Tsire-tsire
A cikin ilimin shuke-shuke, iri shine shuka da kuma ajiyar abinci wanda aka rufe a cikin wani kariya na waje wanda ake kira gashin iri (testa). Gabaɗaya, kalmar "tsuntsu" tana nufin duk abin da za a iya shuka, wanda zai iya haɗawa da iri da husk ko tuber. Tsuntsaye sune samfurin kwai mai nunawa, bayan an yi amfani da kwayar halitta ta hanyar pollen" id="mwGQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pollen">maniyyi daga pollen, ta samar da zygote. Kwayar halitta a cikin iri tana tasowa daga zygote kuma tana girma a cikin uwar shuka zuwa wani girman kafin a dakatar da girma.
Samun iri shine ma'anar tsarin haifuwa a cikin tsire-tsire (spermatophytes). Sauran tsire-tsire kamar hanta-linkid="26" href="./Fern" id="mwHw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fern">ferns, mosses da liverworts, ba su da tsaba kuma suna amfani da hanyoyin da ke dogara da ruwa don yada kansu. Tsire-tsire na tsaba yanzu sun mamaye wuraren halitta a ƙasa, daga gandun daji zuwa wuraren ciyawa a yanayin zafi da sanyi.
A cikin tsire-tsire masu fure, ovary ya girma cikin 'Ya'yan itace wanda ke dauke da iri kuma yana aiki don yada shi. Yawancin gine-gine da ake kira "tsuntsaye" a zahiri 'ya'yan itace ne masu bushe. Ana sayar da tsaba na sunflower a wasu lokuta don kasuwanci yayin da har yanzu an rufe shi a cikin bango mai wuya na 'ya'yan itace, wanda dole ne a raba shi a buɗe don isa ga tsaba. Ƙungiyoyin shuke-shuke daban-daban suna da wasu gyare-gyare, abin da ake kira 'Ya'yan itace na dutse (kamar peach) suna da nau'in' ya'yan itacen da aka haɗu da kuma kewaye da ainihin iri. Nuts sune 'ya'yan itace guda ɗaya, 'ya'ya mai wuya na wasu tsire-tsire tare da iri mara kyau, kamar ƙwaya ko hazelnut.
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Shuke-shuke na farko na ƙasa sun samo asali ne a kusan shekaru miliyan 468 da suka gabata, kuma sun haife su ta amfani da spores. Shuke-shuke na farko da suka fara fitowa sune gymnosperms, waɗanda ba su da ovaries don ƙunsar tsaba. Sun tashi ne a ƙarshen zamanin Devonian (shekaru miliyan 416 zuwa miliyan 358 da suka gabata). [1] Daga waɗannan gymnosperms na farko, ferns na iri sun samo asali ne a lokacin Carboniferous (shekaru 359 da suka gabata); suna da ƙwai waɗanda aka ɗauka a cikin cupule, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin rassan da ke kewaye da su wanda za'a iya amfani da su don kare tsaba mai tasowa.
Littattafan da aka buga game da adana iri, viability da dogaro da hygrometric sun fara ne a farkon karni na 19, ayyukan da suka shafi:
- 1832 jagorar ajiyar iri a cikin Augustin Pyramus de Candolle's Conservation des Graines, wani ɓangare na 3 kundin Physiologie végétale, ko Bayyanawa da karfi da ayyuka masu mahimmanci na tsire-tsire (1832, v. 2, shafuffuka 618-626, Paris); (fassara taken, "Plant physiology, ko Bayyanar da karfi da ayyukan tsire-shuke")
- Nazarin yiwuwar 1846 na Augustin de Candolle, wanda aka buga a cikin "A kan tsawon lokacin da ya dace da ikon tsiro na tsaba na iyalai daban-daban" (Annales des Sciences Naturelles; Botanique, 1846, III 6: 373-382); [1] (mai fassara taken, "A kan iyakar tsawon lokacin da za a iya tsiro tsaba na iyali daban-daban")
- Nazarin hygrometric na iri na 1897 na Victor Jodin (Annales Agronomiques, Oktoba 1897)
- 1912's Henry B. Guppy's 528 page "Studies in Seeds and Fruits- An Investigation with the Balance" (1912, London, Ingila); daga baya sake dubawa a Kimiyya (Yuni 1914, Washington, DC) [2]
Ci gaba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Angiosperm tsaba ne "tsuntsaye masu rufewa", wanda aka samar a cikin tsari mai wuya ko nama da ake kira 'ya'yan itace wanda ke kewaye da su don kariya. Wasu 'ya'yan itatuwa suna da yadudduka na abubuwa masu wuya da nama. A cikin gymnosperms, babu wani tsari na musamman da ya bunkasa don rufe tsaba, wanda ke fara ci gaban su "nakes" a kan bracts na cones. Koyaya, tsaba suna rufewa da sikelin cone yayin da suke tasowa a wasu nau'ikan conifer.
Angiosperm (tsire-tsire masu fure) tsaba sun ƙunshi abubuwa uku daban-daban na kwayoyin halitta: (1) tayin da aka kafa daga zygote, (2) endosperm, wanda yawanci triploid ne, (3) gashin iri daga nama da aka samo daga kwayar uwa ta kwai. A cikin angiosperms, tsarin ci gaban iri yana farawa tare da takin zamani sau biyu, wanda ya haɗa da haɗuwa da gametes maza biyu tare da kwai da kwai na tsakiya don samar da endosperm na farko da zygote. Daidai bayan haihuwa, zygote galibi ba ya aiki, amma endosperm na farko ya rabu da sauri don samar da kwayar endosperme. Wannan nama ya zama abincin da jaririn zai ci har sai sai sai tushen ya bunkasa bayan tsiro.
Kwayar halitta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bayan shayarwa, ƙwai suna girma cikin tsaba. Kwayar ta ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa:
- funicle (funiculus, funiculi) ko tsintsiya na iri wanda ke ɗaure kwai zuwa ga placenta kuma saboda haka Ovary ko bango na 'ya'yan itace, a pericarp.
- nucellus, ragowar megasporangium da babban yankin kwai inda megagametophyte ke tasowa.
- micropyle, ƙaramin rami ko buɗewa a saman ƙuƙwalwar ƙwai inda bututun pollen yawanci ke shiga yayin aiwatar da taki.
- Chalaza, tushe na kwai a gaban micropyle, inda integument da nucellus suka haɗu.
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Mary Bagley (2014-02-22). "Devonian Period: Climate, Animals & Plants". livescience.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-01-02.
- ↑ Harshberger, John W. (June 12, 1914). "Book Review: Scientific Books". Science. 39 (1015): 873–874. doi:10.1126/science.39.1015.873.