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Tsarin Richat

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Tsarin Richat
rock formation (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Suna a harshen gida قَلْب الرِّيشَات
Ƙasa Muritaniya
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci UTC±00:00 (en) Fassara
Heritage designation (en) Fassara IUGS Geological Heritage Site (en) Fassara
Wuri
Map
 21°07′26″N 11°24′07″W / 21.124°N 11.402°W / 21.124; -11.402
Jamhuriyar MusulunciMuritaniya
Region of Mauritania (en) FassaraAdrar Region (en) Fassara
Department of Mauritania (en) FassaraOuadane Department (en) Fassara
Commune of Mauritania (en) FassaraOuadane (en) Fassara

Tsarin Richat, ko Guelb er Richât (Arabic), sanannen fasalin yanayin ƙasa ne a cikin Adrar Plateau na Sahara . Tana kusa da Ouadane a Yankin Adrar na Mauritania . A cikin yaren yankin, rīšāt yana nufin gashin tsuntsaye kuma an kuma san shi a cikin Larabci a matsayin Tagense, yana nufin buɗewar zagaye na jaka na fata wanda ake amfani da shi don jawo ruwa daga rijiyoyin gida.[1]

Yana da wani geological dome, 40 kilomita (25 a diamita, fallasa sedimentary dutse a cikin yadudduka da suka bayyana a matsayin concentric zobe. An fallasa Dutse mai laushi a ciki kuma akwai rhyolites da Gabbros masu ban sha'awa waɗanda suka sami canjin hydrothermal, da kuma megabreccia na tsakiya. Tsarin kuma shine wurin tarin kayan tarihi na Acheulean. An zaba shi a matsayin daya daga cikin shafuka 100 na farko na al'adun ƙasa da Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Duniya (IUGS) ta gano don kasancewa mafi girman darajar kimiyya.

Bayyanawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sashe na giciye na tsarin. Magenta ita ce fashewar dutsen wuta, yayin da purple, kore da launin toka ke wakiltar yadudduka masu laushi

Tsarin Richat yana da zurfi mai zurfi, dan kadan mai laushi tare da diamita na 40 kilometres (25 mi) . Dutsen da aka fallasa a cikin wannan dome ya kasance a cikin shekaru daga Late Proterozoic a cikin tsakiyar dome zuwa Ordovician sandstone a kusa da gefensa. Duwatsun da ke kunshe da wannan tsari Ruwa nutsewa waje a 10-20 °. Rugujewar bambance-bambance na tsayayya da yadudduka na Quartzite ya haifar da tsaunuka masu tsawo. Cibiyarta ta kunshi siliceous breccia wanda ke rufe wani yanki wanda ke da akalla 30 kilometres (19 mi) a diamita.[2][3]

Hoton tauraron dan adam na Tsarin Richat (launi na ƙarya)

An nuna shi a cikin ciki na Tsarin Richat akwai nau'o'in duwatsu masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Sun hada da duwatsun dutsen wuta, Gabbros, carbonatites da kimberlites. Duwatsun rhyolitic sun kunshi kwararar dutse da kuma dutsen tuffaceous da aka canza ta hanyar hydrothermally waɗanda suke daga cikin cibiyoyin fashewa guda biyu, waɗanda aka fassara su zama ragowar maars guda biyu. Dangane da taswirar filin, aeromagnetic, da bayanan gravimetric, duwatsun gabbroic suna samar da dikes biyu na zobe. Rashin zobe na ciki yana da kimanin 30 m a faɗin, 3 km daga tsakiyar Tsarin Richat.   Rashin zobe na waje yana da kimanin 70 m a faɗin, 8 km daga tsakiyar tsarin.[4]   An tsara dicks da sills na carbonatite talatin da biyu a cikin tsarin. Dicks yawanci suna da kimanin mita 300 kuma yawanci 1 zuwa 4 m a fadin.    Sun kunshi manyan carbonatites waɗanda galibi ba su da vesicles. An tsara duwatsun carbonatite kamar yadda suka sanyaya tsakanin shekaru miliyan 94 zuwa 104 da suka gabata.   An sami kumberlitic plug da sills da yawa a cikin arewacin ɓangaren tsarin. An tsara kimberlite plug zuwa kimanin shekaru miliyan 99.  Wadannan duwatsun igneous masu shigowa ana fassara su kamar yadda suke nuna kasancewar babban alkaline igneous intrusion wanda a halin yanzu ke haifar da tsarin kuma an halicce shi ta hanyar ɗaga dutsen da ke sama.[2][3][5][6]

