Yaren Lele (Chad)
| Lele | |
|---|---|
| 'Yan asalin ƙasar | Chadi |
Masu magana da asali
|
(26,000 da aka ambata a 1991) [1] |
Afirka da Asiya
| |
| Lambobin harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 | lln
|
| Glottolog | lele1276
|
Lele yare ne na Gabashin Chadic da ake magana a Yankin Tandjilé, a cikin sashen Tandjilée Ouest, kudu da Kélo .
Fasahar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sautin sautin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Lele yana da wasula guda biyar. Sautin tsakiya suna da kananan tsakiya maimakon tsakiya mafi girma. Duk sautin iya samun bambance-bambance masu tsawo.
Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Akwai wasu asymmetries a cikin jerin sunayen Lele.
Harshen harshe
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sunaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sunaye suna nau'in namiji ko mata, amma babu alamun jinsi a kan sunayen.::55 Wannan bambancin ana ganinsa ne kawai a cikin tsarin yarjejeniya (mutumin da aka boye). Kananan sunaye ne kawai aka yi alama don jam'i: manyan dabbobi, kalmomin dangi da wasu abubuwa marasa rai. [2] sanya alamun sunaye masu yawa a hanyoyi da yawa ciki har da ma'anar /-e/ ko /-mu/ da kuma /-a-/ .[2]::56 Akwai sunaye uku wadanda ke da nau'ikan jam'i marasa daidaituwa: "mace", "sa'an nan" da "mutum".:58
There is a grammatical distinction between alienable and inalienable possession in the noun phrase. In inalienable possession, a singular possessor is marked by a suffix on the noun indexing the possessor (possessor agreement suffix). In plural inalienable possession and all alienable, the possessor is indexed by a pronominal word following the noun.:61
Kalmomin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]The tense-aspect-mood system includes four verbal forms labeled "past", "future", "nominal" and "imperative". The "past" form normally has a stem-final vowel /i/. The "future" and "nominal" forms both have a stem-final vowel /e/. They are distinguished from each other by a high tone on the first syllable of the "future" form. The imperative form normally has a stem-final vowel /a/ or /u/.:44
Wasu kalmomi kuma suna da nau'in jam'i wanda aka nuna ta hanyar /-wi/ ko ma'anar farko. Hanyar jam' na aikatau na iya nuna yawan aiki, batun jam'i mara ma'ana, ko abu mai jam'i.::124">: 124 Verbs kuma za a iya gyara su ta hanyar adverbs, gami da aji na ideophones, [2]: 164 ta hanyar alamar "ventive" (wanda aka samo daga aikatau "zo") bayan aikatau, ko alamar "inceptive" (wanda ya samo daga aikatawa "bar") wanda ke gaban aikatau.
Wakilan sunaye
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tsarin tunani yana nuna bambancin hanyoyi 10. An rarrabe jinsi a cikin wakilin mutum na biyu da na uku. Wakilan mutum na farko da ba na musamman ba sun hada da nau'i biyu, nau'i mai yawa, da nau'in mai yawa. Hanyar ha da jam'i ita ce wakilin bimorphemic wanda ya haɗu da nau'in hadawa na mutum na farko tare da nau'i na mutum na biyu.:100
Umurnin kalma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin jumla mai tsaka-tsaki, muhawara ta suna faruwa a cikin tsari na SVO. Koyaya, sunayen mutum na uku yawanci suna bin aikatau.
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayanan littattafai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Cope, Pamela Simons. 1993. Jam'i a Lele Archived 2020-07-17 at the Wayback Machine. JWAL 23 (1)
- Cope, Pamela Simons da Donald A. Burquest . 1986. Wasu maganganu game da nasalization a Lele Archived 2021-04-15 at the Wayback Machine. JWAL 16 (2)
- [Hasiya] 1995. Masu karfafawa biyu a Lele. A cikin Ibriszimow, Dymitr da Leger, Rudolf (eds.), Studia chadica da hamitosemitica: Akten des internationalen Symposions zur Tschadsprachenforschung Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, 6.-8. Mayu 1991, 163-170. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
- [Hasiya] 2001. Harshe na Lele. Stanford: Littattafan CSLI.
- Lami, Pierre. 1942. Nazarin taƙaitaccen yaren Lélé da yaren Nantchoa. Beirut: Kamfanin buga littattafai na Katolika. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 197]
- Lami, Pierre. 1951. Adadin da jinsi a cikin yaren Lélé. A cikin Bayanan da aka bayar na taron farko na duniya na 'yan Afirka na Yamma, Dakar 1945, 197-208. Dakar: Inst. Faransanci na Afirka Baƙar fata (IFAN).
- Simon, Pamela. 1982. Ɗan haife shi yin alama a Lele: wani rami gini Archived 2018-04-25 at the Wayback Machine. Nazarin Harshe na Afirka 13. 217-229.