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Yaren Mono (California)

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Yaren Mono
Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3 mnr
Glottolog mono1275[1]
Taukin mono
taukin mono saga kudanci

Mono (/ˈmOʊnOʊ/ MOH-noh) yare ne na asalin ƙasar Amirka na ƙungiyar Numic na yarukan Uto-Aztecan, harshen kakannin Mutanen Mono. Mono ya ƙunshi yaruka biyu, Gabas da Yamma. Ana amfani [2] sunan "Monachi" ne don ambaton Yammacin Mono da "Owens Valley Paiute" don ambaton Gabashin Mono. A cikin 1925, Alfred Kroeber ya kiyasta cewa Mono yana da masu magana 3,000 zuwa 4,000. [3]As of 1994, tsofaffi 37 ne kawai suka yi magana da Mono a matsayin yarensu na farko. UNESCO ta rarraba shi a matsayin mai haɗari sosai. Ana magana da shi a kudancin Sierra Nevada, da Mono Basin, da kuma Owens Valley na tsakiyar gabashin California. Mono yana [4] alaƙa da Arewacin Paiute; waɗannan biyun an rarraba su a matsayin ƙungiyar Yammacin reshen Numic na Iyalin yaren Uto-Aztecan. [2] [2]

Yammacin Mono

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Labari a Mono da UCLA Phonetics Lab ta rubuta a 1984

Adadin masu magana da 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin 1994 ya kasance daga 37 zuwa 41. Yawancin masu magana sun fito ne daga Northfork Rancheria da al'ummar Auberry. Big Sandy Rancheria [5] Dunlap suna da masu magana daga 12 zuwa 14. Northfork Mono suna haɓaka ƙamus, kuma duka biyu da Big Sandy Rancheria suna ba da darussan harshe. Duk [6] yake ba duka ba ne gaba ɗaya, kusan mambobi 100 na Northfork suna da "wasu umarni na harshe". [1] A ƙarshen shekarun 1950, Lamb ya tattara ƙamus da ƙamus na Northforki Mono. [7] [8][9] Mono [10] Yamma yana da kalmomin aro na Mutanen Espanya da suka fara ne a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Mutanenaniya na California, [1] da kuma kalmomin aro daga Yokuts da Miwok. II

Owens Valley Paiute

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, kimanin mutane 50 ne suka yi magana da harshen Owens Valley Paiute, wanda aka fi sani da Eastern Mono . [11] Akwai darussan harshe [12] al'ada kuma mawaƙa suna riƙe da waƙoƙin harshe na asali. [13] harshe Sydney Lamb ya yi nazarin wannan harshe a cikin shekarun 1950 kuma ya ba da shawarar sunan Paviotso, amma ba a karɓa sosai ba. [14]

Fonoems

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Sautin sautin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
gaba tsakiya baya
Babba i Ƙari[lower-alpha 1] u
Ba-High ba da kuma a o
  1. ↑ Represented phonemically as /y/ by Lamb, but is described as being phonetically [ɨ] after front consonants and [ʉ] after back consonants.
  • Hakanan ana rarraba tsawon sautin daidai tsakanin yarukan.

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Da ke ƙasa an ba da lissafin sauti na Northfork Western Mono da Owens Valley Paiute kamar yadda Lamb (1958) da Liljeblad & Fowler (1986) suka gabatar.

[15]'anar Yammacin Mono [1]
Biyuwa Coronal Palatal Velar Rashin ƙarfi Gishiri
fili Lab. fili Lab.
Hanci m n
Plosive p t k kw q[lower-alpha 1] qw ʔ
Rashin lafiya ts
Fricative s x h
Semivowel j w
  1. ↑ /k/ and /q/ are in semi-complementary distribution: /k/ occurs before /i/ and /e/, /q/ occurs before /o/ and /u/. They contrast only before /a/.
[16]'anar Gabas ta Tsakiya [1]
Biyuwa Coronal Palatal Velar Gishiri
fili Lab.
Hanci m n ŋ ŋw
Plosive p t k kw ʔ
Rashin lafiya ts tʃ
Fricative s h
Semivowel j w
  • Sautunan da aka yi da su na plosives, hanci da fricatives suma ana rarraba su daidai.

Ƙaddamarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lamb (1958) ya kuma bayyana siffofi huɗu na sama da wanda ya ba da matsayi na sauti.

Yanayin Yanayi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mono yare ne mai haɗuwa, wanda kalmomi ke amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga don dalilai daban-daban tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan da aka haɗa tare.

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Labaran gargajiya na Mono

Bayanan da aka ambata

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Mono". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. 1 2 "Mono." Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley. 2009-2010 (retrieved 6 May 2010)
  3. ↑ Hinton, 30
  4. ↑ Sheldon Klein. 1959. Comparative Mono-Kawaiisu. International Journal of American Linguistics. Vol. 25, No. 4 (Oct., 1959), pp. 233-238
  5. ↑ Hinton, 30
  6. ↑ Miller 101
  7. ↑ Hinton, 31
  8. ↑ Loether, Christopher. 1993. "Nɨ-ɨ-mɨna Ahubiya: Western Mono Song Genres". Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 15, No. 1 (1993), pp. 48-57
  9. ↑ Loether, Christopher. 1998. "Yokuts and Miwok Loan Words in Western Mono" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright. Jane H. Hill, P. J. Mistry, Lyle Campbell (eds). Walter de Gruyter, 1998
  10. ↑ Paul V. Kroskrity and Gregory A. Reinhardt. 1985. On Spanish Loans in Western Mono International Journal of American Linguistics Vol. 51, No. 2 (Apr., 1985), pp. 231-237
  11. ↑ Hinton, 30
  12. ↑ Hinton, 31
  13. ↑ Miller, 98
  14. ↑ The Handbook of Indians of California, by A. L. Kroeber (1919) says that the Owens Valley Paiutes Are Northern Paiute or Mono/Bannock.
  15. ↑ Lamb 1958.
  16. ↑ Liljeblad & Fowler 1986.

Tushen

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Hinton, Leanne. Flutes of Fire: Essays on California Indian Languages . Berkeley: Littattafan Heyday, 1994.   ISBN 0-930588-62-2. 
  • Miller, Wick R. "Harsunan Lissafi. " Littafin Indiyawan Arewacin Amurka: Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Cibiyar Smithsonian, 1986.   ISBN 978-0-16-004581-3. 
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