Harsunan Kru

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Harsunan Kru
Linguistic classification
ISO 639-2 / 5 kro

Mutanen Kru ne ke magana da yarukan Kru daga kudu maso gabashin Laberiya zuwa yammacin Ivory Coast.

Rarraba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar Güldemann (2018), Kru ba shi da isasshen kamanceceniya da kamanceceniyar aji don kammala dangantaka da Nijar-Congo. Glottolog ya ɗauki Kru iyali mai zaman kansa.

Magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kalmar "Kru" ba a san asalin ta ba. A cewar Westermann (1952) Turawa sun yi amfani da shi don nuna yawancin kabilun da ke magana da yaruka masu alaƙa. [1] (1989) ya lura da gaskiyar cewa yawancin waɗannan mutane an ɗauke su a matsayin "ma'aikata" daga ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Turai; "homonymy tare da ma'aikata a bayyane yake, kuma aƙalla tushen rikice-rikice ne tsakanin Turawa cewa akwai ƙabilar Kru / ma'aikata".

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Andrew Dalby ya lura da muhimmancin tarihi na yarukan Kru don matsayinsu a kan hanyoyin hulɗar Afirka da Turai. Ya rubuta cewa "Kru da harsuna masu alaƙa sun kasance daga cikin na farko da masu tafiya na Turai suka haɗu da su a kan abin da aka sani da Pepper Coast, cibiyar samarwa da fitarwa na Guinea da Melegueta pepper; cinikin teku na Afirka. " An san yarukan Kru da wasu tsarin sautin mafi rikitarwa a Afirka, watakila kawai yarukan Omotic ne suka yi gasa.

Matsayi na yanzu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

kwanan nan sun lura cewa "A yanzu ana iya samun al'ummomin Kru a bakin tekun Monrovia, Laberiya zuwa Kogin Bandama a Côte d'Ivoire". [2]"Ƙauyuka suna kula da alakarsu bisa ga abin da ake zaton zuriya ce, wanda aka ƙarfafa ta hanyar musayar bukukuwan da kyauta". Mutanen Kru [2] yarensu, kodayake yanzu da yawa suna magana da Turanci (a Laberiya) ko Faransanci (a Côte d'Ivoire) a matsayin yare na biyu, an ce suna "mafi girma a yankin kudu maso yamma inda yankin gandun daji ya kai tafkunan bakin teku". Mutanen Kru sun dogara da gandun daji don noma, tare da farauta don rayuwarsu.

Ƙungiyoyi da harsuna masu alaƙa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Harsunan Kru sun haɗa da ƙananan rukuni kamar Kuwaa, Grebo, Bassa, Belle, Belleh, Kwaa da sauransu da yawa. [3] cewar Breitbonde, rarraba al'ummomi bisa ga bambancin al'adu, tarihi ko kabilanci, da kuma ikon cin gashin kai na zamantakewa da siyasa "watakila sun kawo adadi mai yawa na yarukan Kru daban-daban; "Ko da yake 'yan asalin sun kasance a fannoni da yawa iri ɗaya da kabilanci. " Breitbonde ya lura cewa an rarraba mutanen Kru bisa ga bambancin al'adunsu, bambancin tarihi ko kabilanci, da kuma ikon cin gashin kai na zamantakewa da siyasa. Wannan shine yiwuwar dalilin da ya sa yawancin ƙananan rukuni na yaren Kru. Kamar Fisiak ya lura, akwai ƙananan takardu game da Kru da harsunan da ke da alaƙa.

[4] Marchese (1989) na yarukan Kru kamar haka. Yawancin waɗannan harsuna ƙididdigar yare ne kuma wani lokacin ana ɗaukar su fiye da yare ɗaya.

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  2. 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named EMW
  3. Empty citation (help)
  4. Marchese, Lynell. 1989. Kru. In Bendor-Samuel, John (ed.), The Niger-Congo Languages: A Classification and Description of Africa's Largest Language Family, 119-139. Lanham MD, New York & London: Lanham: University Press of America.

Ethnologue ya kara da Neyo, wanda zai iya zama mafi kusa da Dida ko Godie.

Harshen harshe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsarin kalma na Kru shine da farko batun-kalma-abu (SVO), to amma kuma sau da yawa yana iya zama batun-abu-kalma (SOV). [1]

Kalmomin kwatankwacin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Misali na asali na harsuna 12 na Kru daga Maris (1983): [2]

Harshe ido kunne hanci hakora harshe baki jini kasusuwa itace ruwa cin abinci sunan
Tepo Jie Nω̂â mɪ̂jã́ Fushigi Maraice wũ̂t Dabbobin da suka yi Yana da Tun da kuma Nishẽ́ Dici dashin jin daɗi
Jrwe ɟró nω̃̂ã mɪ̃̂ã Fansar da aka yi Mutanen da ke cikin gida Wasanni klώω̂ Yana da kai Sanyawa goma sha biyu Ya yi amfani da shi
Guere ɟrííē Dō darasi Mliya ɲnɪ̃̂ɛ̄̃ Me'a Bayyanawa ɲmɔ̃ kpâ Tun da haka Disi na ɗaya ɲnɪ̃̂
Wobé ɟríɛ́ Dō darasi Mlanar ɲnə̃̂ Mõõõṍ ŋwɔ̄̃ NFCA kpâ Tun da haka Ina da Di ɲnẽ̂
Niaboua ɟîrî Lökú Mana ɲéɲé Bayani da yawa ŋwɔ̄̃ ɲēmō kpá Tun da haka Nîle Di ɲéɲé
Bété (Daloa) ɟi jûkûlî mlə̂ Glei mɪ́́́́ɔ́ ŋō drú kwâ ɲû Jw'a
Bété (Guibéroua) amfani jukwɨlí Mutanen da ke cikin gʌ̂lʌ̂ mɪ̄ɔ̄ na'ura mai laushi Ya yi wuya kwá Tabbatacce ɲú Di JGWW
Neyo jɪ́ ɲúkwlí mlé Gilla mɪ̄ɔ̄ An haife shi Doguwar gaisuwa Sulu ɲú JIYA
Godié jɨdí ɲūkúlú Mutanen da ke cikin Yara mɪ̄ɔ̄ Nan da nan drù Fairy ɲú ɗ ɗ ɗ ɗayansu Jwwww'a
Koyo jɪjē ɲúkiwí - GLA mɪ̄ɔ̄ Ya yi yawa Dolu féjē Sulu ɲú Lɨ̄ ŋɨ́nɨ́
Dida Ci ɲúkwlí mné GLA mɪ̄ɔ̄ nɪ̄ dólū kwíjè ɲú ŋlɪ́
Aïzi Cereal Lωkɔ mωvɔ ɲɪ Mahaifiyar mu ɲre Kra kewayawa A cikin shekara li -

