Yaren Ila
Ila (Chiila) yare ne na Zambia . Maho (2009) ya lissafa Lundwe (Shukulumbwe) da Sala a matsayin harsuna daban-daban da suka fi alaƙa da Ila. Ila yana ɗaya daga cikin harsunan duniya da aka haɗa a cikin Voyager Golden Record .
Rubutun kalmomi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ch a zahiri ya bambanta daga "k" zuwa "mai rauni" na Turanci "ch", zuwa "mai ƙarfi" "ch" zuwa "ty". [<span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2021)">clarification needed</span>]
- j kamar yadda sauti mai murya ya dace da wannan saboda haka ya bambanta "g" / Turanci "j" / "dy" / da "y". [<span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2021)">clarification needed</span>]
- v an bayar da rahoton cewa murya ce ta labiodental fricative /v/ kamar yadda yake a cikin Turanci, kuma vh iri ɗaya da aka yi wa lakabi da aspirated /vwh/ ("ɓunan da suka fi zagaye tare da fitowar numfashi").
- zh shine muryar murya ta post-alveolar fricative /ʒ/; Faransanci kamar yadda yake a gaisuwa.
- [1]ng shine muryar murya mai suna velar nasal sannan aka biyo baya da muryar muryar murna, /ŋg/ kamar yadda yake a cikin RP Turanci "fingur", yayin da ng' alama ce mai murya mai murya /ŋ/ kamar yadda a cikin "mawakin" - ana lura da irin wannan bambanci a cikin Swahili.
Fricatives na baki da baki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Doke (1928) ya bayyana wasu ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadadden ƙayyadamuran ƙayyadada a cikin Ila, Kafue Twa da Lundwe . [2]
A cikin Ila da ya dace, /hɣ*, h̰ɣ*, ɦɣ*/ su "canjin fricatives na glottal wanda iska ke wucewa ta makogwaro tare da tsinkaye mai yawa, kuma ana canza shi ta hanyar jefa shi a kan tudun da ba su da hakora [3] da kuma cikin lebe na sama, yana haifar da tsinkaya tare a can. ... Harshen yana cikin matsayi na wasula na velar don haka suna da u-, wanda a bayyane yake da wani sashi na [com] fricitant] Doke ya fassara waɗannan sautunan kawai 意, h, 意.
Lundwe da Kafwe Twa suna da fricative /ɦ͡ʒ/ . "An samar da wannan sauti tare da matsayin harshe mai kama da Ila [ʒ] amma tare da murya mai yawa a cikin makogwaro a lokaci guda. "
Sauti da damuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
'Azu' nuna sautin ta hanyar bambanta aze tare da babban farar a kan sashi na farko (= "tare da shi") tare da aze tare da babbar farar a cikin sashi na biyu (= "shi ma"). [4]
Wasu kalmomi da jimloli[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Ing'anda - gida
- imboni - pupil na ido
- ipeezhyo - buroshi;broom
- indimi - harsuna
- lemeka - girmamawa (kalma)
- bamba - shirya
- Bamambila - sun shirya mini
- Balanumba - suna yabon ni
- Shin buzani - wannan nama
- Bobu mbuzani - wannan nama ne
- chita - don yin, ana amfani da shi don nufin 'Ba ni da ra'ayi'
- chisha - don yin
- Katal - ya gaji
- katazhya - don ya gaji
- ukatazhya-ya ƙi a aika shi; ƙarancin
- Don'tuna - Ina son ka
- Tuumba-Na gode maka
- impongo - awaki [4]
Wasu kwatance-kwatance[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Ila: ishizhyi - dimness; Sotho: lefifi - duhu; Xhosa: "ubufifi" - dimness); Nyanja: chimfifi - sirri;
Bemba: IMFIFI - duhu; Kisanga: mfinshi - duhu; da Bulu (Ewondo): "dibi" - duhu.
Ideophones ko kalmomin kwaikwayon[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalmomi a cikin Turanci kamar "Splash!", "Gurgle", "Ker-putt" suna bayyana ra'ayoyi ba tare da amfani da jimloli ba. Smith da Dale [4] sun nuna cewa irin wannan magana ta zama ruwan dare a cikin yaren Ila:
<Kai! id="mwgQ">Kuna iya cewa Ndamuchina anshi ("Ina jefa shi ƙasa"), amma yana da sauƙin gaske kuma ya fi ƙarfin faɗi kawai Ti![5], kuma yana nufin iri ɗaya.
Wasu misalai:
- Mutum wawa - Mutum ya fadi
- Wawa mba - ya fadi kai tsaye
- Ka yi! - Ya fadi a kai
- Mbo! Mobo! Mobo! mbò! - (tare da raguwar sautin a kan sashi na ƙarshe) Ya faɗi sannu a hankali
- Mbwa! - yana sauka, kamar a cikin kujera
- Wa! Wa! Wa! Wa!- Ruwan sama yana raguwa
- Sai suka yi farin ciki. A yi amfani da shi! A yi amfani da shi! - na tururuwa, yana fadowa akai-akai daga babban tsawo
- Ndamuchina anshi - Na jefa shi ƙasa
- Kai! - ka'idar
- Kai! - tsagewa, tsagewa
- Amana ka! - Al'amarin ya ƙare
- To-o! - Da yake da zaman lafiya!
