Yaren Dungan
Dungan (/ ˈdʊŋɡɑːn/ ko / ˈdʌŋɡən/) yaren Sinitic ne [bayanin kula [1]da jama'ar Dungan ke magana da farko a cikin Kazakhstan, Rasha da Kyrgyzstan, ƙabila ce ta kabilar Hui ta China. Ko da yake an samo shi daga Mandarin Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Gansu da Shaanxi, an rubuta shi da Cyrillic (ko Xiao'erjing) kuma ya ƙunshi kalmomin lamuni da abubuwan tarihi waɗanda ba a samo su a cikin wasu nau'ikan Mandarin na zamani ba.
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Al'ummar Dungan na Kazakhstan da Kyrgyzstan (tare da ƙananan ƙungiyoyin da ke zaune a wasu jahohin bayan Tarayyar Soviet) zuriyar ƙungiyoyin kabilar Hui da dama ne da suka yi hijira zuwa yankin a shekarun 1870 da 1880 bayan fatattakar tawayen Dungan a arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin. 'Yan kabilar Hui na arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin (wanda marubutan karni na 19 suka fi kiranta da "Dungans" ko "Tungani" da kuma 'yan kabilar Turkawa a kasar Sin da Asiya ta tsakiya) yawanci suna magana da yaren Mandarin iri daya da mutanen Han yanki guda[2] (ko kuma a yankin da aka sake tsugunar da al'ummar Hui). Haka kuma, saboda tarihinsu na musamman, jawabinsu zai kasance mai cike da fa'ida a cikin kalmomin Musulunci ko na Musulunci, bisa la'akari da kalmomin lamuni daga harsunan Larabci, Farisa da Turkawa, da kuma fassararsu zuwa Sinanci[2]. 'Yan kasuwa na Hui a cikin kasuwanni za su iya amfani da lambobin Larabci ko Farisa lokacin da suke magana a tsakaninsu, don ɓoye hanyoyin sadarwarsu daga masu kallon Han[3]. Duk da yake ba su zama wani yare dabam ba, waɗannan kalmomi, jimloli da jujjuyawar magana, waɗanda aka fi sani da Huihui hua (回回話, "Hui magana"), sun kasance alamomin asalin rukuni.[2] Kamar yadda matafiya a farkon karni na 20 a arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin za su lura cewa, "Janawa 'yan kasar Mohammedan suna da wani nau'i na ƙamus kuma ko da yaushe salo da salon magana, duk nasu ne"[4].
Kamar yadda Dungans a cikin daular Rasha - da ma fiye da haka a cikin Tarayyar Soviet - sun keɓe daga China, harshensu ya sami tasiri mai mahimmanci daga harshen Rashanci da Turkawa na makwabta.
A cikin Tarayyar Soviet, an ɓullo da rubutaccen ma'auni na harshen Dungan, bisa yaren lardin Gansu, maimakon tushen birnin Beijing na Standard Sinanci. An yi amfani da harshen a makarantun da ke kauyukan Dungan. A lokacin Soviet akwai litattafan makaranta da yawa da aka buga don nazarin harshen Dungan, ƙamus na Rasha-Dungan mai girma uku (kalmomi 14,000), ƙamus na Dungan-Rasha, ƙamus na harshe akan harshe da littattafai a Dungan. An kafa jaridar farko ta harshen Dungan a shekara ta 1932; yana ci gaba da bugawa yau a sigar mako-mako.
Lokacin da Dru C. Gladney, wanda ya kwashe wasu shekaru yana aiki tare da kabilar Hui a kasar Sin, ya gana da Dungans a Almaty a shekarar 1988, ya bayyana kwarewar da ta samu kamar yadda yake magana "a cikin yaren Gansu mai hade da hade da kayan kamus na Turkiyya da Rasha".[5]
Fahimtar Juna Tare da Yarukan Mandarin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Akwai bambancin fahimtar juna tsakanin Dungan da yarukan Mandarin daban-daban. Dungans sun fahimci nau'in Mandarin na Tsakiyar Tsakiya. A gefe guda kuma, masu magana da Dungan kamar Iasyr Shivaza da sauransu sun ba da rahoton cewa mutanen da ke magana da yaren Mandarin na Beijing za su iya fahimtar Dungan, amma Dungans ba su iya fahimtar harshen Mandarin na Beijing.[6]
Alkaluma
Dungan ana magana da farko a Kyrgyzstan, tare da masu magana a Rasha, Kazakhstan da Uzbekistan kuma. Kabilar Dungan zuriyar 'yan gudun hijira ne daga kasar Sin da suka yi hijira zuwa yammacin Asiya ta tsakiya.
Bisa kididdigar kididdigar Tarayyar Soviet daga 1970 zuwa 1989, Dungan sun ci gaba da yin amfani da harshen kabilarsu cikin nasara fiye da sauran tsirarun kabilu a tsakiyar Asiya; duk da haka, a zamanin bayan Tarayyar Soviet, adadin mutanen Dungans da ke magana da yaren Dungan kamar yadda harshensu na asali ya bayyana ya ragu sosai.
| Year | Dungan L1 | Russian L2 | Total Dungan population | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1970 | 36,445 (94.3%) | 18,566 (48.0%) | 38,644 | Soviet census |
| 1979 | 49,020 (94.8%) | 32,429 (62.7%) | 51,694 | Soviet census |
| 1989 | 65,698 (94.8%) | 49,075 (70.8%) | 69,323 | Soviet census |
| 2001 | 41,400 (41.4%) | N/A | 100,000 | Ethnologue |
Nahawu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Masu rarrabawa
Nau'in Sinawa yawanci suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan sunaye daban-daban, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan arewa suna da ƙarancin ƙima fiye da na kudanci. 個 ([kə]) ita ce kawai mai rarrabawa da ake samu a cikin harshen Dungan, kodayake ba kalmar ma'auni kaɗai ba.[8]
Bakake
| Unaspirated | Aspirated | Nasal | Fricative | Voiced | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cyrillic | Latin | Pinyin | IPA | Cyrillic | Latin | Pinyin | IPA | Cyrillic | Latin | Pinyin | IPA | Cyrillic | Latin | Pinyin | IPA | Cyrillic | Latin | Pinyin | IPA | ||||
| б | b | b | [p] | п | p | p | [pʰ] | м | m | m | [m] | ф | f | f | [f] | в | v | w | [v], [w] | ||||
| д | d | d | [t] | т | t | t | [tʰ] | н | n | n | [n] | л | l | l | [l] | ||||||||
| з | z | z | [t͡s] | ц | c | c | [t͡sʰ] | с | s | s | [s] | р | r | r | [ɻ] | ||||||||
| җ | j | zh | [t͡ʂ] | ч | ch | ch | [t͡ʂʰ] | ш | sh | sh | [ʂ] | ж | [ʐ] | ||||||||||
| j | [t͡ɕ] | q | [t͡ɕʰ] | щ | x | [ɕ] | й | y | y | [ʝ] | |||||||||||||
| г | g | g | [k] | к | k | k | [kʰ] | ң | ng | ng | [ŋ] | х | h | h | [x] | ||||||||
- /ŋ/ kuma za a iya ji a matsayin murya mai tada hankali[ɣ] akwai wasu kamar Gansw dialects.
- /v/ ana jinsa a matsayin [w] a harshen Şanşi.
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ http://www.ethnologue.com/language/dng
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru_C._Gladney
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungan_language#cite_ref-5
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Lattimore
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungan_language#cite_ref-7
- ↑ https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02549948.1977.11745054