Wani ƙarin samfurin ƙamus na asali na harsunan Kru 21 daga Marchese (1983): [2]

Harshe ido kunne hanci hakora harshe baki jini kasusuwa ruwa cin abinci sunan
Aïzi Cereal Lωkɔ mωvɔ ɲɪ Mahaifiyar mu ɲre Kra A cikin shekara li
Vata ɲêflú Mênê GLA Meɔ̄ nɪ̄ dūlū Fushi ɲú
Dida Ci ɲúkwlí mné GLA mɪ̄ɔ̄ nɪ̄ Doguwar kwíjè ɲú ŋlɪ́
Koyo jíjē ɲúkwlí Jwwww'a GLA mɪ̄ɔ̄ Ya yi yawa Dolu féjē ɲú Lɨ̄ ŋɨ́nɨ́
Godié ɲūkúlú A cikin gida Yara mɪ̄ɔ̄ Nan da nan dřù Fairy ɲú ɗ ɗ ɗ ɗayansu Jwwww'a
Neyo jɪ́ ɲúkwlí mlé Gilla mɪ̄ɔ̄ An haife shi Doguwar gaisuwa ɲú JIYA
Bété (Guibéroua) Jiři jukwɨlí A cikin gida Gʌlâ mɪ̄ɔ̄ na'ura mai laushi ya kamata ya mutu kwá ɲú Nʉ́nɪ́
Bété (Daloa) ɟi jûkûlî mlə̂ Glei mɪ́́́́ɔ́ ŋō dřú kwâ ɲú N'nɪ̂
Niaboua Lökú Mutanen da ke zaune ɲéné Bayani da yawa ŋwɔ̃̄ ɲēmō kpá Nîle Di ɲéné
Wobé ɟríɛ́ Dō darasi Mlanar ɲnẽ̂ Rubuce-rubuce ŋwɔ̃̄ NFCA kpâ Ina da Di ɲnẽ̂
An warkar da shi ɟrííē Dō darasi Mliya ɲnɪ̃̂̄ Jigon Bayyanawa ɲmɔ̃̄ kpâ Lokacin da ya gabata ɲnɪ̃̂
Konobo jidɔ a'a Mlan Maye Hawan gida kla Fushi di Salan
Oubi jīrō nōā A cikin shekara Harkokin da aka yi Dõlaken kala Fushigi Girma Sunan da aka yi
Bakwe ɲʉ ɲákúlú Ya zama haka glɛ́ Ana amfani da shi Mʌ́ Tuzi Gí̄ō ɟɨ A cikin shekara
Tépo Jie Nω̂â mɪ̂jã́ Fushigi Maye Dabbobin da suka yi Yana da Nishẽ́ Dici dashin jin daɗi
Grebo watan Janairu ba tare da izini ba Meá Ana amfani da shi Ya zama mai yawa ɲénɔ́ Klan Ina da Di ya ce ɲéné
Klao ɟí Nuni MNA Ana amfani da shi Ingi ɲnɔ̄ kpã́́ Ina da Di ɲnɛ
Bassa ɟélé Mana Ingi Arewacin duniya kpá Nuwamba Gaisuwa ɲén
Daga cikin su Juyawa Malan mīlaǹ Ingi ɲimo Ba da Kawai ŋɛlɛ́
Kuwaa Ya yi yawa nɔi ɲũ Mayewũ Harshen ya fito Ya kuma kwa niimi ɟì ɲɛlɛ̃
Sɛmɛ Yanayi tasjẽ teku ɲen Kai Ya kasance A ƙarshe kpar Ba haka ba ne di

Lambobin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kwatanta lambobi a cikin harsuna daban-daban:

Rarraba Harshe 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Kuwaa Kuwaa (Kyakkyawan) dee sɔ̃r Za'a ɲìjɛ̀hɛ wàyɔɔɔɔ Iborin (5 + 1) NATO (5 + 2) Katan (5 + 3) Yankin da ya fi dacewa (5 + 4) kowaa
Shuka Seme (Siamou) (1) byẽ́ẽ́ẽ Sunubi tyáār yūr kwɛ̃̄l kpããããâ Kiki kprɛ̄n̂ Mashin Funu
Shuka Seme (Siamou) (2) Ma'anar 15. Ya kuma sha biyar t t t tr15 yur3 kwɛ̃l3 k͡pa4a34 kyi4ĩ34 k͡prɛ4ɛ̃34 kal3 fu1
Gabas, Bakwe Bakwé ɗôː Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi tʌ̄ː mɾɔ̄ː ɡ͡bə̀ə̄ ŋǔːɗō (5 + 1) ŋǔːsɔ̄ (5 + 2) ŋǔːtʌ̄ (5 + 3) ŋǔːmɾɔ̄ (5 + 4) Pʊ̀
Gabas, Bakwe Wané Yi 3 /__hau____hau____hau__ Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi2 ta3 ihɪɛ̃4 ŋwũ42 ŋwũ42 kloː24 (5 + 1) ŋwũ42 sɔ2 (5 + 2) ŋwũ42 ta3 (5 + 3) ŋwũ42 ihɪɛ̃4 (5 + 4) ŋwũ42 bu4 ko bu4
Gabas, Bete Daloa Bété ɓlʊ̄ Sa'ad da'ad da aka yi amfani da shi ta Mʊ̄wana ŋɡ͡bɨ́ ŋ́ɡ͡bʊplʊ (5 + 1) ŋ́ɡ͡bisɔ́ (5 + 2) ɡ͡bʊ̀wata (5 + 3) ŋ́ɡ͡bimʊwana (5 + 4) kʊ́ɡ͡ba
Gabas, Bete Guiberoua Bété ɓlʊ̄ Sa'ad da'ad da aka yi amfani da shi ta Mʊ̄wana ŋɡ͡bɨ́ ŋ́ɡ͡bʊplʊ (5 + 1) ŋ́ɡ͡bisɔ́ (5 + 2) ɡ͡bʊ̀wata (5 + 3) ŋ́ɡ͡bimʊwana (5 + 4) kʊ́ɡ͡ba
Gabas, Bete Godié ɓlō Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi tāā ŋ́mɔ́ɔnā́ ŋ́ɡ͡bɨ́ ŋ̀ɡ͡bóplóo (5 + 1) ŋ́ɡ͡bɔ́ɔ́sɔ́ (5 + 2) ŋ̀ɡ͡bàátā (5 + 3) ŋ̀vɔ́ɔnā́ Kʊ́ɡ͡bá
Gabas, Bete, Gabas Gagnoa Bété ɓɵ̯̀̀̀̀ Sa'ad da'ad da aka yi amfani da shi Juy mɔ́ɔ́nɔ̄ ŋ͡m̩̄.ɡ͡bú ɡ͡be.pó̯ó (5 + 1) ɡ͡bɔ́ɔ́.sɔ̋ (5 + 2) ɡ͡bɔ̋ɔ́.tā (5 + 3) Fã́ɛ́. ko.ɡ͡bɔ́
Gabas, Bete, Gabas Guébie Bété ɡ͡bɔlɔ2.³ so4 ta31 mɔna1.³¹ mŋɡ͡be2 mŋɡ͡beɡ͡bɔlɔ². ².³ (5 + 1) mŋɡ͡boso3.⁴ (5 + 2) mŋɡ͡bata3.³¹ (5 + 3) mŋɡ͡bɔfɛna3.¹.³¹ (5 + 4) kɔɡ͡ba2.³
Gabas, Bete, Gabas Kouya ɓlo Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi Mnuwa zuwa ɡ͡bu ɡ͡beliɓlò (5 + 1) ɡ͡besɔ́ (5 + 2) ɡ͡betā (5 + 3) ɡ͡bomnʊ̀à (5 + 4) kuɡ͡bua
Gabas, Dida Yocoboué Dida Bóló Watanni Muttuka Ya kasance mai suna ɛŋɡ͡bɪ́ ɛŋɡ͡bʊ́frɔ (5 + 1) Reynawa (5 + 2) Queenɓáta (5 + 3) Queenvwaná kóɡ͡ba
Gabas, Dida Neyo ɓɔɔɔɔló Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi tāā mɔ́nā ɡ͡bɪ́ ɡ͡bɪ́flɔ́ (5 + 1) ɡ͡básɔ́ (5 + 2) ɡ͡bátā (5 + 3) Fana (5 + 4) Kʊ́ɡ͡bá
Gabas, Kwadia Kodia ɡ͡bɤl32 / ɓɤl32 sɔː2 taː2 mɔna43 nɡ͡bɤ3 nɡ͡bɤw 333 (5 + 1) nɡ͡bɔː43sɔ3 (5 + 2) nɡ͡baː43ta3 (5 + 3) nɡ͡bɤmɔna343 (5 + 4) kʊɡ͡ba33
Yamma, Bassa Bassa Sanya, dyúáɖò Ya yi yawa Za ta kasance Hĩinyɛ HM Metónɛ̌ìn-ɖò (5 + 1) Mutanen da ke da iko (5 + 2) METO-TAM (5 + 3) Mānɛìn-bíinyɛ (5 + 4) Ta yaya za a iya amfani da ita
Yamma, Bassa Dewoin (Dewoi) ɡ͡bǒ Ya yi yawa ta Hĩinyɛ HM Ruwa-ɡ͡bǒ (5 + 1) Ya yi tafiya (5 + 2) Ayyuka (5 + 3) Haza-ha'u (5 + 4) inda
Yamma, Bassa Gbasei (Gbii) (1) dɔː / ɗɔ́kái Ya yi yawa Za ta kasance ɲ̀n ma'anar m̀ḿ M̀m̀dɔ́ (5 + 1) Ya kamata ya yi nasara (5 + 2) M̀mʹmʹmā (5 + 3) m̀m̀̀̀̀m̀̃ (5 + 4) Ba'afiyu
Yamma, Bassa Gbii (Gbi-Dowlu) (2) Dō, Dyuáɖò Ya yi yawa Za ta kasance Hĩ̀ da aka yi hm̀m̀ Met̀nɛɛ̄n-ɖò (5 + 1) Ana samun sa'a (5 + 2) Met̀nɛɛ̄n-tə̃ (5 + 3) Maye-maye-make5 zuwa (5 + 4) ɓaɖabùè
Yammacin, Grebo, Glio-Oubi Glio-Oubi hwə̃ Za a haife shi Yayinda ake kira ɡ͡bə̀ Hanyar sadarwa (5 + 1) Hṹsɔ́ (5 + 2) Magra (5 + 3) Ya ce (5 + 4) zai iya
Yammacin, Grebo, Ivory Coast Pye (Piè) Krumen Ya kuma yi Ya fito ne daga jarida A nan hũ̀jārō [hũ̀jāɾō] ('biyar da ɗaya') Hũ̀jāhʋɛ__tir____tir____tir__ ('five da biyu') hũ̀jātā ('biyar da uku') Hũ̀jāhɛ Kennedy ('five da hudu') Bincike
Yammacin, Grebo, Ivory Coast Tepo Krumen (1) Ma'auni da yawa Ya fito ne daga jarida A nan huõ̀nɔ̀ (5 + 1) nɪpātā (litː 'ba/ba/uku') N'olw'in, ya yi amfani da shi (2 x 4) sēlédò (litː 'ragowa / akwai/ɗaya') Bincike
Yammacin, Grebo, Ivory Coast Tepo Krumen (2) Dome Yankin Ya kasance Uwargwadon ùmnɔ̄dô (5 + 1) ùmnɔ̄ɔ́́n (5 + 2) blɛ̄nbìɛ́n ùmīyándō Bincike
Yammacin, Grebo, Laberiya Babban Grebo (Barrobo) Duo Oshekara Taken Ya kasance mai suna jieun wùnɔ̀dǒ (5 + 1) jetan (4 + 3)? jiinhɛ̀n (4 + 4)? sǒndò (litː 'ka kasance daya' kafin 10) F.
Yammacin, Grebo, Laberiya Arewacin Grebo yi Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi Za ta kasance Ya fito ne daga jarida m m m m Yayinda ake kira (5 + 1) Ilimin Ilimin Ilimi (4 + 3) Ya yi Allah (4 + 4) siědo (litː 'ka kasance daya' kafin 10) Bincike
Yammacin, Klao Klao Dome Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi tan Sarrawa mùné́do (5 + 1) mùné́sɔ́n (5 + 2) mùnéɛtan (5 + 3) sopado (10 - 1) puè
Yammacin, Klao Tajuasohn wata dabba Sun nn = ? tan Hin hoom ḿhon doe (5 + 1) ḿhon sun (5 + 2) Hinin (4 + 4) siɛrdoe (litː 'ya kasance daya') punn
Yammacin, Wee, Guere-Krahn Yammacin Krahn Too Har ila yau, Yarda Sunan da aka yi M̀m̌ Mutanen da ke cikin ƙasa (5 + 1) Za a iya samun karin bayani (5 + 2) Mutanen da suka fi sani (5 + 3) Menyìɛ̓ (5 + 4) Fitar da shi
Yammacin, Wee, Guere-Krahn Tsuntsu duě / tòò Hoto tan Sarrawa M̀m̌ Málǒ (5 + 1) Ma'auni (5 + 2) Metan (5 + 3) Maye (5 + 4) Rashin
Yammacin, Wee, Nyabwa Nyabwa (Nyaboa) yi4 Sa'ad da 2 Za3 Salanɛ33 mu4u1 M4ɛ1lo4 (5 + 1) M4ɛ1sɔ̃2 (5 + 2) M4ɛ1 Ka3 (5 + 4) mɛ4ɛ1ɲiɛ33 (5 + 5) 44 Ya zama
Yammacin Yammacin, Yi, Wobe Arewacin Wè (Wobe) ma3 / due1 Sauran 2 / a kan gaba 3 Taken Jirgin sama na 43 mm41 MET41.3 (5 + 1) An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai suna 5 + 2) M411na3 (5 + 3) Maye41nyiɛ3 (5 + 4) puue3

