Yaren Ye'kuana

Yaren Ye'kuana
'Yan asalin magana	6,000 (2001)
Dangin harshen	abu abstract entity (en) languoid (en) language (en) human language (en) indigenous language (en) Indigenous languages of the Americas (en) indigenous language of South America (en) Cariban (en) Yaren Ye'kuana
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	mch
Glottolog	maqu1238

Yakuana ( </link> ), also known as Maquiritari, Dekwana, Ye'kwana, Ye'cuana, Yekuana, Cunuana, Kunuhana, De'cuana, De'kwana Carib, Pawana, Maquiritai, Maquiritare, Maiongong, or Soto is the language of Ye'kuana mutanen Venezuela da Brazil. Yaren Caribbean ne. Kimanin mutane 5,900 ne ke magana da shi (c. 2001) a kusa da iyakar arewa maso yammacin Brazil ta jihar Roraima da Venezuela - mafi rinjaye (kimanin 5,500) a Venezuela. A lokacin ƙidayar 2001 ta Venezuela, akwai Ye'kuana 6,523 da ke zaune a Venezuela. Ganin rashin daidaiton rarraba Ye'kuana a cikin ƙasashen Kudancin Amurka guda biyu, Ethnologue ya lissafa ƙididdiga masu mahimmanci guda biyu don Ye'kuana: a cikin Venezuela an jera shi a matsayin mai ƙarfi (6a), yayin da a Brazil an rarraba shi Moribund (8a) a kan Graded. Sikelin Rushewar Tsakanin Zamani (GIDS).

Tarihi

A Brazil, an yi imanin Ye'kuana sun zauna a ƙasashen da suke mamaye da su yanzu fiye da ɗari ɗari da suka wuce, suna fitowa daga manyan cibiyoyin jama'a a Venezuela. Tatsuniyar al'ada da tarihin baka, duk da haka, sun nuna cewa ƙasashen da ke kewaye da kogin Auari da Uraricoera sun daɗe suna tafiya ta Ye'kuana.

A cikin karni na 18, an yi aikin mishan da yawa a yankin Ye'kuana, a lokacin da aka tilasta musu gina garu ga Mutanen Espanya, kuma aka tilasta musu su koma Katolika . An shirya tawaye ga Mutanen Espanya a cikin 1776. Karni na 20 ya kawo sabon guguwar cin zarafi a cikin nau’in ‘yan mulkin mallaka da ke neman cin gajiyar gano roba. An tilasta wa ƙauyuka duka su yi aiki, an kora su cikin sarƙoƙi zuwa sansanonin roba . Daga baya, wani gungun masu mishan sun zo a farkon shekarun 1960. Ye’kuana ɗan ƙasar Brazil ya yanke shawarar kada ya zauna a cikin wa’azin da aka kafa a wannan gefen iyaka, domin hankalin masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje a Brazil ya mai da hankali ga Sanumá ba a kansu ba. Har ila yau, sun fi jinkirin tuba, bayan da suka ga ƴan uwansu na Venezuela sun tuba suka zama (daga hangen Ye'kuana na Brazil) a al'adance mai rauni a sakamakon haka, sun bar muhimman abubuwan al'adun gargajiya na al'ada. A gefen iyakar Venezuelan, wannan guguwar mishan ta kawo kafa ayyukan kiwon lafiya, makarantu, da samun damar shiga kasuwannin cikin gida, haka kuma haifar da manyan al'ummomi da yawa waɗanda ke kewaye da ayyukan.

A shekara ta 1980, wasu ma’aurata masu wa’azi a ƙasar Kanada da suka yi aure sun zo zama a yankin Ye’kuana na ɗan lokaci, amma ba sa son salon rayuwarsu, kuma an sami rashin jituwa tsakanin su da Ye’kuana, kuma suka tafi. Bayan haka, Ye’kuana ’yan Brazil sun yanke shawarar cewa ba sa son addini, amma suna son makaranta, ganin fa’idar da kayayyakin more rayuwa ta samar da al’ummomin ’yan asali a Venezuela. Sun sami ɗaya, bayan sun yi shawarwari tare da shugaban Ofishin Bishara na Amazônas . Don haka sai aka fara aiwatar da zama na zaman jama'a, inda Ye'kuana duka suka matsa kusa da juna, suka kafa jaddawalin lokaci na yau da kullun (ciki har da cewa an ware wasu lokuta na rana don yara don makaranta). Wannan kafa na dindindin na dindindin ya kuma haifar da ƙarin haɗin kai da tuntuɓar sauran al'ummomin ƴan asalin da jihar Roraima. An san Ye'kuana a matsayin ƙwararrun masu kera kwale-kwale da ƙwararru, duk yayin da aka kawar da su daga matsanancin zirga-zirgar kogin da kwararar baƙi waɗanda suka cutar da sauran al'ummomin ƴan asalin.

Rubutun rubutu

Harshen Ye'kuana yana cikin nau'in rubutu a cikin dangin Cariban, wanda aka raba shi zuwa dangi bakwai da harshe ɗaya mara rarraba. Ye'kuana memba ne na dangin Guianan Carib, tare da wasu harsuna goma. Harsunan Guianan suna, galibi, a kusa da Garkuwar Guiana . Ye'kuana da Wayumara sun samar da ƙaramin rukuni a cikin dangin Guianan, dangin Maquiritari-Wayumara.

Adabi

Takardun farko na Ye'kuana a cikin karni na sha tara sun ƙunshi jerin kalmomi da yawa na Schomburgk, da yawa na kwatankwacin da ethnographic ayyuka. Farkon ƙarni na ashirin ya ga ƙarin jerin kalmomi, yana ƙaura daga ayyuka gabaɗaya game da harsunan Cariban zuwa ƙarin mai da hankali kan Ye'kuana. Escoriaza (1959 da 1960) ya ba da zane na nahawu. 1960s da 70s galibi sun ga aiki akan tarihin Ye'kuana, gami da tatsuniyar su, tsarin siyasa, da ƙauye. Schuster 1976 ya buga jerin kalmomi a cikin tarihinsa, amma in ba haka ba babu wani binciken harshe da yawa a wannan lokacin. Heinen (1983-1984) ya buga zanen nahawu wanda aka kwanta a cikin bincikensa na kabilanci; Guss (1986) ya ƙunshi wasu nassosi a cikin harshen a cikin littafinsa na al'adar baka; da Hall (1988) sun buga littattafai guda biyu akan morphosyntax da nazarin magana . Daga baya, Hall (1991) ya kalli canji a cikin fi'ili, a cikin yawancin nazarin ƙabilanci, kuma Chavier (1999) yayi nazarin wasu ƙarin fannoni na ilimin halittar jiki. An buga ƙamus akan CD-ROM, kuma mafi kwanan nan, littafin Natália Cáceres' MA taƙaitaccen bayanin martabar ilimin zamantakewa na Ye'kuana, yayin da karatun digirinta ya gabatar da cikakkiyar nahawu. Coutinho (2013) ya kuma bincika tsarin lamba na Ye'kuana, ta fuskar rubutu.