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Ƙin canjin yanayi

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Ƙin canjin yanayi
Ƙin yarda, conspiracy theory (en) Fassara, pseudoscience (en) Fassara, manufactured controversy (en) Fassara, political campaign (en) Fassara, propaganda (en) Fassara, political ideology (en) Fassara, worldview (en) Fassara da corporate propaganda (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare naƘin yarda da sana'a
FuskarRashin kare muhalli
Muhimmin darasicanjin yanayi
Lokacin farawa1980s
Gagarumin taroncourt decision (en) Fassara
Has contributing factor (en) Fassararight-wing alternative media (en) Fassara, Burbushin wuta na harabar gidan, Koch network (en) Fassara da think tank (mul) Fassara
Interested in (en) FassaraRashin dumamar yanayi, Rashin sanyaya na duniya da Gardamar Sashin Binciken Yanayi na imel
Gudanarwanclimate change denier (en) Fassara
Uses (en) FassaraLittafin wasan kwaikwayo na masana'antar taba, Rashin amincewa da muhalli da false balance (en) Fassara

Ƙin yarda da canjin yanayi ta sami ci gaba, daga jam'iyyun Turai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da yawa, gami da Vox na Spain, Finns Party na Finland mai tsatstsaran ra'ayi, Jam'iyyar Freedom Party ta Austria, da Jam'iyyar Alternative for Deutschland (AfD) mai adawa da shige da fice ta Jamus. Har ila yau, Rasha tana yada bayanan rikice-rikice na yanayi tare da manufar zargi Yammacin Yamma.[1]

A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023, masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Faransa Jean-Yves Dormagen ya ce masu tawali'u da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sune mafi yawan shakku game da canjin yanayi.[2] A cikin binciken da Gidauniyar Jean-Jaurès ta buga a wannan watan, an kwatanta shakku game da yanayi da sabon populism wanda wakilin sa da mai magana da yawunsa shine Steven E. Koonin.[3][4]

Amsa ga musantawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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Matsayin motsin rai da jayayya mai rinjaye

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Karkatar da yanayi "ba kawai ta shawo kan gardama mai ma'ana ba", saboda ba amsa ce mai ma'auni ba. Yin ƙoƙari ya shawo kan musantawa ta amfani da dabarun gardama mai rinjaye, kamar samar da bayanan da suka ɓace, ko samar da ilimin kimiyya na gaba ɗaya na iya zama mara tasiri. Mutumin da ke musantawa game da yanayi yana iya ɗaukar matsayi bisa ga yadda suke ji, musamman yadda suke ji game da abubuwan da suke tsoro.[1]

Masana kimiyya sun bayyana cewa "Yana da kyau a bayyane cewa tsoron mafita yana haifar da adawa da kimiyya sosai".[5]

Zai iya zama da amfani don amsawa ga motsin rai, gami da sanarwa "Yana iya zama mai raɗaɗi don fahimtar cewa salon rayuwarmu yana da alhakin", don taimakawa motsawa "daga ƙin yarda zuwa yarda zuwa aiki mai ginawa".[6][7]

Bi mutanen da suka canza matsayinsu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wasu masu shakkar canjin yanayi sun canza matsayinsu game da dumamar yanayi. Ronald Bailey, marubucin Global Warming and Other Eco-Myths (wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2002), ya bayyana a shekara ta 2005, "Duk wanda har yanzu yana riƙe da ra'ayin cewa babu dumamar duniya ya kamata ya rataye shi".A shekara ta 2007, ya rubuta "Bayani kamar hauhawar matakin teku za su ci gaba da muhawara ta masu bincike, amma idan muhawara game da ko bil'adama yana ba da gudummawa ga dumamar duniya ba ta ƙare ba, yanzu haka ne.... kamar yadda sabon IPCC Summary ya bayyana, canjin yanayi Pollyannaism ba ya da kyau sosai. "[8]

Jerry Taylor ya inganta musanta yanayin yanayi na tsawon shekaru 20 a matsayin tsohon darektan ma'aikata na makamashi da muhalli a Majalisar musayar dokokin Amurka (ALEC) kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban Cibiyar Cato. Taylor ya fara canza tunaninsa bayan masanin kimiyyar yanayi James Hansen ya kalubalanci shi ya sake karanta wasu shaidun Majalisar Dattijai. Ya zama Shugaban Cibiyar Niskanen a shekarar 2014, inda yake da hannu wajen juya masu shakku game da yanayi zuwa masu gwagwarmayar yanayi, da kuma yin shari'ar kasuwanci don aikin yanayi.[9][10][11]

Michael Shermer, mai wallafa mujallar Skeptic, ya kai wani matsayi a shekara ta 2006 sakamakon karuwar saninsa da shaidar kimiyya, kuma ya yanke shawarar cewa akwai "shaida mai yawa game da dumamar duniya". Jarida Gregg Easterbrook, mai shakku na farko game da canjin yanayi wanda ya rubuta littafin mai tasiri A Moment on the Earth, ya kuma canza tunaninsa a shekara ta 2006, kuma ya rubuta wata kasida mai taken "Case Closed: The Debate About Global Warming is Over".[12] A shekara ta 2006, ya bayyana cewa, "bisa ga bayanan da yanzu nake canza bangarorin game da dumamar duniya, daga mai shakka zuwa juyawa".