Kwatanta lambobi a cikin yarukan Kru daga Maris (1983): [2]

Rarraba Harshe daya biyu uku huɗu biyar shida bakwai takwas tara goma ashirin ɗari
Siamou Shuka lansa Ya kasance a cikin tyar Yuro Kwatanta Kpaa Kyii prɛ kal fu kar Karkwan
Aizi Aïzi Mãbu; yãbu Iʃɪ ita ce kuɓi da kumaugbo Hoton hoto friʃi Matashi fi Bayan aiki gu juyugbo
Kuwaa Kuwaa dee Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi Ka yi amfani da ita ɲì̀ da aka yi amfani da su yaayò Fushi'a Gilo kwata zuwa ko kuma Kuwa kuma yana da kyau Girauniyu
Gabas, Bakwe Bakwé (Soubré)
Gabas, Dida Dida (Lozoua) mblo Wutar wuta mɔ́ta mɔ́ɔ́nā N'auka N'auka ne N'aurar da ake kira N'a N'addabu N'ananta Kʊgbā grʊ̄ gwlīǹgbī
Gabas, Dida Vata ɓlɔ́́ Sa'ad da aka yi mɔ́ɔ́nā Gbe da kuma Goban Sanya da kuma Kogiya golō
Gabas, Bete Bété (Daloa) ɓuƙwalwa Sa'ad da aka yi ta Mʊnà ńgbɨ́ ńgbʊ́lʊ́ ńgbísɔ Yarda da kuma ńgbɨ́mʊnà́ kúgbɨ́á Gʊ́lʊ́ gʊlúgbɨ
Gabas, Bete Bété (Guibéroua) ɓuƙwalwa Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi Mʊʌnā n̄gbɨ́ N̄gbʊ̍lʊ̍l N̄gbi̍só Gba na gaba N̄gbɨ̍mʊ̀ʌnā Kʊ̄gbʌ Gʊ-godiya Gwwww a cikin
Gabas, Bete Godié ɓʉ̄lʉ̄ Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi Mʊ̀nʌ̄ ʌ̀gbʉ̄ ʌ̀gbʉ̄pʉ̄lʉ̄ A cikin dare ʌ̀gbàāɨʌ̄ Girma Kʊgbʌ Rashin jituwa gwʌ̀lɪgbʉ̄
Gabas, Bete Koyo ɓɔɔ́́́́lɔ́ Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi mɔ́nā ŋgbɨ́ ŋgbópló Yafãsaki ŋgbátā N'anan da aka yi amfani da su Kʊ'inki gʊ̄lʊ̄ gʊ̀lɪ̀ɲ́gbɨ́
Gabas, Bete Neyo ɓʊ̄lʊ́ Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi tāā mɔ́nā gbɪ́ Gwagwarmaya Gwason gbátā Fana Kʊ'inki Gluwa gwlɪgbɪ́
Yammacin, Klao Klao dòò Sʊ́ Ta'a'a Sashin mùù JI'a Jiki ne: Jamhuriyar sɛpáádō Puɪ̄ Sai dai Sai kuma ya fito
Yamma, Bassa Bassa Ya sami sa'a Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi ka Ya faru da hm̀m̀ Ma'aikatar
Yamma, Bassa Rashin aiki gbò Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi ta haka ne ɲì̄ m̀m̄ Mélégbo METLON METAYAR Maye-maye inda
Yammacin, Grebo Tépo yi yadda Maɗaukaki ta yadda za a yi Ya kasance mai suna Heighty hwɔ̀nɔ́ Nɪpa̍hɔ Nɪpa̍ta Ya yi nasara pu pu pu pu A'a da ake kira wlɪ̄ m̄
Yammacin, Grebo Grébo Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi haka ne Wannan ya faru ne Hmu Béhɛɛɛɛ Siledō Punɔdo wōdó humbū
Yammacin, Grebo Oubi Hawa haka ne __hau__ Yayinda aka haifa gbə́ An yi amfani da shi Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi Magra Ya kasance mai laushi zai iya gōrō gòléhm̄
Yammacin, Grebo Jrwe Ya yi haka Hʊɛ́́́́ Ta hanyar da za a yi Ya kasance mai suna Heyr HMMM HMMMM HMMMM HMMMM HMMMM-JJM pu pu pu pu Fitowa Westeros
Yammacin Yamma An warkar da shi dòò Sa'ad da aka yi Ta'a'a ɲīɛ̄ ~ ɲīɛ́̄; ɲīɛā̄ ~ ɲā̀̄ m̄ḿ Mayeya Mutanen da ke cikin wannan Ana iya amfani da shi Ya ce ya ce Ka yi amfani da shi Klakon Km.
Yammacin Yamma Nyabwa dʊ̀ Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi Ta'u, ɲì̄ Mutanen da suka fito Mayeye Mutanen da ke cikin wannan Mutanen da ke cikin Maye-maye Amma kuma Gloùé Tun da aka samu
Yammacin Yamma Wobé Too Sa'ad da aka yi Ta'a'a ɲì̄ m̄ḿ Maye'o Mutanen da suka fito An yi amfani da shi Tun da yake ciki A ina ne Klakon Kimanin Kimanin
Yammacin Yamma Konobo buhu A cikinta Salanɛ mm Yayinda ake amfani da ita Mhela buhu kwalaso Kafin

