Babi (littattafai)

Littafin Sahih Bukhari, wanda ke dauke da surori 3882.

babi (capitula a cikin Latin; sommaires a cikin Faransanci) kowane ɗayan daga ciki suna rabuwa ne a cikin rubuce-rubuce na tsawon dangi, kamar littafin na rubutu, shayari, ko doka. Littafin da ke da surori (kada a rikita shi da littafin babi) na iya samun surori da yawa waɗanda suka ƙunshi batutuwa ko jigogi daban-daban. A kowane hali, ana iya ƙidaya surori, lakabi, ko duka biyun. Misali na wani babi wanda ya zama sananne shine "Down the Rabbit-Hole", wanda shine babi na farko daga Alice's Adventures in Wonderland .

Tarihin sunayen sarauta

Yawancin litattafai na da ba su da rarrabuwar kalmomi ko rarrabuwa na babi A cikin tsoffin rubutun Helenanci, wasu rubuce-rubucen sun fara ƙara taƙaitawa kuma suna sanya su cikin tebur na abubuwan da ke cikin lambobi, amma taken ba su bayyana a cikin rubutun ba, lambobinsu kawai.  A wani lokaci a ƙarni na biyar bayan haihuwar Yesu, an soma aikin rarraba littattafai zuwa babi. An ce Jerome (d. 420) yana amfani da kalmar capitulum don komawa ga kanun babi masu lamba da index capitulorum don komawa ga abubuwan da ke ciki. Augustine bai rarraba manyan ayyukansa zuwa babi ba, amma a farkon karni na shida Eugippius ya yi.   Rubutun zamanin da sau da yawa ba su da lakabi, lambobi kawai a cikin rubutu da ƴan kalmomi, sau da yawa cikin ja, suna bin lambar.

Shafin buɗewa na The Wood Beyond the World (1894) na William Morris. Taken babi yana saman, a cikin ja rubutu.

Yawancin litattafai masu tsawo suna da surori. Littattafan da ba na almara ba, musamman waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don tunani, kusan koyaushe suna da surori don sauƙin kewayawa. A cikin waɗannan ayyukan, ana rarraba surori zuwa sassan. Ayyuka masu girma tare da surori da yawa sau da yawa suna haɗa su cikin 'kashi' da yawa a matsayin babban ɓangaren littafin.

Babi na ayyukan bincike kusan koyaushe ana jera su a cikin teburin abubuwan da ke ciki. Littattafai wani lokacin suna amfani da teburin abun ciki, amma ba koyaushe ba. Idan ana amfani da surori yawanci ana kiransu da lambobi a jere; suna iya samun lakabi, kuma a wasu lokuta epigraph ko prefatory quotation. A cikin tsofaffin litattafai al'ada ce ta taƙaita abubuwan da ke cikin kowane babi a cikin teburin abubuwan da ke ciki da / ko a farkon babi.

Tsarin ƙididdiga mai ban mamaki

A cikin ayyukan almara, marubutan wani lokacin suna ƙidaya surorinsu ba tare da la'akari ba, sau da yawa a matsayin sanarwa ta fiction. Misali:

• Seiobo Akwai Da ke ƙasa ta László Krasznahorkai yana da surori da aka ƙidaya bisa ga jerin Fibonacci.
• The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time by Mark Haddon kawai yana da surori waɗanda lambobi ne na farko.
• A Swim-Two-Birds by Flann O'Brien yana da babi ɗaya kawai: shafi na farko ana kiransa Babi na 1, amma babu ƙarin rarrabuwar babi.
• Allah, Jagoran Masu Amfani na Seán Moncrieff an tsara shi a baya (watau, babi na farko shine babi na 20 kuma na ƙarshe shine babi na 1). Littafin The Running Man na Stephen King kuma yana amfani da irin wannan tsarin ƙididdigar babi.
• Kowane littafi a cikin jerin A Series of Unfortunate Events by Lemony Snicket yana da surori goma sha uku, ban da sashi na Ƙarshen (The End), wanda ke da babi na goma sha huɗu wanda aka tsara a matsayin nasa littafi.
• John Varley)">Mammoth na John Varley yana da surori da aka ba da umarni a cikin lokaci daga ra'ayi na wanda ba mai tafiya ba, amma, kamar yadda yawancin haruffa ke tafiya ta hanyar lokaci, wannan yana haifar da surori masu ƙin tsari na al'ada.
• Ulysses na James Joyce yana da surori 18 da aka lakafta a matsayin abubuwan da suka faru, tare da littattafai 3 da aka raba tsakanin su.

Kamar littafi

A cikin wayewar zamani, littattafai galibi suna cikin nau'in papyrus ko naɗaɗɗen takarda, wanda ke ƙunshe da kusan adadin rubutu kamar yadda aka saba da shi a cikin littafin zamani. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa surori a cikin sakewa na baya-bayan nan da fassarorin ayyukan waɗannan lokutan galibi ana gabatar da su a matsayin "Littafi 1", "Littafin 2" da sauransu.

A farkon zamanin da aka buga, ana buga ayyuka masu tsawo a cikin kundin da yawa, kamar littafin Victorian triple decker, kowannensu ya kasu kashi da yawa. Sauye-sauyen zamani na zamani sau da yawa za su riƙe rarrabuwar ƙarar. A wasu lokuta za a ƙidaya surori a jere har zuwa duk hanyar, kamar yadda "Littafi na 2" zai iya farawa da "Babi na 9", amma a wasu lokuta ƙididdigar na iya sake saitawa bayan kowane bangare (watau, "Littafin 2, Babi na 1"). Kodayake aikin raba litattafai zuwa nau'o'i daban-daban ba shi da yawa a cikin wallafe-wallafen zamani, marubuta da yawa har yanzu suna tsara ayyukansu zuwa "Littattafai" ko "Sashe" sannan su raba su cikin surori. Wani sanannen misali na wannan shine The Lord of the Rings wanda ya ƙunshi "littattafai" guda shida, kowannensu yana da wani ɓangare na labarin, kodayake yawanci ana buga shi a cikin kundi uku.

Littattafai

• Nicholas Dames: Babi: Tarihin Kashi daga Tsohon zuwa Karni na ashirin da ɗaya. Princeton University Press 2023.