Yaren Dida

Yaren Dida
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Nijar-Congo Harsunan Atlantic-Congo Harsunan Kru Yaren Dida
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	dida1245

Dida wani yare ne na dangin Kru da ake magana a Ivory Coast .

ISO ya raba dida zuwa rukuni uku, Yocoboué (Yokubwe) Dida (101,600 masu magana a 1993), Lakota Dida (93,800 masu magana a 1993) da Gaɓogbo (Guébié / Gebye) waɗanda kawai suke da hankali ga juna kuma mafi kyawun la'akari da harsuna daban. Yocoboué ya ƙunshi yarukan Lozoua (Lozwa) da Divo (masu magana 7,100 da 94,500), da Lakota Lakota (Lákota), Abou (Abu), da Vata. Harshen da aka fi sani da shi shine harshen Lozoua na garin Guitry .

Fasahar sauti

Darussan Dida suna da ƙididdigar ƙira da wasula na musamman na yarukan Kru na Gabas. Koyaya, sautin ya bambanta sosai tsakanin yaruka, ko aƙalla tsakanin bayanin su. Maganar sauti mai zuwa ita ce ta Abu Dida, daga Miller (2005), da kuma Yocoboué Dida, daga Masson (1992).

Sautin sautin

Abu

Abu Dida yana da tsarin sautuna goma: sautuna tara da aka rarrabe ta hanyar "tensess", mai yiwuwa ko dai pharyngealization ko supra-glottal phonation (ƙuntatawar larynx) na nau'in da aka bayyana a matsayin tushen harshe mai janyewa, tare da sautuna mai ban mamaki na tsakiya /ə/.

Sautin da ba a kwantar da su ba sune //i e a o u/ u/, kuma sautin da aka kwantar da shi /eʹ ɛʹ oʹ/. (Waɗannan za a iya nazarin su kamar yadda, amma a nan an rubuta su da ƙananan wasula don nuna fahimtar su. Babu bambancin lokaci da ƙananan wasuli.) Masu samar da wasula suna nuna su ƙasa da takwarorinsu marasa ƙarfi: masu samar da wasulan mafi girma sun mamaye masu samar da sautin da ba na tsakiya ba, amma akwai tashin hankali a bayyane a leɓuna da makogwaro lokacin da aka bayyana su da hankali.

Abu Dida yana da diphthongs da yawa, waɗanda ke da adadin bambance-bambance iri ɗaya kamar sautuna masu sauƙi. Dukkanin suna farawa da sautunan da suka fi girma, kuma ban da /a/, duka abubuwa biyu suna kwangila ko ba kwangila ba, don haka ana fassara pharyngealization a nan bayan kashi na biyu na wasula. Misalan su ne /ɓuƙwalwar / "kwal" (daga Turanci), /ƙuƙwalwa / "ƙuƙwalwa", da /ƙu ƙashi".

Dida kuma yana da wasula na hanci, amma ba a saba da su ba kuma ba a bayyana yawan su ba. Misalan su ne "babu wani abu", "Chin", "25 cents" (daga Turanci "pound"). A cikin diphthongs, nasalization yana nunawa da farko a kan kashi na biyu na wasali. /fẽˤː˥/ "nothing", /ɡ͡boũ˧/", /pɔõˤ˥˧/

Tsawon sautin /kă˥/ /ka˧/ bambanta, ban da phonesthesia (kamar yadda yake a cikin /fẽː́́́/ "babu wani abu"), raguwa na morphemic, da kuma gajerun kalmomin nahawu, kamar modal /kắ/ "nufin" (kwatanta tushen sa mai yiwuwa /kaʹ/ "get").

Yocoboué

Yocoboué Dida yana da tsarin wasula tara: wasula huɗu suna zama misali, kuma wasula biyar suna zama jerin da aka janye, tare da cikas.

Sautin yau da kullun guda huɗu sune /i e o u/, kuma sautin da aka janye sune /ɪ ɛ a ɔ ʊ/ . /a/ kuma ana iya gane shi azaman [ʌ].

Dukkanin wasula suna da fahimtar hanci, amma nasalization na wasula ba phonemic bane.