Sassan jiki (kai)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sassan kai daga Marchese (1983): [2]

Rarraba Harshe kai gashi ido kunne hanci hakora harshe baki
Siamou Shuka gmel fleɲi Yanayi Tasyaniya teku ɲen Kai ko kuma
Aizi Aïzi drʊ Lɪfɪ Cereal Lʊkɔ Mʊvɔ ɲɪ Mahaifiyar mu
Kuwaa Kuwaa Wuhulú Ya kasance mai muhimmanci Sanya nɔi Sanya da kuma An yi amfani da shi Igo
Gabas, Bakwe Bakwé (Soubré) Yaron da ɲwee ɲʉ ɲákúlú mló glɛ́ Ana amfani da shi Mʌ́
Gabas, Dida Dida (Lozoua) wlú ɲɪ̄ Ci ɲūklwí mné GLA mɪ̄ɔ̄ nɪ̄
Gabas, Dida Vata ɲe Ya kasance ɲe-flú Na yi farin ciki GLA Meɔ̄ nɪ̄
Gabas, Bete Bété (Daloa) Wu-lu'kpèlè ɲúkō ji Yuu-ku-ku M.R. Glei mɪ́́́́ɔ́ ŋō
Gabas, Bete Bété (Guibéroua) Wuukpe ɲū-kwə̄ yiɾi yúkwɨlí Mutanen da ke cikin wannan Gʌ-la- mɪ̄ɔ̄ Nu'a da kuma
Gabas, Bete Godié Wuhulú ɲɪ̄ kumaɨdí ɲūkúlú Mutanen da ke cikin wannan Yara mɪɔ̄ Nan da nan
Gabas, Bete Koyo Wuhulú ɲɪī yɪyē ɲūklwí Jwwww'a GLA mɪ̄ɔ̄ Ya yi yawa
Gabas, Bete Neyo ɲɪ́ Yɪ́ ɲúkwlí mlé Gilla mɪ̄ɔ̄ An haife shi
Yammacin, Klao Klao Faduwa Yarda da ji Yanayi An kuma yi amfani da shi Ana amfani da shi Igo
Yamma, Bassa Bassa Duo Ni Jélé Mana Igo
Yamma, Bassa Rashin aiki Duulu Juyawa Mallace Wannan shi ne abin da ya faru Sibiya
Yammacin, Grebo Tépo pupu̍ Yuu da kuma Nuniyar Mɪ ya kasance Fushigi Maye ~ m; m ~ m watau
Yammacin, Grebo Grébo karantawa ye kuma ba tare da izini ba Meá Ana amfani da shi Ya zama mai yawa
Yammacin, Grebo Oubi Ni yīrō nōā Me'a Harkokin da aka yi
Yammacin, Grebo Jrwe le Sashin sautin sautin sa jró Nʊ da kuma Mɪ a cikin Fushiyar Mutanen da ke cikin watau
Yammacin Yamma An warkar da shi drú miī jrííē Tun da yake akwai wata alama ɓʊ̄ djūlɛ̀ Ana amfani da shi Makircin
Yammacin Yamma Nyabwa Dru'i nɪmə̀ǹè Yiddle-Yiddle Lungu da aka yi Mutanen da ke zaune ɲéné Meɛ̀ ŋwɔ̄
Yammacin Yamma Wobé jrú Mī'a da ni; Mī'u da ni jríɛ́ Tun da yake akwai wata alama Mutanen da ke cikin wannan Sunan da aka yi Mutanen da ke cikin wannan ŋwɔ̄
Yammacin Yamma Konobo drɔ Ni Yiddɔ a'a Mutanen da ke ciki Maye

Sassan jiki (ƙasa)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sauran sassan jiki daga Marchese (1983): [2]

