Ƙin canjin yanayi
 Ƙin canjin yanayi | |
|---|---|
denialism (en)  , conspiracy theory (en) , pseudoscience (en) , manufactured controversy (en) , political campaign (en) , propaganda (en) da political ideology (en) | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
denialism (en) |
| Facet of (en) |
neoliberalism (en) da anti-environmentalism (en) |
| Lokacin farawa | 1980s |
| Has contributing factor (en) |
right-wing alternative media (en) , fossil fuels lobby (en) , political activities of the Koch brothers (en) da think tank (en) |
| Interested in (en) |
global warming hiatus (en) , global cooling (en) da Climatic Research Unit email controversy (en) |
| Gudanarwan |
climate change denier (en) |
| Uses (en) |
tobacco industry playbook (en) , Environmental skepticism (en) da false balance (en) |
Ƙin sauyin yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ƙin sauyin yanayi, ko musun ɗumamar yanayi, ƙaryatawa ne, korar ko shakka ba tare da wani dalili ba wanda ya saba wa ijma'in kimiyya game da sauyin yanayi, ciki har da girman abin da mutane ke haifar da shi, tasirinsa ga yanayi da zamantakewar ɗan Adam, ko yiwuwar daidaitawa. zuwa dumamar yanayi ta ayyukan ɗan Adam.[1] Mutane da yawa waɗanda suka musanta, korar, ko kuma suna da shakka maras tabbas game da ijma'in kimiyya game da dumamar yanayi a duniya mai lakabin " masu shakka canjin yanayi ",[2] wanda masana kimiyya da yawa suka lura da bayanin da bai dace ba.[3] Ƙin canjin yanayi na iya zama a bayyane lokacin da mutane ko ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa suka yarda da kimiyya amma suka kasa daidaitawa da shi.[4] Yawancin nazarin ilimin zamantakewa sun bincika waɗannan matsayi a matsayin nau'i na ƙaryatawa ko ƙaryatãwa,[5]farfaganda.[6]
Siyasar dumamar yanayi ta shafi ƙin amincewa da sauyin yanayi da kuma cece-kucen siyasa na ɗumamar yanayi, wanda hakan ke kawo cikas ga yunƙurin aiwatar da sauyin yanayi ko daidaita yanayin ɗumamar yanayi.[7][8][9] Waɗanda ke haɓaka ƙin yarda suna amfani da dabarun magana don ba da bayyanar gardamar kimiyya inda babu.[10][11][12]
A cikin shekarun 1970, kamfanonin mai sun yi bincike wanda ya yi daidai da na al'ummar kimiyya game da dumamar yanayi. [13][14][15]
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Cook, John; Oreskes, Naomi; Doran, Peter T.; Anderegg, William R. L.; et al. (2016). "Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming". Environmental Research Letters. 11 (4): 048002. Bibcode:2016ERL....11d8002C. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002.
- ↑ Myers, Krista F.; Doran, Peter T.; Cook, John; Kotcher, John E.; Myers, Teresa A. (20 October 2021). "Consensus revisited: quantifying scientific agreement on climate change and climate expertise among Earth scientists 10 years later". Environmental Research Letters. 16 (10): 104030. Bibcode:2021ERL....16j4030M. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2774. S2CID 239047650.
- ↑ Jump up to:a b National Center for Science Education 2010: "The first pillar of climate change denial—that climate change is bad science—attacks various aspects of the scientific consensus about climate change ... there are climate change deniers: who deny that significant climate change is occurring who ... deny that human activity is significantly responsible who ... deny the scientific evidence about its significant effects on the world and our society ... who ... deny that humans can take significant actions to reduce or mitigate its impact. Of these varieties of climate change denial, the most visible are the first and the second."
- ↑ Jump up to:a b Matthews, Paul (3 April 2015). "Why Are People Skeptical about Climate Change? Some Insights from Blog Comments". Environmental Communication. 9 (2): 153–168. doi:10.1080/17524032.2014.999694. ISSN 1752-4032. S2CID 143727181.
- ↑ Jump up to:a b c d Björnberg, Karin Edvardsson; et al. (2017). "Climate and environmental science denial: A review of the scientific literature published in 1990–2015". Journal of Cleaner Production. 167: 229–241. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.066.
- ↑ Jump up to:a b National Center for Science Education 2012: "Climate change denial is most conspicuous when it is explicit, as it is in controversies over climate education. The idea of implicit (or "implicatory") denial, however, is increasingly discussed among those who study the controversies over climate change. Implicit denial occurs when people who accept the scientific community's consensus on the answers to the central questions of climate change on the intellectual level fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action. Such people are in denial, so to speak, about climate change."
- ↑ Ove Hansson, Sven (2017). "Science denial as a form of pseudoscience". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science. 63: 39–47. Bibcode:2017SHPSA..63...39H. doi:10.1016/j.shpsa.2017.05.002. PMID 28629651.
- ↑ Jump up to:a b National Center for Science Education 2012: "Climate change denial is most conspicuous when it is explicit, as it is in controversies over climate education. The idea of implicit (or "implicatory") denial, however, is increasingly discussed among those who study the controversies over climate change. Implicit denial occurs when people who accept the scientific community's consensus on the answers to the central questions of climate change on the intellectual level fail to come to terms with it or to translate their acceptance into action. Such people are in denial, so to speak, about climate change."
- ↑ Jump up to:a b c d Jacques, Dunlap & Freeman 2008, p. 351: "Conservative think tanks ... and their backers launched a full-scale counter-movement ... We suggest that this counter-movement has been central to the reversal of US support for environmental protection, both domestically and internationally. Its major tactic has been disputing the seriousness of environmental problems and undermining environmental science by promoting what we term 'environmental scepticism.'"
- ↑ Vaidyanathan 2014.
- ↑ Jump up to:a b Dunlap 2013, pp. 691–698: "From the outset, there has been an organized 'disinformation' campaign ... to 'manufacture uncertainty' over AGW ... especially by attacking climate science and scientists ... waged by a loose coalition of industrial (especially fossil fuels) interests and conservative foundations and think tanks ... often assisted by a small number of contrarian scientists. ... greatly aided by conservative media and politicians . and more recently by a bevy of skeptical bloggers. This 'denial machine' has played a crucial role in generating skepticism toward AGW among laypeople and policymakers".
- ↑ Begley 2007: "ICE and the Global Climate Coalition lobbied hard against a global treaty to curb greenhouse gases, and were joined by a central cog in the denial machine: the George C. Marshall Institute, a conservative think tank. ... the denial machine—think tanks linking up with like-minded, contrarian researchers"
- ↑ Klein, Naomi (9 November 2011). "Capitalism vs. the Climate". The Nation. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
- ↑ Dunlap 2013: "The campaign has been waged by a loose coalition of industrial (especially fossil fuels) interests and conservative foundations and think tanks ... These actors are greatly aided by conservative media and politicians, and more recently by a bevy of skeptical bloggers."
- ↑ David Michaels (2008) Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health.