morarum.

Matsayin na'urorin injina

Olivetti Lettera 32 mawallafin rubutu (Model Portuguese) tare da tilde (da circumflex) mataccen maɓalli kusa da 

Rubutun Mutanen Espanya (Maɓallin QWERTY) tare da matattun maɓallan don m, dawafi, diaeresis da lafazin kabari. Ñ/ñ yana kasancewa azaman abin da aka riga aka tsara kawai.

A kan na'urar buga rubutu da aka ƙera don harsunan da suke amfani da yaruka akai-akai (alamomin lafazin), akwai yuwuwar mafita guda biyu. Ana iya sadaukar da maɓallai ga haruffan da aka riga aka tsara ko kuma a iya samar da mataccen maɓalli . Tare da na ƙarshe, ana yin alama lokacin da aka buga mataccen maɓalli, amma ba kamar maɓallan na yau da kullun ba, jigilar takarda ba ta ci gaba kuma don haka ana buga harafi na gaba da za a buga a ƙarƙashin wannan lafazin. Rubutun rubutu na Mutanen Espanya yawanci suna da maɓalli na musamman don Ñ /ñ amma, kamar yadda Portuguese ke amfani da à /ã da Õ /õ, mataccen maɓalli ɗaya (maimakon ɗaukar maɓallai biyu don sadaukarwa) shine mafita mafi amfani.

Alamar tilde ba ta wanzu da kanta a matsayin nau'i mai motsi ko halayyar bugun gubar mai zafi tunda nau'in shari'o'in Mutanen Espanya ko Fotigal zai haɗa da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙira.

Matsakaicin ASCII tilde

Serif:	-~-
Sans-serif:	-~-
Monospace:	-~-
Tilde mai 'yanci tsakanin dashes guda biyu </br> a cikin iyalan font guda uku

Matsayin ASCII na farko (X3.64-1963) ba shi da tilde. Kamar Portuguese da Mutanen Espanya, Faransanci, Jamusanci da Scandinavian harsuna kuma suna buƙatar alamomi fiye da ainihin 26 da ake bukata don Ingilishi. ASA ta yi aiki tare da kuma ta hanyar CCITT don ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun lambar, don biyan buƙatun aƙalla yarukan Yammacin Turai.

It appears to have been at their May 13–15, 1963 meeting that the CCITT decided that the proposed ISO 7-bit code standard would be suitable for their needs if a lower case alphabet and five diacritical marks [...] were added to it. At the October 29–31 meeting, then, the ISO subcommittee altered the ISO draft to meet the CCITT requirements, replacing the up-arrow and left-arrow with diacriticals, adding diacritical meanings to the apostrophe and quotation mark, and making the number sign a dual for the tilde.

KuISO 646 and ASCII incorporated many of the overprinting lower-case diacritics from typewriters, including tilde. Overprinting was intended to work by putting a backspace code between the codes for letter and diacritic. However even at that time, mechanisms that could do this or any other overprinting were not widely available, did not work for capital letters, and were impossible on video displays, with the result that this concept failed to gain significant acceptance. Consequently, many of these free-standing diacritics (and the underscore) were quickly reused by software as additional syntax, basically becoming new types of syntactic symbols that a programming language could use. As this usage became predominant, type design gradually evolved so these diacritic characters became larger and more vertically centered, making them useless as overprinted diacritics but much easier to read as free-standing characters that had come to be used for entirely different and novel purposes. Most modern fonts align the plain ASCII "spacing" (free-standing) tilde at the same level as dashes, or only slightly higher.