Rarraba Harshe wuyan hannu hannunsa nono hanji jirgin ruwa kafafu kasusuwa jini fata
Siamou Shuka kwa Bayan aiki Yanayi ɲēfū kpar zuwa
Aizi Aïzi gani drɪ mʊkʊ Kra ɲre Kʊkɔ
Kuwaa Kuwaa Fanna'a ɲàlì Sanya Bincike kwa Yuri Ya ce:
Gabas, Bakwe Bakwé (Soubré) Fuskar Daɾó ɲɪ̄tɪ̄ Zafin da aka yi mʊ̄kwɛ̄ ɓɔō Gí̄ō Tuɾu
Gabas, Dida Dida (Lozoua) brɪ̀ ~ bɾɪ̀; bɾɪ́ ~ brɪ̀ Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi ɲētī mɪ̄ Mʊ́kʊ̄díè ɓō kwíyè Doguwar kpʊ̄kpā
Gabas, Dida Vata Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi Ni da kuma Mutanen da suka fito ɓɔ̄gʊ̀ fa zuwa dūlū Fushi
Gabas, Bete Bété (Daloa) Bincike Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi ɲɪ́tɪ́ daī ɓarna Kwayar dɾú
Gabas, Bete Bété (Guibéroua) Bʊ́lʊ́ Sa'ad da aka yi ɲɪ̄tɪ̄ mɪ́ Biyan ɓarna kwá Tun daga cikin shekara Ku
Gabas, Bete Godié Bʌlɛ̄ Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi ɲītì mɪ́ Shekaru goma sha ɗaya ɓarna Fairy dɾù kpʊ̄kpʌ
Gabas, Bete Koyo blɛ́́ Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi ɲītīyē mɪ́ mákɔ̄lʊgbā ɓɔɔɔ́́́ féyē Dolu
Gabas, Bete Neyo blɛ̄ Sa'ad da aka yi amfani da shi Fitar da wuta ɲúkōlíé ɓɔɔɔ́́́ gaisuwa Doguwar kpʊ̄kpā
Yammacin, Klao Klao Ya ce: Sʊ̄ ɲītī Yanayi A cikinsa bʊ̄ Ya kasance a cikin ɲnɔ̄
Yamma, Bassa Bassa Bunkin Tun da kuma Ana amfani da shi Ziì ɓoƙi kpá Arewacin duniya ku
Yamma, Bassa Rashin aiki būnū Ya kasance a cikin ɓō Ba da ɲimo
Yammacin, Grebo Tépo plʊ̀ da'a Mutanen da suka fi dacewa da su ŋmí Snow ~ Snow; Snow ~ Snow Bʊ̍ Yana da da kuma da'a kɔ́ ~ kɔ́; kɔ́ ~
Yammacin, Grebo Grébo Fitowa kawai ɲínē Kudancin hali ba haka ba ne Sanyi ɲénɔ́ Ya ce:
Yammacin, Grebo Oubi Ƙananan ƙwayoyin ho̰ Muə̄gli Nan da nan bo kala Dõlaken
Yammacin, Grebo Jrwe plʊ̀ Hʊ da kuma Farin Ciki Haɗuwa Bʊ̍ Yana da Kiruffa Giga
Yammacin Yamma An warkar da shi blãs. Sō̰ Sanya da kuma An yi amfani da shi ɓóà Bʊ̍ Kyakkyawan ɲmɔ̄
Yammacin Yamma Nyabwa Bunubu sʊ̄ ɲētì̀ Ni Zànɛ̍ɛ ɓʊ̄ kpá ɲēmō Sufi
Yammacin Yamma Wobé Fushigi Sō̰ Sanya da kuma An yi amfani da shi Fasin haka bʊ̄ Kyakkyawan NFCA
Yammacin Yamma Konobo Harshen da aka yi gbolo bo kla Hawan gida ku

Sauran sunaye[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sauran sunaye daga Marchese (1983): [2]

Rarraba Harshe maciji kwai ƙaho wutsiya igiya uba uwa mace yaro sunan
Siamou Shuka Ya kasance a cikin Kyã ne. Godiya ɲan Tunanin Rufewa mel ɓisyā y y y y
Aizi Aïzi Srɪ ji Gbeli Wannan ya faru zuzo keke Lapɛ
Kuwaa Kuwaa Jaka'a Mimbobin Ya kasance a cikin ɲídewúlé Ya kuma tsirara Ayyukan da ake kira "Yana" ɲɛlɛ
Gabas, Bakwe Bakwé (Soubré) tɾɔ̄ Sappɨgē yuo ŋwɔ́lɔ́ yəyie ɲrɪ
Gabas, Dida Dida (Lozoua) trɛ̄ Ya girma gwɪ́ Sa'a da sa'a ɓlū zuwa ga̍ Arewa ŋwnɔ́ Cile ŋlɪ́
Gabas, Dida Vata Rana da kuma _ Ka yi amfani da shi Ya yi murna co- Arewa Jigon yadda yake
Gabas, Bete Bété (Daloa) tɪmɛ́ Gʉyī Rashin hankali li li li Tɓa da Harshen makirci gu gu gu JGNɪ
Gabas, Bete Bété (Guibéroua) Mutanen da ke cikin Gʊ́ Gwayy Dickets dɪ̄bà da Makircin makircin JGRR
Gabas, Bete Godié trɛ̄ gɪ̀ vɪ̄ Abinda ya faru ɓɨlɨkpə̄ da ŋwɔ́lɔ́ Yɪ́ Jwwww'a
Gabas, Bete Koyo Har ila yau, har ila yau gɪ̀yē ɓlíyē asali Arewa Makirci Ya'a ŋɨ́nɨ́
Gabas, Bete Neyo Rana da kuma Gene Vʊ́ ɓlú Tʊ́ Snow ŋwló yʊ́ Yylɪ́
Yammacin, Klao Klao slɛ̄ Fassara Ya zama haka Ya ce ya ce: Dukiya ~ Ya kasance a ciki ya ce Sunan da aka yi amfani da shi جام Sashen da aka yi
Yamma, Bassa Bassa Yana da Wannan ya faru gemu Ya yi murna Lulu ɓà da Ma'a ɲén
Yamma, Bassa Rashin aiki Sannu daga cikin ge ɓúlū Fushiyar Ma'aikatar ɲiro; makirci Wu Fasinja
Yammacin, Grebo Tépo hreye-shirye Makircin ŋmʊ̄ patà Buu da kuma ya ce ~ ya ce; ya ce ~ ɲthreyewa dʊ́
Yammacin, Grebo Grébo sydé ŋēyē lu'u-lu'u Buuyar Ya ce ɲénɛ́ Sunan haka ɲéné
Yammacin, Grebo Oubi a nan Hawɛŋɨnɛ Ma'auni ba wūlū Mahaifiyar di ɲīrō yu ɲíró
Yammacin, Grebo Jrwe hreye-shirye Yankin da ya dace Aiki aiki lúrū ya ce Rubuce-rubuce ɲĺ̰́́́
Yammacin Yamma An warkar da shi Ana amfani da shi Sōa da ke cikin wannan Jamhuriyar dbú yi Ya zama ɓāò ɲnɪ
Yammacin Yamma Nyabwa Ana amfani da shi Sunubiyar Sunubi Yarda da ɓlu̍kū Kai Lótō ɲə́nɔ́ Yuu da kuma ɲéné
Yammacin Yamma Wobé Ana amfani da shi Don haka ŋmɛ́ ko kuma dbū ~ dbú; dbú ~ dbū Dashi ɲnɔ̍ kpāo Yã da kuma a cikinta Sunan da aka yi
Yammacin Yamma Konobo Sëriñ ɲie Shi ne Ya yi amfani da shi dru ba daga ɲɪnɪ Jowe Salan