A shekara ta 2009, shugaban Rasha Dmitri Medvedev ya bayyana ra'ayinsa cewa canjin yanayi "wani nau'in kamfen ne mai rikitarwa wanda wasu tsarin kasuwanci suka kafa don inganta ayyukan kasuwancin su". Bayan mummunar gobarar daji ta Rasha ta 2010 ta lalata aikin gona kuma ta bar Moscow ta shan hayaki, Medvedev ya yi sharhi, "Abin takaici, abin da ke faruwa yanzu a yankunanmu na tsakiya shine shaida game da wannan canjin yanayi na duniya".[12]

Bob Inglis, tsohon wakilin Amurka na Kudancin Carolina, ya canza tunaninsa a cikin shekara ta 2010 bayan da ɗansa ya yi kira game da matsayinsa na muhalli, kuma bayan ya kwashe lokaci tare da masanin kimiyya na yanayi Scott Heron yana nazarin murjani a cikin Great Barrier Reef .

Richard A. Muller, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, kuma wanda ya kafa aikin Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature, wanda Charles Koch Charitable Foundation ya tallafawa, ya kasance sanannen mai sukar kimiyyar yanayi. A shekara ta 2011, ya bayyana cewa "bayan kokarin bincike mai zurfi wanda ya shafi masana kimiyya da yawa, na kammala cewa dumamar duniya ta kasance gaskiya kuma cewa kimantawar da ta gabata game da yawan dumamar daidai ne. Yanzu ina ci gaba da tafiya: Mutane kusan gaba ɗaya ne dalilin".[13]

"Na kasance mai shakka game da canjin yanayi", in ji marubucin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Max Boot a cikin 2018, wanda ya yi imanin cewa "kimiyya ba ta kammala ba" kuma wannan damuwa ta kasance "mafi yawan". Yanzu, ya ce, yana mai da hankali ga Binciken Yanayi na Kasa na huɗu, "yanayin kimiyya ya bayyana sosai kuma ya gamsar da shi".

Hanyoyi masu inganci ga tattaunawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bayyana dabarun musanta kimiyya da bayanan da ba daidai ba, ta hanyar gabatar da "misali na mutane da ke amfani da cherrypicking ko masana na karya ko ma'auni na ƙarya don yaudarar jama'a", an nuna shi don yin wa mutane rigakafi da ɗan gajeren bayani game da bayanan da sukaudara.[14]

Tattaunawar da aka mayar da hankali kan batun yadda imani ya bambanta da ka'idar kimiyya na iya samar da kyakkyawar fahimta game da yadda hanyar kimiyya ke aiki, da kuma yadda imani na iya samun tabbaci mai ƙarfi ko ƙarami.[15][16] Binciken Wong-Parodi game da wallafe-wallafen ya nuna hanyoyi huɗu masu tasiri don tattaunawa, gami da "[karfafawa] mutane su raba dabi'un su da kuma matsayinsu game da canjin yanayi kafin gabatar da ainihin bayanan yanayi na kimiyya a cikin tattaunawar. "[17]

Wani binciken da aka yi game da musanta canjin yanayi tsakanin manoma a Ostiraliya ya gano cewa manoma ba su da damar ɗaukar matsayi na musanta yanayin idan sun sami ingantaccen samarwa daga ayyukan da ke da sauyin yanayi, ko kuma sun gano ƙarami a matsayin magajin gonar su.[18] Sabili da haka, ganin kyakkyawan sakamako na tattalin arziki daga kokarin da aka yi a ayyukan noma masu dacewa da yanayi, ko kuma shiga cikin kula da gona tsakanin tsararraki na iya taka rawa wajen juya manoma daga musantawa.

