Yaren Mono (California)

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Dabbobin da aka yi amfani da su
'Yan asalin ƙasar  Amurka
Yankin California
Ƙabilar Mono da Owens Valley Paiute
Masu magana da asali
 (37 da aka ambata 1994) [1]
Uto-Aztecan
  • Numic
    • Yammacin Numic
      • Dabbobin da aka yi amfani da su
Lambobin harshe
ISO 639-3 mnr
Glottolog mono1275
ELP Mono (Amurka)
Mono an rarraba shi a matsayin mai haɗari sosai ta UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in DangerAtlas na Harsunan Duniya da ke cikin Haɗari

Mono (/ˈmOʊnOʊ/ MOH-noh) yare ne na asalin ƙasar Amirka na ƙungiyar Numic na yarukan Uto-Aztecan, harshen kakannin Mutanen Mono. Mono ya ƙunshi yaruka biyu, Gabas da Yamma. Ana amfani [2] sunan "Monachi" ne don ambaton Yammacin Mono da "Owens Valley Paiute" don ambaton Gabashin Mono. A cikin 1925, Alfred Kroeber ya kiyasta cewa Mono yana da masu magana 3,000 zuwa 4,000. [3]As of 1994, tsofaffi 37 ne kawai suka yi magana da Mono a matsayin yarensu na farko. UNESCO ta rarraba shi a matsayin mai haɗari sosai. Ana magana da shi a kudancin Sierra Nevada, da Mono Basin, da kuma Owens Valley na tsakiyar gabashin California. Mono yana [4] alaƙa da Arewacin Paiute; waɗannan biyun an rarraba su a matsayin ƙungiyar Yammacin reshen Numic na Iyalin yaren Uto-Aztecan. [2] [2]

Yammacin Mono[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Labari a Mono da UCLA Phonetics Lab ta rubuta a 1984

Adadin masu magana da 'yan asalin ƙasar a cikin 1994 ya kasance daga 37 zuwa 41. Yawancin masu magana sun fito ne daga Northfork Rancheria da al'ummar Auberry. Big Sandy Rancheria [5] Dunlap suna da masu magana daga 12 zuwa 14. Northfork Mono suna haɓaka ƙamus, kuma duka biyu da Big Sandy Rancheria suna ba da darussan harshe. Duk [6] yake ba duka ba ne gaba ɗaya, kusan mambobi 100 na Northfork suna da "wasu umarni na harshe". [1] A ƙarshen shekarun 1950, Lamb ya tattara ƙamus da ƙamus na Northforki Mono. [7] [8][9] Mono [10] Yamma yana da kalmomin aro na Mutanen Espanya da suka fara ne a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Mutanenaniya na California, [1] da kuma kalmomin aro daga Yokuts da Miwok. II

Owens Valley Paiute[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A tsakiyar shekarun 1990s, kimanin mutane 50 ne suka yi magana da harshen Owens Valley Paiute, wanda aka fi sani da Eastern Mono . [1] Akwai darussan harshe [11] al'ada kuma mawaƙa suna riƙe da waƙoƙin harshe na asali. [12] harshe Sydney Lamb ya yi nazarin wannan harshe a cikin shekarun 1950 kuma ya ba da shawarar sunan Paviotso, amma ba a karɓa sosai ba. [13]

Fonoems[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sautin sautin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

gaba tsakiya baya
Babba i Ƙari[lower-alpha 1] u
Ba-High ba da kuma a o
  1. ↑ Represented phonemically as /y/ by Lamb, but is described as being phonetically Template:IPAblink after front consonants and Template:IPAblink after back consonants.
  • Hakanan ana rarraba tsawon sautin daidai tsakanin yarukan.

Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Da ke ƙasa an ba da lissafin sauti na Northfork Western Mono da Owens Valley Paiute kamar yadda Lamb (1958) da Liljeblad & Fowler (1986) suka gabatar.

[14]'anar Yammacin Mono [1]
Biyuwa Coronal Palatal Velar Rashin ƙarfi Gishiri
fili Lab. fili Lab.
Hanci m n
Plosive p t k kw q[lower-alpha 1] qw ʔ
Rashin lafiya ts
Fricative s x h
Semivowel j w
  1. ↑ /k/ and /q/ are in semi-complementary distribution: /k/ occurs before /i/ and /e/, /q/ occurs before /o/ and /u/. They contrast only before /a/.
[15]'anar Gabas ta Tsakiya [1]
Biyuwa Coronal Palatal Velar Gishiri
fili Lab.
Hanci m n ŋ ŋw
Plosive p t k kw ʔ
Rashin lafiya ts tʃ
Fricative s h
Semivowel j w
  • Sautunan da aka yi da su na plosives, hanci da fricatives suma ana rarraba su daidai.

Ƙaddamarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lamb (1958) ya kuma bayyana siffofi huɗu na sama da wanda ya ba da matsayi na sauti.

Yanayin Yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mono yare ne mai haɗuwa, wanda kalmomi ke amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga don dalilai daban-daban tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan da aka haɗa tare.

Dubi kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Labaran gargajiya na Mono

Bayanan da aka ambata[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hinton, 30
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Mono." Survey of California and Other Indian Languages, University of California, Berkeley. 2009-2010 (retrieved 6 May 2010)
  3. ↑ Hinton, 30
  4. ↑ Sheldon Klein. 1959. Comparative Mono-Kawaiisu. International Journal of American Linguistics. Vol. 25, No. 4 (Oct., 1959), pp. 233-238
  5. ↑ Hinton, 30
  6. ↑ Miller 101
  7. ↑ Hinton, 31
  8. ↑ Loether, Christopher. 1993. "Nɨ-ɨ-mɨna Ahubiya: Western Mono Song Genres". Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 15, No. 1 (1993), pp. 48-57
  9. ↑ Loether, Christopher. 1998. "Yokuts and Miwok Loan Words in Western Mono" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright. Jane H. Hill, P. J. Mistry, Lyle Campbell (eds). Walter de Gruyter, 1998
  10. ↑ Paul V. Kroskrity and Gregory A. Reinhardt. 1985. On Spanish Loans in Western Mono International Journal of American Linguistics Vol. 51, No. 2 (Apr., 1985), pp. 231-237
  11. ↑ Hinton, 31
  12. ↑ Miller, 98
  13. ↑ The Handbook of Indians of California, by A. L. Kroeber (1919) says that the Owens Valley Paiutes Are Northern Paiute or Mono/Bannock.
  14. ↑ Lamb 1958.
  15. ↑ Liljeblad & Fowler 1986.

Tushen[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Hinton, Leanne. Flutes of Fire: Essays on California Indian Languages . Berkeley: Littattafan Heyday, 1994.   ISBN 0-930588-62-2. 
  • Miller, Wick R. "Harsunan Lissafi. " Littafin Indiyawan Arewacin Amurka: Great Basin, Volume 11. Washington, DC: Cibiyar Smithsonian, 1986.   ISBN 978-0-16-004581-3. 
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Ƙarin karantawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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Sabunta harshe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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Haɗin waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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