Tunganistan
 Tunganistan | |
|---|---|
aspect of history (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Farawa | 1934 |
| Ƙasa |
Republic of China (en) |
Tunganistan (ko Dunganistan) sunan waje ne na yankin da ke kudancin Xinjiang wanda Sabon Sashe na 36 na Sojojin Juyin Juya Halin Kasa ke gudanarwa daga 1934 zuwa 1937, a tsakiyar Yaƙin basasar kasar Sin a kasar Sin. Sabon Sashe na 36 ya kunshi kusan sojoji Musulmi na Hui kuma shugaban yaƙi na Musulmi na Huis Ma Hushan na ya jagoranci shi. A lokacin, an san Hui da "Tunganis" a cikin wallafe-wallafen Yamma, saboda haka sunan "Tunganistan".
Asalin Suna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
"Tunganistan" wani suna ne wanda aka danganta shi ga marubutan Yammacin zamani tare da gwamnatin Sabon Sashe na 36.[1][2] Littattafan Yamma a lokacin sun yi amfani da sunan "Tungani" don bayyana Hui.[3] A cewar masanin ilimin Asiya ta Tsakiya da nazarin Islama Andrew Forbes, "Tunganistan" ya samo asali ne daga Austrian Mongolist Walther Heissig .[3] Koyaya, wani masanin nazarin Asiya ta Tsakiya, Shirin Akiner, ya tabbatar da cewa Musulman Turkic na yankin sun yi amfani da kalmar.[4]
Yanki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yankin Sabon Sashe na 36 ya kasance a kusa da oasis na Khotan, inda aka kafa umurnin garuruwa. Sabon Sashe na 36 ya kuma gudanar da yankunan da ke kewaye da Khotan, gami da Kargilik, Maralbeshi, Guma, Karakash, Keriya, Charkhlik da Charchan.[5] Yankin Ma Hushan ya kewaye shi a bangarori uku da dakarun da ke da aminci ga shugaban yaƙi na kasar Sin Sheng Shicai kuma a kudu da Dutsen Tibet.[6]
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Juyin Juya Halin 1911 a Xinjiang ya ƙare tare da gwamnan Qing na Gansu da Xinjiang da ke tserewa daga babban birnin yankin Dihua (Ürümqi) da kuma sojojin shugabannin yaƙi na Ƙungiyar Xinjiang suna samun iko.[7] Kungiyar Xinjiang ta kasance mai goyon baya ga Jamhuriyar Sin amma a kai a kai ta kalubalanci umarni daga Nanjing. A farkon shekarun 1930, Kuomintang (KMT), jam'iyyar da ke mulki a kasar Sin a lokacin, ta yi makirci tare da shugaba na Hui Muslim Ma Zhongying da mafi rinjaye na Hui Muslim New 36th Division don hambarar da gwamnan Xinjiang na lokacin, Jin Shuren. Jin ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar makamai tare da Tarayyar Soviet, ga takaici da fushi na KMT.[8] Ma ya yi ƙoƙari amma bai iya ɗaukar Dihua a 1933, amma Jin ya koma China daidai bayan yaƙin kuma KMT ta kama shi da sauri.[9] Ma ya fadada mulkinsa tare da nasarorin soja da yawa a Xinjiang, musamman a Kashgar a 1934, lokacin da sojojinsa suka kawo karshen Jamhuriyar Turkestan ta Gabas ta Farko.[9] Koyaya, Ma ya ɓace bayan mamayar Soviet na Xinjiang a wannan shekarar.[8]
Ma Hushan na gaji ɗan'uwansa Ma Zhongying a matsayin kwamandan Sabon Rukunin 36 kuma ya janye daga Kashgar zuwa Khotan . [5] [8] Hushan a kai a kai yana karɓar sakonni, daga surukinsa a Tarayyar Soviet, yana alkawarin cewa Zhongying zai dawo nan ba da daɗewa ba.[10] [shafin da ake buƙata] Koyaya, Zhongying bai sake dawowa ba kuma Hushan ya gudanar da tsohon yankin Zhongying daga 1934 zuwa 1937.
Jami'an Musulmi na Hui na Sabon Sashe na 36 sun mallaki Musulmai na Turkic na yankinsu kamar talakawan mulkin mallaka. Mutanen yankin suna kiran Ma a matsayin padishah (lit. ). Haraji yana da nauyi don tallafawa bukatun Sabon Sashe na 36. An yi amfani da manoma da 'yan kasuwa don amfanin garuruwan soja. Har ila yau, tilasta wa mutane yin amfani da su.
A shekara ta 1935, hauhawar farashi ta cikin gida ba ta da iko, sojojin da ke son gida na Sabon Rukunin 36 suna barin, kuma Uighurs sukan yi yaƙi da sojoji a titunan Khotan.[11] Wani tawaye na Uyghur ya ɓarke a Charkhlik (Ruoqiang County na yanzu) kuma Sabon Sashe na 36 ya rushe shi da sauri.[8] Da jin labarin rauni na Sabon Sashe na 36, Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye yankinta kuma ta sanya shi cikin yankin sarkin yaƙi na kasar Sin Sheng Shicai. Hushan, wanda ke hulɗa da Chiang Kai-shek ta hanyar wasika, yana sa ran taimako daga Nanjing, amma bai zo ba.[12]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Schlyter, Bellér-Hann & Sugawara 2016: "The territories under [Ma Hushan's] rule were called "Tunganistan" by some Western writers, although no formal government was ever set up."
- ↑ Newby 1986: "W. Heissig ... uses the term 'Tunganistan' to describe the Tungan stronghold, but it is a purely Western appellation."
- ↑ Prinsep 1835.
- ↑ Akiner 2013: "It has been suggested that the motive force sustaining this isolated Hui fiefdom (aptly described, at least from a Turkic-speaking Muslim standpoint, as 'Tunganistan') ..."
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dillon 2014: "[Ma Zhongying's] 36th Division was taken over by his half-brother Ma Hushan who led his troops into Khotan and set up a garrison command, from where he controlled a wide area including Khotan itself and the surrounding counties of Yecheng, Bachu, Pishan, Moyu, Yutian, Ruoqiang and Qiemo, sometimes known humorously by Westerners as Dunganistan.
- ↑ Nyman 1977.
- ↑ Zhou 1989.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Forbes 1986.
- ↑ Starr 2004.
- ↑ Dickens 1990.
- ↑ Smith 2000.
- ↑ Avery 2014.