Yanayin ƙasa
 yanayin ƙasa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
property (en)  da particle-size distribution (en) |
| Bangare na |
soil science (en) |
| Name (en) | Körnung |
| Karatun ta |
soil science (en) |
Tsarin ƙasa kayan aiki ne na rarrabuwa da aka yi amfani da shi a fagen da kuma dakin gwaje-gwaje don ƙayyade nau'ikan ƙasa bisa ga yanayin jiki. Za'a iya ƙayyade yanayin ƙasa ta amfani da hanyoyin inganci kamar su ƙwayoyin ta hanyar ji, da kuma hanyoyin ƙididdiga kamar hanyar hydrometer bisa ga Dokar Stokes. Tsarin ƙasa yana da aikace-aikacen noma kamar ƙayyade dacewar amfanin gona da kuma hango hasashen martani na ƙasa ga yanayin muhalli da gudanarwa kamar fari ko bukatun calcium (lime). Yanayin ƙasa yana mai da hankali kan barbashi waɗanda ke ƙasa da millimeters biyu a diamita wanda ya haɗa da yashi, silt, da yumɓu. Tsarin lissafin ƙasa na USDA da tsarin rarraba ƙasa na WRB suna amfani da nau'ikan rubutu 12, yayin da tsarin UK-ADAS ke amfani da 11. Wadannan rarrabuwa sun dogara ne akan kashi na yashi, laka, da yumɓu a cikin ƙasa.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rarrabawar farko, tsarin kasa da kasa, Albert Atterberg ne ya fara gabatar da shi a 1905, kuma ya dogara ne akan karatunsa a kudancin Sweden. Atterberg ya zaɓi 20 μm don iyakar saman ɓangaren silt saboda ƙwayoyin da suka fi wannan girman ba su da ganuwa ga ido, ana iya dakatar da su ta hanyar gishiri, haɓakar capillary a cikin awanni 24 ya fi sauri a cikin wannan ɓangaren, kuma ƙofofi tsakanin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin sun kasance ƙananan don hana shigar da gashin tushe.[1] Kwamitin Ɗaya daga cikin Ƙungiyar Kimiyya ta Duniya (ISSS) ya ba da shawarar amfani da shi a Taron Duniya na farko na Kimiyya a Washington a 1927.[2] Ostiraliya ta karɓi wannan tsarin, kuma daidaitattun lokutan logarithmic suna da kyau sosai wanda ya cancanci kiyayewa.[3] Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA) ta karɓi tsarin kanta a 1938, kuma Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Goma (FAO) ta yi amfani da tsarin USDA a cikin taswirar ƙasa ta duniya ta FAO-UNESCO kuma ta ba da shawarar amfani da ita.
Rarraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin Amurka, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta bayyana manyan nau'ikan ƙasa goma sha biyu.[4] Rarraba goma sha biyu sune yashi, yashi mai laushi, yashi, loam, yashi na yashi, leam na yashi na yumɓu, yashi ya yashi, silty yashi na laka, yashi yashi na layin yashi, da yashi na siliki. Ana rarraba sassan ƙasa ta hanyar ɓangarorin kowane ƙasa daban (sand, silt, da yumɓu) da ke cikin ƙasa. Ana kiran rarrabuwa yawanci don girman ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na farko ko haɗuwa da girman ƙwayoyi masu yawa, misali "yumbu mai laushi" ko "yumbu". Ana amfani da kalma ta huɗu, loam, don bayyana daidaitattun kaddarorin yashi, yashi, da yumɓu a cikin samfurin ƙasa, kuma yana ba da damar kiran sunayen har ma da yawa, misali "layyar yashi" ko "layyar lemun tsami".
Ana taimakawa wajen tantance yanayin ƙasa sau da yawa tare da amfani da Tsarin triangle na ƙasa. Ana samun misali na triangle na ƙasa a gefen dama na shafin. Ɗaya daga cikin gefen triangle yana wakiltar kashi na yashi, gefen na biyu yana wakiltar % na yumbu, kuma gefen na uku yana wakiltar percent silt. Idan an san kashi na yashi, yumɓu, da yashi a cikin samfurin ƙasa, to ana iya amfani da triangle don ƙayyade rarrabawar ƙasa. Misali, idan ƙasa ta kasance kashi 70 cikin dari yashi da kashi 10 cikin dari yumbu to ana rarraba ƙasa a matsayin yashi mai yashi. Ana iya amfani da wannan hanyar farawa a kowane bangare na triangle na ƙasa. Idan an yi amfani da hanyar ji don ƙayyade nau'in ƙasa, triangle ɗin na iya samar da ƙididdiga mai zurfi akan kashi na yashi, yashi, da yumɓu a cikin ƙasa.
Abubuwan sunadarai da na jiki na ƙasa suna da alaƙa da ƙwayoyin cuta. Girman ƙwayoyin da rarraba za su shafi ikon ƙasa don riƙe ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki. Ƙasa mai kyau gabaɗaya suna da ƙarfin riƙe ruwa, yayin da ƙasa mai yashi tana ɗauke da manyan sarari waɗanda ke ba da damar leaching.
Ƙasa ta rabu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Atterberg A (1905) Die rationalle Klassifikation der Sande und Kiese. Chemiker Zeitung 29, 195–198.
- ↑ Davis ROE, Bennett HH (1927) "Grouping of soils on the basis of mechanical analysis." United States Department of Agriculture Departmental Circulation No. 419.
- ↑ Marshall TJ (1947) "Mechanical composition of soil in relation to field descriptions of texture." Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Bulletin No. 224, Melbourne.
- ↑ Soil Science Division Staff. 2017. Soil survey sand. C. Ditzler, K. Scheffe, and H.C. Monger (eds.). USDA Handbook 18. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.