Nature-related words from Marchese (1983):

Rarraba Harshe ranar rana wata ruwa wuta hazo teku ƙura gishiri
Siamou Shuka yef da aka yi amfani da shi kai Fwi Ya kasance a cikin niɛ
Aizi Aïzi Zi ze cu A cikin shekara gefen jru magri ɓʊɓʊ trʊ
Kuwaa Kuwaa Somãguwa Ka'ida kewu niimi Ka'ida ce Kowa Sakamako Lo ne Ina da shi
Gabas, Bakwe Bakwé (Soubré) Sr. jró sɨple kāpū bru tanīē mɔ́tɔ
Gabas, Dida Dida (Lozoua) cɾɪ̄ Ylʊ cʊ́ ɲú Gudanarwa jlū Yahuza tsinkaye glī
Gabas, Dida Vata Cʊ da aka yi ɲú kōsū Da'a ta fuskanci Januŋu
Gabas, Bete Bété (Daloa) Yɪ̍ɾɪ Yʊ̍ɾʊ́ A cikin shekara ɲu Gudanarwa Godiya gɨ-garin ɓuƙwalwar Gʉɓɨ́
Gabas, Bete Bété (Guibéroua) Yɪɾɪ́ yʊ́ɾʊ́ cʊ́ ɲú Gudanarwa Yuu da kuma jīē ɓūù-kwə Gɨ̍ɓɨ
Gabas, Bete Godié yʊ̀ɾʊ̀ yʊɾʊ́ cʊ̄ ɲú Gudanarwa jùɾù jīyē ɓàɓū gɨɗɨ́
Gabas, Bete Koyo Yʊ́rʊ́ Yʊ́rʊ́ cʊ̄ ɲú Gudanarwa jùrù jīyē ɓūɓú Gʉ̀l̀
Gabas, Bete Neyo zlì Ylʊ cʊ́ ɲú kōsū jlù gɨ̄ē MʊMVɪ Sa'ad da aka samu
Yammacin, Klao Klao Ya zama haka cʊ̄ baya Hawan sama Jluyan jló Pupūí zuwa ga wannan
Yamma, Bassa Bassa ya kasance jóló Kai ne Nuwamba Ƙananan abubuwa Nuwamba Pupū Ya kamata ya zama abin da ya faru
Yamma, Bassa Rashin aiki ya kasance S. Naì Ya kamata ya zama abin da ya faru
Yammacin, Grebo Tépo ɲnɔ́wo shekara ta 2013 Ma'aikatar Ma'auni ba haka ba ne a cikin jrù Yiru Pupu̍ ta
Yammacin, Grebo Grébo Ma'aikatar musik̀bō baya jūdú yúdá a cikin jama'a Ya kasance a ciki
Yammacin, Grebo Oubi ɲìrò jīrō Mazauniyar Fushigi n bambanci jùrù taɓawa Mutanen da ke cikin wannan
Yammacin, Grebo Jrwe ɲlɔɔ́wò jrʊ́ Abin da ya faru Ya ce: a cikin jrù ka yi Fuskar ta
Yammacin Yamma An warkar da shi jru Cʊ da aka yi Snow Yammacin zuwa ga maras kyau djɛ́́́́ Tun da haka
Yammacin Yamma Nyabwa wɪ́ kuma har yanzu cʊ́ Ni da kuma Snow jura gɨ̄ɨ̄ pīpèlè Tun da yake
Yammacin Yamma Wobé jru Cʊ da aka yi Ya ce: Snow A cikinta zuwa ga maras kyau pu puē Tun da haka
Yammacin Yamma Konobo Igo jɨdo co Fushi nani jlu yoo Alkawari ta

Kalmomin (1)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sauran kalmomi na asali daga Marchese (1983): [2]