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

Harshen a cikin Abu Dida na musamman ne ga Kru na Gabas:

	Labari	Alveolar	Bayan alveolar	Velar	Labializedvelar	Labalvelar
Hanci	m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive / africate	p	t d	t͡ʃ d͡ʒ	K ɡ	kw ɡw	k͡p ɡ͡b
Ba a yarda da shi ba	ɓ
Fricative	f v	s z		ɣ
Tap / approximant		Sanya	j		w

Kalmomin /ɺ/ iya zama wasali kawai, sautin-sautin, ko sautin-/sautin. [l]/ɺ/ farko, flap na gefe tsakanin wasula kuma bayan mafi yawan ƙwayoyin (ƙasa), amma ta tsakiya bayan alveolars (jinin). Bayan hanci (/m/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/), shi kansa nasalized ne, kuma yana sauti kamar gajeren n. Akwai ɗan gajeren wasula na epenthetic tsakanin sautin farko da flap, wanda ke ɗaukar ingancin wasula syllabic da ke biyowa ([[[[zōbee] "ƙasa"). Flap/n/, /ɺ/ suna faruwa tare da dukkan consonants, har ma da approximants (/oʹiʹ/ "sama"), ban da alveolar sonorants /n/, /oʹ/ da kuma gefen consonant /ɣ/, wanda aka tabbatar da shi kawai a cikin syllable /ɣa/.

/ɓ/ yana da ƙarfi a cikin ma'anar cewa iska tana motsawa ta hanyar glottis da ke motsawa ƙasa, amma babu iska a cikin baki. /ɣ/ yana faruwa a cikin 'yan kalmomi, amma ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan, /ɣa/ "ya bayyana", yana faruwa a yawancin idioms na yau da kullun, don haka gabaɗaya ba sauti ne mai ban mamaki ba. Yana da rikici na gaskiya kuma yana iya ba da kansa ga kalmar [x] da farko. /kʷ/ da /ɡʷ/ tare da wasali sun bambanta da /k/ ko /ɡ/ tare da /u/ da kuma wani wasali. Hakanan ana iya bin su da flap, kamar yadda yake a cikin "fuska".

Lokacin da aka jaddada, kalmomin farawa na sifili na iya ɗaukar farkon [ɦ], kuma ƙididdigar farko /j/, /w/ na iya zama fricated [[[], [ɣw]. /w/ ya zama palatalized [ɥ] kafin manyan wasula na gaba, ko kuma [o] lokacin da aka jaddada.

Wadannan consonants ne ga Yocoboué Dida:

	Labari	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labializedvelar	Labalvelar
Hanci	m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive / Africate	p	t d	c ɟ	K ɡ	kw ɡw	k͡p ɡ͡b
Ba a yarda da shi ba	ɓ
Fricative	f v	s z		ɣ
Kusanci		l	j		w

[ɾ̃]/l/ za a iya gane shi azaman [ɾ] lokacin da bayan alveolar ya tsaya, kuma azaman [ʃ] lokacin da aka yi amfani da hanci.

Sauti

Dida yana amfani da sautin a matsayin na'urar nahawu. Morpho-tonology yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin aikatau da ma'anar sunaye fiye da yadda yake yi a cikin sunaye, kuma watakila saboda wannan, kalmomin Dida suna amfani da tsarin sautin da ya fi sauƙi fiye da sunaye: Tushen sunaye suna da sautuna huɗu masu bambanci, sunayen sunaye suna na uku, kuma tushen aikatau suna da sautin kalmomi biyu kawai.

Akwai <-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"IPA","href":"./Template:IPA"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"/˥/"}},"i":0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mw_g" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" typeof="mw:Transclusion">/˧/ about="#mwt53" class="smallcaps" data-ve-ignore="true" id="mw_Q">sama uku a cikin Abou Dida: high / zaki/, / zaki, da low / zaki / zaki; tare da tsakiyar kusan sau biyu kamar sauran biyu.     Mai magana da yawun yana jin sautuna shida: tashi /ī/, da faɗuwa /ī/. (Sautunan /˨˩/ ke fadowa sun kai ga rajistar ƙasa a ƙarshen sashi na prosodic; in ba haka ba ana gane sautin da ke faduwa a matsayin sautin da ba shi da sauƙi.) Koyaya, wasu daga cikin waɗannan suna faruwa ne kawai a cikin kalmomi masu rikitarwa, kamar kalmomin cikakke. 

Sunayen monosyllabic sun bambanta sautuna huɗu: tsawo, , ƙasa, /dʒeˤ˥/ tsakiya: /dʒeń/ "ƙwai", /dʒei/ "tsuntsu", /ddʒeʹ/ "kibiya", tare da da tsakiya kasancewa mafi yawanci.    

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