Yanayin yanayi
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Rabe-raben yanayi tsari ne da ke rarraba yanayin duniya. Rarraba yanayi na iya daidaitawa tare da rarrabuwar halittu, saboda yanayin shine babban tasiri ga rayuwa a yanki. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan amfani da shi shine tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen wanda aka fara haɓaka a cikin 1884. [1]
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don rarraba yanayin yanayi zuwa gwamnatoci iri ɗaya. Asali, an ayyana yanayin yanayi a tsohuwar Girka don bayyana yanayin ya danganta da latitudes na wuri. Hanyoyin rarrabuwar yanayi na zamani za a iya raba su gabaɗaya zuwa hanyoyin kwayoyin halitta, waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayi, da hanyoyin haɓaka, waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan tasirin yanayi. Misalan rarrabuwar kwayoyin halitta sun haɗa da hanyoyin da suka dogara da mitar nau'ikan nau'ikan iska daban-daban ko wurare a cikin rikicewar yanayi na synoptic. Misalan rarrabuwar kawuna sun haɗa da yankunan yanayi da aka ayyana ta taurin tsire-tsire, evapotranspiration, ko ƙungiyoyi tare da wasu kwayoyin halitta, kamar a yanayin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen. Rawancin gama gari na waɗannan tsare-tsare na rarrabuwa shine cewa suna samar da iyakoki daban-daban tsakanin shiyyoyin da suka ayyana, maimakon sauyin yanayi a hankali a hankali.
Nau'o'in yanayi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Yanayin Alpine
- Yanayin hamada ko yanayin busasshiyaryanayin busasshiyar yanayi
- Yanayin zafi na nahiyar
- Yanayin zafi mai zafi
- Yanayin kankara
- Yanayin yanayi na teku
- Yanayin Subarctic
- Yanayin yanayi mai tsaka-tsaki
- Yanayin Bahar Rum
- Yanayin zafi na wurare masu zafi
- Yanayin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi
- Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi
- Yanayin Tundra
- Yanayin yanayi na polar
Tsarin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsarin rarraba yanayi ya haɗa da:
- Alamar bushewa - wani ɓangare na tsarin da yawa
- -" data-linkid="72" href="./Köppen_climate_classification" id="mwWA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Köppen climate classification">Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen - wanda aka fi amfani dashi a cikin bambancin Köppen-Geiger na 1954
- -" data-linkid="74" href="./Holdridge_life_zones" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Holdridge life zones">Rarrabawar yankin rayuwa na Holdridge - mai sau
- Rarrabawar yanayi na Thornthwaite
- -" data-linkid="82" href="./Trewartha_climate_classification" id="mwZA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Trewartha climate classification">Rarrabawar yanayi na Trewartha - gyaran Köppen na 1967
- r
Bergeron da Synoptic na sararin samaniya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mafi sauƙaƙan rarrabuwa shine wanda ya haɗa da yawan iska. Rabe-raben Bergeron shine nau'i mafi karbuwa na nau'in rarrabuwar iska. Rarraba yawan iska ya ƙunshi haruffa uku. Harafi ta farko ta bayyana kaddarorin danshinta, tare da c da ake amfani da ita don yawan iska na nahiyar (bushe) da m don yawan iska na ruwa (danshi). Harafi na biyu yana kwatanta yanayin yanayin zafi na yankin tushensa: T don wurare masu zafi, P don iyakacin duniya, A don Arctic ko Antarctic, M don damina, E don equatorial, da S don iska mafi girma (bushewar iska da aka samu ta hanyar motsi mai zurfi a cikin yanayi). ). Ana amfani da harafi na uku don nuna daidaiton yanayi. Idan yawan iska ya fi ƙasan ƙasa sanyi, ana yi masa lakabi da k. Idan yawan iska ya fi zafi fiye da ƙasan da ke ƙasa, ana yi masa lakabi da w. Yayin da aka fara amfani da gano yawan iska a cikin hasashen yanayi a cikin shekarun 1950, masana kimiyyar yanayi sun fara kafa yanayin yanayi na synoptic bisa wannan ra'ayin a cikin 1973.[2]
Dangane da tsarin rarrabuwar Bergeron shine Tsarin Rarraba Tsararru (SSC). Akwai nau'o'i shida a cikin tsarin SSC: Dry Polar (mai kama da polar nahiyoyi), Dry Moderate (mai kama da babban teku), Dry Tropical (mai kama da na wurare masu zafi na nahiyoyi), Polar Moist (mai kama da igiya na ruwa), Moist Moderate (wani matasan). tsakanin igiyar ruwa na ruwa da na wurare masu zafi na ruwa), da kuma Moist Tropical (mai kama da na wurare masu zafi na teku, damina na ruwa, ko kuma tekun equatorial). [3]
Köppen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rarraba Köppen ya dogara da matsakaicin ƙimar zafin jiki da hazo. Mafi yawan nau'in rarrabuwar Köppen yana da nau'ikan farko guda biyar masu lakabin A zuwa E. Waɗannan nau'ikan na farko sune A) wurare masu zafi, B) bushe, C) tsakiyar latitude, D) tsakiyar latitude, da E) polar.