Rarraba Harshe cin abinci abin sha cinyewa amai mutuwa kashewa tafiya zo
Siamou Shuka di namu nuo̰ ko (klo) ko (yawanci) koel bɛ (bla)
Aizi Aïzi li na A cikin ƙawancen gwra Gira Gabatarwa na yi
Kuwaa Kuwaa Halluwa Jiki ne kawai ɲìmì Gira ta yanar gizo fa da ita java namu
Gabas, Bakwe Bakwé (Soubré) ML.A. ml u Ingisɔ ɓlá Fushigi
Gabas, Dida Dida (Lozoua) ka da kuma Mlá Mni' An yi amfani da shi a matsayin ɓlá da kuma ci gaba da
Gabas, Dida Vata li da kuma Rubuce-rubuce Nilu? Daga nan Funu Daidai ya'a
Gabas, Bete Bété (Daloa) Nɪ̍ma nɨ́mɨ́ Mutanen da ke cikin tɾɪ A cikin shekara Ɗauki Ƙasashen Duniya
Gabas, Bete Bété (Guibéroua) Di nɪmʌ́ nīmɨ̄ Mutanen da ke cikin Lɪbʌ́ Sanyawa
Gabas, Bete Godié ɗ ɗ ɗ ɗayansu Mʌ́nʌ́ mɨ̄lɨ̄ gwʌ̄sɛ́ ɓʌ́lʌ́ A cikin shekara
Gabas, Bete Koyo Lɨ̄ Ruwan sama Miɨ̄ Hankali ɓlá Ya kasance a cikin
Gabas, Bete Neyo Mlá miī Rubuce-rubuce ɓla nāà
Yammacin, Klao Klao Di a cikin wannan nmī wlà Ya kasance A cikinta _ A cikinta a cikin wannan
Yamma, Bassa Bassa Gaisuwa numu hwala Maye Laɓá a cikin ji
Yamma, Bassa Rashin aiki Kawai ku Ka; ka, ka, ka. yi
Yammacin, Grebo Tépo A cikinsa ne da kuma wlà Kʊ́ A nan ne, a nan ne Na A cikin shekara
Yammacin, Grebo Grébo Di ya ce a cikin wannan A cikinta wōdá kō (ɛ́) Di ya ce
Yammacin, Grebo Oubi Girma Igola Igoli na Da
Yammacin, Grebo Jrwe da suka fi girma na'urar Haɗuwa wlà da kuma a cikin a cikin shekara
Yammacin Yamma An warkar da shi Jere a cikin nmū gwlà ɗrē dbā a cikin
Yammacin Yamma Nyabwa Di Ma'anar Ma'anar __hau__ Yanayi da yawa L'Abin da ya faru Na
Yammacin Yamma Wobé Di a cikin nmū Sanya Mutanen da ke cikin Dba da kuma a cikin wannan
Yammacin Yamma Konobo di na Ya kuma yi amfani da shi Gula Maye dra na jlo

Kalmomin (2)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rarraba Harshe bayarwa ka tono Barci turawa harbi raira waƙa
Siamou Shuka Sanya; kla kai; Abubuwan da suka faru Gyai ɲ
Aizi Aïzi Fushi ɓarawo mɔ namʊ kai Giolo
Kuwaa Kuwaa N'A Biya wa'a zuwa ga wannan Gudanarwa faɗakarwa
Gabas, Bakwe Bakwé (Soubré) ɲe Mushe-mushe kwɛɛɛɛ́
Gabas, Dida Dida (Lozoua) Fushigi ɓlí Makircin Sai dai jri̍ ~ jɾi̍ ɓlɪ̄
Gabas, Dida Vata ɓlí Yankin da ya shafi A lokacin da ake kira ɓlɪ
Gabas, Bete Bété (Daloa) Fushiyar wlù Makircin makirci Yanayin Tɪtɾɪ blɪ̄
Gabas, Bete Bété (Guibéroua) Fushigi ɓúlú Janguwa Yunƙurin jiɾi ~ jīɾi ɓʉ̄lɪ̄
Gabas, Bete Godié Fushigi ɓoye ŋwɔ́ɔ́ɔ́ Sai dai jri ɓʉ̄lɪ̄
Gabas, Bete Koyo Fushigi ɓarna Makircin zɛ́ jrɨ̄ ɓlɪ̄
Gabas, Bete Neyo Fushigi wlúū Makircin Sai dai jri ~ jri ɓlɪ̄
Yammacin, Klao Klao ɲî bluish Ya ce: jlì blē
Yamma, Bassa Bassa ɲí ɓúlú Arewa Ya ce ɓoye
Yamma, Bassa Rashin aiki Gishiri ɓúlú Arewa Shia gbī ɓēlē
Yammacin, Grebo Tépo Mazauni Gilu ŋmò kai bre̍
Yammacin, Grebo Grébo Ya kasance Budu Moɔ́ Tãsayi da Alkama
Yammacin, Grebo Oubi ɲé Bulluiro ŋmo tūɛ̄ Yanayi game da bəlɛ
Yammacin, Grebo Jrwe Fasin'a blú Ya yi amfani da shi kai bre'wlà
Yammacin Yamma An warkar da shi ɓlú Mo'a Tunatarwa Bleu da kuma
Yammacin Yamma Nyabwa ɲe-m Bulu Mutanen da ke cikin gida Ka yi amfani da ita Yarinya ɓlē
Yammacin Yamma Wobé Sunan da aka yi blú Mo'a Sai ka yi hakan Creeya Bleu da kuma
Yammacin Yamma Konobo kai bloyi mo Tu jidiɛ shuɗi

Sake ginawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • sautin sautin sautuna
  • sautunan matakin huɗu
  • *CVCV- (C) V kuma mai yiwuwa * Tsarin syllable na CVV. * Kalmomin CCV, kuma mai yiwuwa kuma * Kalmomi na CVV, an samo su ne daga * tushen CVCV.
  • SVO kalma tsari, amma tare da yawancin nau'ikan OV
  • ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden
  • cikakkun abubuwa da marasa cikakkun abubuwa

Harshen Proto-Kru (Marchese Zogbo 2012):

Magana da aka samo:

  • /ɟ/ mai yiwuwa an samo shi ta hanyar palatalization (*g > ɟ), misali *gie > ɟie .
  • *c, *ɲ, *kw, *gw, *ŋw an samo su ne daga alveolar ko velar consonants da ke gaba da sautin baya ko sautin gaba.
  • /ɗ/ mai yiwuwa an samo shi daga *l.
ɪ ʊ
da kuma o
ɛ Owu
a

Akwai bambancin bangarori biyu tsakanin Yamma da Gabashin Kru wanda aka nuna ta hanyar bambance-bambance na phonological da lexical. Wasu isoglosses tsakanin Yammacin Kru da Gabashin Kru:

Haske Kudancin Yammacin Kru Kudancin Gabas na Kudancin
itace *tu *su
kare *gbe *gwɪ
wuta * *kosu
hakora *ɲnɪ *gle

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haɗin waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. Marchese, Lynell. 1989. Kru. In Bendor-Samuel, John (ed.), The Niger-Congo Languages: A Classification and Description of Africa's Largest Language Family, 119-139. Lanham MD, New York & London: Lanham: University Press of America.
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Marchese, Lynell. 1983. Atlas linguistique Kru: nouvelle edition. Abidjan: Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique (ACCT).