Taswirar taswirar Guelb el Richat. Hawan mita. 10 m contour lokaci tare da babban contour layi kowane 50 m

Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa suna daga cikin Tsarin Richat. Sun haɗa da canjin hydrothermal mai yawa na rhyolites da gabbros da kuma tsakiyar megabreccia wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar rushewar hydrothermic da rushewa. Megabreccia na siliceous yana da akalla 40 m kauri a tsakiya zuwa kawai 'yan mita kauri tare da gefensa.  Breccia ya kunshi raguwa na fararen zuwa launin toka mai duhu, sandstone mai wadataccen Quartz, diagenetic cherty nodules, da stromatolitic limestone kuma yana da silicified sosai. Canjin hydrothermal, wanda ya haifar da wannan breccia, an rubuta cewa ya faru ne game da shekaru 98.2 ± 2.6 da suka gabata ta amfani da hanyar <sup id="mwfQ">40</sup>/<sup id="mwfg">39</sup> / 39Ar. [2] [3][6]  

Fassara[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An fara bayyana tsarin ne a cikin shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940, a matsayin Richât Crater ko Richât buttonhole (boutonnière du Richât). Richard-Molard (1948) ya yi la'akari da shi sakamakon tashin hankali na laccolithic.[7] Wani balaguron ilimin ƙasa zuwa Mauritania wanda Theodore Monod ya jagoranta a cikin 1952 ya rubuta "crateriform ko rashin daidaituwa na zagaye" guda huɗu (haɗarin cratériformes ko zagaye) a yankin, Er Richât, Aouelloul (kudu na Chinguetti), Temimichat-Ghallaman da Tenoumer . [8] Da farko an dauke shi Tsarin tasiri (kamar yadda yake a bayyane tare da sauran uku), amma binciken da aka yi a cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1960 ya ba da shawarar cewa a maimakon haka ana iya kafa shi ta hanyar hanyoyin ƙasa. Bayan binciken filin da dakin gwaje-gwaje a cikin shekarun 1960, ba a sami wata hujja mai mahimmanci don fashewar fashewa ko wasu lalacewa da ke nuna tasirin hypervelocity na duniya ba.[9] Coesite, mai nuna alamar fashewar fashewa, an fara bayar da rahoton cewa yana cikin samfurori na dutse daga tsarin, amma ƙarin bincike a cikin 1969 ya kammala cewa an kuskuren gane barite a matsayin coesite.[10] An yi aiki a kan kwanan wata a cikin shekarun 1990.[11] Wani binciken da Matton, et al. (2005, 2008) suka yi game da kafa tsarin ya kammala cewa ba tsarin tasiri ba ne.[2][3]

Ƙarin nazarin tsarin zurfin ƙasa, ciki har da taswirar aeromagnetic da taswirar gravimetric, [4] ya kammala da cewa tsarin shine sakamakon kuskuren zobe wanda ya haifar da gabbroic zoben dikes a kan wani babban kutsawa jiki na magma, da kuma haɓakawa da kuma lalacewa daga baya. Dome, ta hanyar aiki mai tsanani na hydrothermal ta hanyar da aka karye. Wannan na iya haifar da cuestas na tsawon lokaci ta hanyar bambance-bambancen yazawar da ke haifar da sauye-sauyen yadudduka masu ƙarfi da taushi. [4] Babban hadadden alkaline igneous da aka fallasa ta hanyar zaizayar rana zuwa lokacin Cretaceous. [lower-alpha 1]

Gidan tarihi na IUGS[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Game da kasancewa "misali mai ban mamaki na hadaddun alkaline na magmatic", Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Duniya (IUGS) ta haɗa da Tsarin Richat a cikin tarin wuraren tarihi na ƙasa 100 a duniya, a watan Oktoba 2022. Kungiyar ta bayyana Gidan Tarihin Yanayi na IUGS a matsayin "maɓallin wuri tare da abubuwan ilimin ƙasa da / ko matakai na dacewa da kimiyya na duniya, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman bayani, da / ko tare da gudummawa mai yawa ga ci gaban kimiyyar ƙasa ta hanyar tarihi".[12]