An bayyana yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi a matsayin wurare inda mafi kyawun kowane wata yana nufin zafin jiki ya wuce 18 C (64.4 F). Wannan yanki na wurare masu zafi yana ƙara rushewa zuwa dazuzzuka, damina, da savanna bisa yanayin damina. Wadannan yanayi galibi suna tsakanin Equator da 25 arewa da kudu.
Ruwan damina iskar ce da ke mamaye da ita na tsawon watanni da yawa, tana haifar da damina a yankin. Yankuna a cikin Arewacin Amurka, Kudancin Amurka, Afirka kudu da Sahara, Ostiraliya da Gabashin Asiya sune tsarin damina[4]
Savanna mai zafi wani yanki ne na ciyawa da ke cikin yanki mai raɗaɗi zuwa ɗan ɗanɗanar yanayi na yankuna na wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi da ya rage ko sama da 18 °C (64 °F) duk shekara, da ruwan sama tsakanin 750 millimeters (30). a) da milimita 1,270 (50 a) a shekara. Suna yaduwa a Afirka, kuma ana samun su a Indiya, Arewacin Amurka ta Kudu, Malaysia, da Ostiraliya.[6]
Yankin yanayi mai sanyin yanayi inda ruwan sama na hunturu (wani lokacin sanyin dusar ƙanƙara) ke da alaƙa da guguwa da yammacin yamma ke bi daga yamma zuwa gabas a lokacin ƙarancin rana (hunturu). A lokacin rani, babban matsin lamba yana mamaye yayin da yammacin yamma ke motsawa zuwa arewa. Yawancin ruwan sama na lokacin rani yana faruwa a lokacin tsawa da kuma daga guguwa na wurare masu zafi lokaci-lokaci. Yanayin yanayin zafi mai zafi yana kwance a gefen gabas na nahiyoyi, kusan tsakanin latitudes 20 ° da 40 ° nisa daga ma'adanin.
Yanayin zafi na nahiyar yana nunawa ta hanyar yanayin yanayi mai canzawa da kuma babban bambancin zafin jiki na yanayi, sanyi kuma sau da yawa hunturu mai dusar ƙanƙara, da lokacin zafi. Wuraren da ke da fiye da watanni uku na matsakaicin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun sama da 10 °C (50 °F) ° C (50 ° F) da kuma yanayin zafi na watan da ya fi sanyi a ƙasa da -3 ° C (27 ° F) kuma waɗanda ba su cika ka'idojin yanayin busasshiyar ko rabin busasshi ba, ana rarraba su a matsayin nahiyar. Yawancin yanayi a cikin wannan yanki ana samun su daga latitude 35 zuwa latitude 55, galibi a arewacin arewa.[9]
Yanayin teku ana samun yawanci tare da bakin tekun yamma a cikin tsakiyar tsakiyar latitudes na duk nahiyoyi na duniya, da kuma a kudu maso gabashin Ostiraliya, kuma yana tare da hazo mai yawa a duk shekara, lokacin rani mai sanyi, da ƙananan yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara. Yawancin yanayi na wannan nau'in ana samun su daga latitude 45 zuwa 55 latitude.[10]
Tsarin yanayi na Bahar Rum ya yi kama da yanayin ƙasashe a cikin Basin Bahar Rum, sassan yammacin Arewacin Amirka, sassan yammacin da Kudancin Ostiraliya, a kudu maso yammacin Afirka ta Kudu da kuma wasu sassan tsakiyar Chile. Yanayin yana da yanayin zafi, bushewar lokacin rani da sanyi, lokacin sanyi.
Takalma busasshiyar ciyawa ce mai kewayon zafin shekara a lokacin rani har zuwa 40 °C (104 °F) da lokacin hunturu ƙasa zuwa -40 °C (-40 °F).