- Wi! - Dukkanin kwanciyar hankali ne
- Ka yi hakan! - Dukkanin kwanciyar hankali ne
- Tuh! - bindiga tana tashi
- Pi! - Phew, yana da zafi!
- Ka karanta! - Yuck, yana da zafi!
- Ka yi amfani da ita! - Erh, yana da zaki!
- Lwe! - Yum, mai dadi!
- Mutanen da suke yi! - Yana da duhu
- Mutanen da suke yi! Ya yi muni! Ya yi muni! Ya yi muni! - Yana da duhu sosai
- Sekwè sekwè! - tashiwar gansa
- nachisekwe - goose
Gabatarwar aji[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kamar yadda yake a wasu harsuna da yawa, Ila yana amfani da tsarin nau'ikan suna. Ko dai tsarin kamar yadda Smith da Dale suka gabatar [4] ya fi sauƙi fiye da na Nyanja, [6] ChiChewa, [7] Tonga, [8] ko Bemba, [9] ko marubutan sun yi tsalle a kan rikitarwa ta hanyar amfani da rukunin "mahimmanci wasika":
- Kwalejin 1. mutum ɗaya: prefix: mu-; s/l. (= "ma'anar harafi" aikatau, adjective, da dai sauransu. prefix da ya dace da aji:) u-, w-
- Kwalejin 1. jam'i. prefix: ba-; s/l. b-
- aji na 2. raira waƙa. prefix: mu-; s/l. u-, w-
- aji na 2. pl. prefix: mi-; s/l. i-, y-
- aji na 3. raira waƙa. prefix: i-, di-; s/l. l-, d-
- aji na 3. pl. prefix: m'a-'; s/l. a-
- aji na 4. raira waƙa. prefix: bu- abstract sunaye; s/l. b-
- aji na 4. pl. prefix: m'a-'; s/l. a-
- aji na 5. raira waƙa. prefix: ku- sau da yawa sunayen wuri; s / l. k-
- aji na 5. pl. prefix: m'a-'; s/l. a-
- aji na 6. raira waƙa. prefix: ka- a karamin ma'ana; s / l. k-
- aji na 6. pl. prefix: tu- raguwa kai- yawa; s/l. t-
- aji na 7. raira waƙa. prefix: chi- "abu" aji; s / l. ch-
- aji na 7. pl. prefix: shi-; s/l. sh-
- aji na 8. raira waƙa. prefix: in-; s/l. i-, y-
- aji na 8. pl. prefix: in-; s/l. y-, sh-
- aji na 9. raira waƙa. prefix: lu-; s/l. l-
- aji na 9. pl. prefix: in-; s/l. y-, sh-
- aji na 10. raira waƙa. prefix: lu-; s/l. l-
- aji na 10. pl. prefix: m'a-'; s/l. a-
- mu- - a hutawa a ciki, motsi a ciki, motsawa daga;
- ku- - matsayi a, zuwa, daga
- [10][11]a- - hutawa a kan, zuwa ko daga kashe (Ka kwatanta pa- prefix a Sanga, da dai sauransu). )
- Mung'anda mulashia - Cikin gidan yana da duhu.
- Kung'anda kulashia - A kusa da gidan yana da duhu.
- Ang'anda alashia - Duhu yana kan gidan.
Tsarin aikatau na Ila[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ e.g. D.V.Perrott, Teach Yourself Swahili, English Universities Press, London, 1969.
- ↑ Didier Demolin & Cédric Patin, "Phonetics". In The Oxford Encyclopedia of Bantu Languages.
- ↑ The Ila had the custom of knocking out the six upper central teeth of adults. The pronunciation of these sounds by children with teeth, however, is very close to that of the adults.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Edwin Smith & Andrew Murray Dale, The Ila-Speaking Peoples of Northern Rhodesia, 1919, reprinted by University Books Inc., New York, 1968.
- ↑ Smith & Dale, volume 2, page 293.
- ↑ Thomas Price, The Elements of Nyanja for English-Speaking Students, Church of Scotland Mission, Blantyre (Malawi), 1959.
- ↑ ChiChewa Intensive Language Course, Language Centre, Lilongwe, 1969
- ↑ C.R.Hopwood, A Practical Introduction to ChiTonga, Zambia Educational Publishing House, Lusaka, 1940, 1992.
- ↑ Grammar notes in Rev. E. Hoch, Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Bemba: Bemba - English, English - Bemba, Hippocrene Books, Inc., New York, 1998.
- ↑ Lyndon Harries, A Grammar of Mwera Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg, 1950.
- ↑ Mukanda wa Leza (The Bible in KiSanga/Sanga, southern Congo D.R.), Trintarian Bible Society, London SW19, 1991.