Archaeology[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sake fasalin taswirar (scale 6:1 a kan madaidaiciya) daga hotunan tauraron dan adam. Launi na ƙarya kamar haka: • Brown: dutse • Yellow / fari: yashi • Green: ciyayi • Blue: gishiri



Tsarin Richat shine wurin tarin kayan tarihi na Acheulean na musamman. Wadannan wuraren binciken archaeological na Acheulean suna tare da wadis waɗanda ke zaune a waje na wannan tsari. An kuma sami kayan aikin dutse na Pre-Acheulean a cikin waɗannan yankuna. Wadannan shafuka suna da alaƙa da raguwar Quartzite wanda ya samar da albarkatun da ake buƙata don ƙera waɗannan kayan tarihi. Ana samun mahimman wuraren Acheulean da abubuwan da ke tattare da su a arewa maso yammacin zobe na waje, daga inda Wadi Akerdil ke zuwa gabas da Wadi Bamouere zuwa yamma. An kuma sami ƙananan maki da sauran kayan tarihi na Neolithic da aka warwatsa. Koyaya, tun lokacin da Théodore Monod ya fara gano waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon a cikin shekara ta 1974, [1] taswirar kayan tarihi a cikin yankin tsarin sun same su gabaɗaya ba su cikin ɓacin rai na ciki. Ya zuwa yanzu, ba a san ma'aunin ajiya ko gine-ginen mutum ba kuma an ruwaito su daga tsarin. An fassara wannan a matsayin nuna cewa an yi amfani da yankin Tsarin Richat don farauta na ɗan gajeren lokaci da ƙera kayan aikin dutse. Arziki na gida na kayan tarihi na ƙasa shine sakamakon maida hankali da haɗuwa ta hanyar raguwa a kan sauye-sauye masu yawa.[2][13]

Ana samun kayan tarihi, yawanci ana sake sanya su, an cire su, ko duka biyun, a cikin Late Pleistocene zuwa farkon Holocene laka mai laushi, laka mai lawu, yashi mai laushi. Wadannan turɓaya galibi ana sanya su a cikin ko dai taro ko gadaje ta hanyar calcrete. Ridges yawanci sun kunshi dutse mai zurfi wanda ke wakiltar Cenozoic paleosols wanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi. Rashin Pleistocene zuwa Tsakiyar Holocene yana faruwa tare da wadis a matsayin ƙanƙanta, mita- zuwa ƙasa da mita-kauri tarawa a cikin ɓarkewar ciki zuwa 3–4 metres (10–13 ft)* tarawa tare da wades a cikin ɓarna na waje na tsarin. Abubuwan da aka adana a cikin dutse sun ƙunshi cakuda tsaunuka, kwararar tarkace, da kuma kwararar ruwa ko ma kwararar ruwan sama. Mafi kyawun tsabar tsabar tsaunuka sun hada da tsabar tsaba da tafkin playa. Wannan na ƙarshe yana dauke da burbushin Ruwa mai laushi da aka kiyaye sosai. Yawancin kwanakin radiocarbon sun nuna cewa yawancin waɗannan turɓaya sun tara tsakanin 15,000 da 8,000 BP a lokacin Lokacin zafi na Afirka. Wadannan ajiya suna kwance kai tsaye a kan dutse mai zurfi da kuma yanayin zafi.[13]