Sauyin yanayi a cikin ƙasa yana da ɗan hazo kaɗan, da yanayin zafi a kowane wata wanda ke sama da 10 °C (50 °F) na wata ɗaya zuwa uku na shekara, tare da permafrost a manyan sassan yankin saboda sanyin sanyi. Lokacin sanyi a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa yakan ƙunshi har zuwa watanni shida na yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa 0 °C (32 °F).[11]
Tundra yana faruwa a cikin nisa na Arewacin Hemisphere, arewacin bel taiga, gami da yankuna masu yawa na arewacin Rasha da Kanada.[12]
Ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara mai iyaka, ko takardar kankara, yanki ne mai tsayin daka na duniya ko wata da ke lulluɓe da ƙanƙara. Ƙunƙarar ƙanƙara tana samuwa saboda yankuna masu tsayi suna samun ƙarancin kuzari azaman hasken rana daga rana fiye da yankunan equatorial, yana haifar da ƙananan yanayin zafi.
Hamada wani wuri ne ko yanki da ke samun hazo kaɗan kaɗan. Hamada yawanci suna da babban kewayon zafin rana da na yanayi, tare da babba ko ƙasa, ya danganta da yanayin yanayin rana (a lokacin rani har zuwa 45 °C ko 113 °F), da ƙarancin zafin dare (a cikin hunturu ƙasa zuwa 0 °C ko 32 ° F) saboda ƙarancin zafi. Hamada da yawa suna samun inuwar ruwan sama, yayin da tsaunuka suka toshe hanyar damshi da hazo zuwa hamada
Trewartha
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin yanayin yanayi na Trewartha (TCC) ko Köppen–Trewartha yanayin rarrabuwa (KTC) tsarin rarrabuwar yanayi ne wanda ɗan ƙasar Amurika Glenn Thomas Trewartha ya fara bugawa a shekara ta 1966. Tsarin tsarin Köppen–Geiger ne da aka gyara, wanda aka ƙirƙira don amsa wasu daga cikin kasawarsa. Tsarin Trewartha yana ƙoƙarin sake fasalta tsakiyar latitudes don zama kusa da tsarin ciyayi da tsarin yanayin yanayi.
An ga canje-canjen rarrabuwar yanayi na Trewartha a matsayin mafi tasiri a kan manyan ƙasashe a Asiya da Arewacin Amurka, inda yankuna da yawa suka fada cikin rukuni ɗaya (C) a cikin tsarin Köppen-Geiger. Misali, a karkashin daidaitaccen tsarin Köppen, Washington da Oregon an kasaftasu zuwa yankin yanayi iri daya (Csb) kamar sassan Kudancin California, kodayake yankuna biyu suna da yanayi daban-daban da ciyayi. Wani misali shi ne rarraba birane kamar London ko New York a cikin rukunin yanayi iri ɗaya (C) kamar Brisbane ko New Orleans, duk da bambance-bambance masu girma a yanayin yanayin yanayi da rayuwar shuka ta asali.[13]
Tsarin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Canje-canjen Trewartha ga tsarin yanayin yanayi na Köppen na 1899 ya nemi a mayar da tsakiyar latitudes zuwa rukunoni uku: C (ƙananan ƙasa)—watanni 8 ko fiye da haka suna da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 10 °C (50 °F) ko sama; D mai zafi-watanni 4 zuwa 7 suna da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 10 °C ko sama; da kuma yanayin E boreal—watanni 1 zuwa 3 suna da matsakaicin zafin jiki na 10 °C ko sama. In ba haka ba, yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi da yanayin yanayi na iyakacin duniya sun kasance iri ɗaya da ainihin rarrabuwar yanayi na Köppen.
Thornthwaite
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Masanin yanayi na Amurka kuma masanin yanayin ƙasa C.W. Thornthwaite ne ya ƙirƙira, wannan hanyar rarraba yanayi tana lura da kasafin ruwa na ƙasa ta hanyar amfani da evapotranspiration. Yana lura da sashin jimillar hazo da ake amfani da shi don ciyar da ciyayi a kan wani yanki. Yana amfani da fihirisa kamar ma'aunin zafi da ma'aunin bushewa don tantance tsarin danshin yanki bisa matsakaicin zafinsa, matsakaicin ruwan sama, da matsakaicin nau'in ciyayi. Ƙarƙashin ƙimar ƙididdiga a kowane yanki da aka ba, mafi bushewar yankin ya kasance.