A Amurka, tattaunawar yanayi ta yankunan karkara da Sierra Club ta tallafawa sun taimaka wa maƙwabta su shawo kan tsoronsu na rikice-rikice na siyasa da warewa, kuma su taru don magance damuwar da aka raba game da tasirin yanayi a cikin al'ummominsu. Wasu mahalarta waɗanda suka fara da halayen ƙin canjin yanayi na ɗan adam sun sauya zuwa gano damuwa wanda suke so su ga jami'an yankin suka magance shi.[19]

  • E. Elbeyi, K. Bruhn Jensen, M. Aronczyk, J. Asuka, G. Ceylan, J. Cook, G. Erdelyi, H. Ford, C. Milani, E. Mustafaraj, F. Ogenga, S. Yadin, P. N. Howard, S. Valenzuela (eds.) Elbeyiyi, Ece; Bruhn Jusen, Klaus; Aron Nrickczyk, Melissa; Asuka, Ceylan; Ceylanlan, Gizem; Cook, John; Erdelyiyi, Gabor; Ford; Urj, Gordon; Mirani; [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da shi. "Rashin Ingancin Bayanai game da Kimiyya ta Yanayi: Binciken Tsarin" (PDF). Zurich, Switzerland: Kwamitin Kasa da Kasa kan Muhalli na Bayanai (IPIE). doi:10.61452/BTZP3426. An adana (PDF) daga asali a ranar 19 ga Yuni 2025.Elbeyi, Ece; Bruhn Jensen, Klaus; Aronczyk, Melissa; Asuka, Jusen; Ceylan, Gizem; Cook, John; Erdelyi, Gabor; Ford, Heather; Milani, Carlos (June 2025). "Information Integrity about Climate Science: A Systematic Review" (PDF). International Panel on the Information Environment (IPIE). doi:10.61452/BTZP3426 Check |doi= value (help). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 June 2025.
  • "Early Warnings: Government Knowledge of Climate Change and Legal Responsibility for Climate Harm" (PDF). Center for International Environmental Law. 15 July 2026. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2026.
  1. ↑ "The Kremlin's climate camouflage". EUvsDisinfo. European External Action Service. 2 August 2023.
  2. ↑ Plottu, Pierre; Macé, Maxime (2023-04-23). "Climato-scepticisme: "Il y a un ressentiment anti-écologie auprès de populations qui se sentent stigmatisées"". Libération (in Faransanci).
  3. ↑ Bentolila, Sacha; Bornstein, Roman; Calatayud, Benoît (2023-04-28). "Climatoscepticisme: le nouvel horizon du populisme français". Fondation Jean-Jaurès (in Faransanci).
  4. ↑ Woessner, Géraldine (2023-04-08). "Steven Koonin, la coqueluche des climatosceptiques". Le Point (in Faransanci). Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  5. ↑ Lewandowsky, Stephan (17 April 2014). "From conspiracy theories to climate change denial, a cognitive psychologist explains". phys.org (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  6. ↑ Wong-Parodi, Gabrielle; Feygina, Irina (8 January 2020). "Understanding and countering the motivated roots of climate change denial". Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability (in Turanci). 42: 60–64. Bibcode:2020COES...42...60W. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2019.11.008. ISSN 1877-3435.
  7. ↑ O'Connor, Mary Catherine (26 April 2017). "How to Reason with the Climate Change Denier in Your Life". Outside Online (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  8. ↑ Bailey, Ronald (2 February 2007). "Global Warming—Not Worse Than We Thought, But Bad Enough". Reason. Archived from the original on 10 April 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2007.
  9. ↑ Lerner, Sharon (28 April 2017). "How a Professional Climate Change Denier Discovered the Lies and Decided to Fight for Science". The Intercept (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  10. ↑ "Former climate denier turned realist rallies businesses to take action". New Hope Network (in Turanci). 14 November 2018. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  11. ↑ Ahmed, Amel (16 April 2018). "Ex-'Professional Climate Denier' Aims to Convince Conservatives Threat is Real". KQED (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  12. 1 2 "6 global warming skeptics who changed their minds". The Week (in Turanci). 1 September 2010. Archived from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  13. ↑ Banerjee, Neela (1 August 2012). "Climate-change denier changes his mind". NewsComAu (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  14. ↑ Kwon, Diana. "How to Debate a Science Denier". Scientific American (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  15. ↑ Lee, McIntyre (8 August 2019). "How to defend science to climate-change deniers and others who attack it (opinion)". Inside Higher Ed (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 6 November 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  16. ↑ Kendi, Ibram X. (1 January 2019). "What the Believers Are Denying". The Atlantic (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  17. ↑ Renner, Ben (18 January 2020). "Study Reveals Four 'Pathways To Changing The Minds Of Climate Deniers'". Study Finds (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  18. ↑ Nauges, Céline; Wheeler, Sarah Ann (11 October 2018). "Farmers' climate denial begins to wane as reality bites". The Conversation (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
  19. ↑ "Talking About Climate Change in Trump Country". Sierra Club (in Turanci). 7 December 2017. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2020.
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