Ka'idar gefen shafin Atlantis[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsarin Richat ya kasance batun da'awar da'awar cewa shi ne shafin Atlantis da aka ambata a cikin ayyukan Plato. Wannan da'awar ta dogara ne da yanayin tsarin, wanda ya dace da bayanin Plato game da birnin.[14] Yawancin masu ilimin gargajiya sun yi imanin cewa Atlantis wani abu ne mai ban mamaki wanda Plato ya kirkira, maimakon ainihin wuri na ƙasa. [15][16] Mai shakka Steven Novella ya soki da'awar, yana mai bayyana cewa tsarin bai dace da bayanin Plato na Atlantis ba, kuma shafin bai nuna wata shaida game da birnin da aka gina a wurin ba.[3][14]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haɗin waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Richard-Molard, J. (1952). "The Pseudo-boutonniers of Richat". Gouvernement Général de l'Afrique Occidentale Française Bulletin de la Direction des Mines. 15 (2): 391–401.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Matton, G. (2008). "The Cretaceous Richat Complex (Mauritania); a peri-Atlantic alkaline" (PDF). Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada: Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Matton, Guillaume; Jébrak, Michel; Lee, James K.W. (2005). "Resolving the Richat enigma: Doming and hydrothermal karstification above an alkaline complex" (PDF). Geology. 33 (8): 665–68. doi:10.1130/G21542AR.1.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Abdeina, El Houssein; Bazin, Sara; Chazot, Gilles; Bertrand, Hervé; Le Gall, Bernard; Youbi, Nasrrddine; Sabar, Mohamed Salem; Bensalah, Mohamed Khalil; Boumehdi, Moulay Ahmed (2021-11-03). "Geophysical modelling of the deep structure of the Richat magmatic intrusion (northern Mauritania): insights into its kinematics of emplacement". Arabian Journal of Geosciences (in Turanci). 14 (22): 2315. Bibcode:2021ArJG...14.2315A. doi:10.1007/s12517-021-08734-4. ISSN 1866-7538. S2CID 241620488 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  5. ↑ Netto, A.M.; Fabre, J.; Poupeau, G.; Champemmois, M. (1992). "Datations par traces de fissions de la structure circulaire des Richats". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris. 314: 1179–1186.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Matton, Guillaume; Jébrak, Michel (2014). "The 'eye of Africa' (Richat dome, Mauritania): An isolated Cretaceous alkaline–hydrothermal complex". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 97: 109–124. Bibcode:2014JAfES..97..109M. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2014.04.006.
  7. ↑ Richard-Molard, Jacques (1948). "The Richât Buttonhole in Mauritanian Adrar". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences. 227: 142.
  8. ↑ Cailleux, A. (1962). "El Richat: dôme arasé, surbaissé ou cratère bombé?". Notes Africaines. 93: 27–29.
  9. ↑ Dietz, Robert S.; Fudali, Robert; Cassidy, William (1969). "Richat and Semsiyat Domes (Mauritania): Not Astroblemes". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 80 (7): 1367. Bibcode:1969GSAB...80.1367D. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1969)80[1367:RASDMN]2.0.CO;2.
  10. ↑ Fudali, R. F. (10 October 1969). "Coesite from the Richat Dome, Mauritania: A Misidentification". Science. 166 (3902): 228–230. Bibcode:1969Sci...166..228F. doi:10.1126/science.166.3902.228. PMID 17731489. S2CID 37249316.
  11. ↑ Netto, A.M.; Fabre, J.; Poupeau, G.; Champemmois, M. (1992). "Fission Trace Dates of the Richats Circular Structure". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris. 314: 1179–86.

    Poupeau, G.; Fabre, J.; Labrin, E.; Azdimoussa, A.; Netto, A. M.; Monod, T. (1996). "Nouvelles datations par traces de fission de la structure circulaire des Richat (Mauritanie)". Mémoires du Service Géologique de l'Algérie. 8: 231–36.
  12. ↑ "The First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites" (PDF). IUGS International Commission on Geoheritage. IUGS. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Giresse, Pierre; Sao, Ousmane; de Lumley, Henry (2012). "Paleo-environmental Study of the Quaternary Sediments of Guelb and Richât (Adrar of Mauritania) with Respect to Neighboring or Associated Sites of the Lower Paleolithic. Discussion and Perspectives". L'Anthropologie. 116 (1): 12–38. doi:10.1016/j.anthro.2011.12.001.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Novella, Stephen (2018-11-19). "No – Atlantis Has Not Been Discovered in North Africa". NeuroLogica. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
  15. ↑ (Gary M. ed.). Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. ↑ "As Smith discusses in the opening article in this theme issue, the lost island-continent was – in all likelihood – entirely Plato's invention for the purposes of illustrating arguments around Grecian polity. Archaeologists broadly agree with the view that Atlantis is quite simply 'utopia' (Doumas, 2007), a stance also taken by classical philologists, who interpret Atlantis as a metaphorical rather than an actual place (Broadie, 2013; Gill, 1979; Nesselrath, 2002). One might consider the question as being already reasonably solved but despite the general expert consensus on the matter, countless attempts have been made at finding Atlantis." (Dawson & Hayward, 2016)


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