Rarraba danshi ya haɗa da azuzuwan yanayin yanayi tare da masu siffantawa kamar hyperhumid, humid, subhumid, subarid, rabin bushewa (darajar -20 zuwa -40), da m (darajar ƙasa -40). Yankuna masu zafi suna samun hazo fiye da ƙanƙara kowace shekara, yayin da yankuna masu ƙazamin yanayi suna samun ƙashin ruwa fiye da hazo a kowace shekara. Adadin kashi 33 na fadin duniya ana la'akari da shi ko dai busasshiyar ƙasa ko kuma ɗan bushewa, gami da kudu maso yammacin Amurka ta Arewa, kudu maso yammacin Amurka ta Kudu, galibin arewa da ƙaramin yanki na kudancin Afirka, kudu maso yamma da wasu sassan gabashin Asiya, da kuma yawancin Ostiraliya. Nazarin ya ba da shawarar cewa tasirin hazo (PE) a cikin ma'aunin danshi na Thornthwaite yana da ƙima a lokacin rani kuma ba a ƙididdige shi a cikin hunturu. Ana iya amfani da wannan fihirisar yadda ya kamata don tantance adadin lambobi na herbivore da dabbobi masu shayarwa a cikin wani yanki da aka bayar. Hakanan ana amfani da fihirisar wajen nazarin canjin yanayi[14]
Rarraba yanayin zafi a cikin tsarin Thornthwaite sun haɗa da tsarin microthermal, mesothermal, da megathermal. Sauyin yanayi na microthermal ɗaya ne na ƙananan yanayin zafi na shekara-shekara, gabaɗaya tsakanin 0 °C (32 °F) da 14 °C (57 °F) wanda ke fuskantar gajeriyar lokacin rani kuma yana da yuwuwar ƙawa tsakanin santimita 14 (5.5 in) da santimita 43 ( 17 in). Sauyin yanayi na mesothermal ba shi da zafi mai tsayi ko sanyi mai tsayi, tare da yuwuwar hazo tsakanin santimita 57 (22 in) da santimita 114 (45 in). Yanayin megathermal shine wanda ke da tsayin daka mai tsayi da yawan ruwan sama, tare da yuwuwar ƙawancen shekara sama da santimita 114 (45 in).
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Rarraba yanayin muhalli
- Yanayin rayuwa
- Halitta
- Yankin ƙasa
- Yankin da ya fi wuya
- Yanayin Bahar Rum ko yanayin rani
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; Wood, Eric F. (30 October 2018). "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution". Scientific Data (in Turanci). 5: 180214. Bibcode:2018NatSD...580214B. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.214. ISSN 2052-4463. PMC 6207062. PMID 30375988.
- ↑ Schwartz, M.D. (1995). "Detecting Structural Climate Change: An Air Mass-Based Approach in the North Central United States, 1958–1992". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 85 (3): 553–68. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01812.x.
- ↑ Robert E. Davis, L. Sitka, D. M. Hondula, S. Gawtry, D. Knight, T. Lee, and J. Stenger. J1.10 A preliminary back-trajectory and air mass climatology for the Shenandoah Valley (Formerly J3.16 for Applied Climatology). Retrieved on 2008-05-21.
- ↑ "The Global Monsoon System: Research and Forecast" (PDF). International Committee of the Third Workshop on Monsoons. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-08. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
- ↑ Central, Brian. "The Bright Side of 13 Years of Clouds in 1 Map". Scientific American. Retrieved 2015-05-17.
- ↑ Woodward, Susan. "Tropical Savannas". Archived from the original on 2008-02-25. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
- ↑ "Cloud Fraction (1 month – Terra/MODIS) – NASA". Cloud Fraction (1 month – Terra/MODIS) – NASA. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
- ↑ Central, Brian. "The Bright Side of 13 Years of Clouds in 1 Map". Scientific American. Retrieved 2015-05-18.
- ↑ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606.
- ↑ "Oceanic Climate". Archived from the original on 2011-02-09. Retrieved 2008-04-15.
- ↑ Woodward, Susan. "Taiga or Boreal Forest". Archived from the original on 2011-06-09. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
- ↑ "The Tundra Biome". The World's Biomes. Retrieved 2006-03-05.
- ↑ Bailey RG (2009) Ecosystem geography:from ecoregions to sites, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, NY
- ↑ McCabe, Gregory J.; Wolock, David M. (2002-02-12). "Trends and temperature sensitivity of moisture conditions in the conterminous United States" (PDF). Climate Research. 20: 19–29. Retrieved 2008-05-21.