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Bayanai na Covid-19

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Bayanai na Covid-19
conspiracy theory (en) Fassara da misinformation (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na misinformation (en) Fassara da Infodemic (en) Fassara
Bangare na controversy surrounding the 2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak (en) Fassara
Facet of (en) Fassara Murar Mashaƙo 2019
Samfurin kwayar cutar Corona
Disinfodemic-Bayyana ɓarkewar COVID-19 , UNESCO ta buga

Bayanai na COVID-19 yana nufin kowane nau'in magana game da cutar ta COVID-19 wacce ta haifar da rashin fahimta da dabaru na makirci game da girman cutar da asalin, rigakafin, ganewar asali, da maganin cutar. Ƙaryar bayanai, ciki har da kari ya kasance ta hanyar kafofin watsa labaru, rubutu, saƙon[1], kuma taro kafofin watsa labarai. Shahararrun mutane, 'yan siyasa, da wasu fitattun mutane sun yada labaran karya. Kasashe da yawa sun zartar da dokoki kan "labaran karya", kuma an kama dubunnan mutane don yada labaran COVID-19. Yaduwar bayanan karya na COVID-19 daga gwamnatoci shima yana da muhimmanci.


asuwakda


zambn kariya ga tayin a-gida wajen daukan kariya ntives, magani ta da kuma "m" cures.[2] Kungiyoyin addini da yawa sunyi iƙirarin cewa imaninsu zai kare su daga kamuwa da cutar.[3] Ba tare da wata shaida ba, wasu mutane sun yi iƙirarin cewa kwayar cutar ta bioweapon ce bisa kuskure ko kuma da gangan ta fado daga dakin gwaje -gwaje, tsarin kula da yawan jama'a, sakamakon aikin leken asiri, ko kuma sakamako na haɓaka 5G zuwa hanyoyin sadarwar salula.[4]

Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ayyana wani “infodemic” na bayanan da ba daidai ba game da kwayar cutar da ke haifar da hadari ga lafiyar duniya.[5] Duk da cewa imani da ka'idodin makirci ba sabon abu bane, a cikin mahallin cutar ta COVID-19, wannan na iya haifar da illa ga lafiya. Rashin son sani, kamar tsallewa zuwa ƙarshe da nuna wariya, na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da faruwar ƙimar imani.[6] Baya ga illolin kiwon lafiya, illolin da ke haifar da yaɗuwar ba da labari da amincewa da kaidin makirci sun haɗa da rashin yarda da ƙungiyoyin labarai da hukumomin lafiya gami da rarrabuwa da rarrabuwa na siyasa.[7]

Bayani

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A ranar 30 ga Janairun 2020, BBC ta ba da rahoto game da ci gaban batutuwan dabaru da shawarwarin kiwon lafiya mara kyau game da COVID-19. Misalai a lokacin sun haɗa da shawarwarin kiwon lafiya na ƙarya da aka raba akan kafofin sada zumunta da taɗi masu zaman kansu, da kuma dabaru na makirci kamar barkewar da ake shirin yi tare da halartar Cibiyar Pirbright [8][9]A ranar 31 ga Janairu, The Guardian ya lissafa misalai guda bakwai na rashin fahimta, yana ƙara ka'idodin makirci game da makaman nukiliya da haɗin kai zuwa fasahar 5G, gami da bambance -bambancen shawarwarin kiwon lafiya na ƙarya.[10]

A wani yunkurin bugun up bincike sharing, da yawa masu bincike sun jũya zuwa preprint sabobin kamar arXiv, bioRxiv, medRxiv, kuma SSRN . Ana ɗora takardu zuwa waɗannan sabobin ba tare da bita -da -ƙulla ko wani aikin edita wanda ke tabbatar da ingancin bincike ba. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan takaddun sun ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar ra'ayoyin makirci. Babban abin da ya fi shahara shi ne takardar buga takardu wanda ba a duba shi ba wanda aka ɗora akan bioRxiv wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa kwayar cutar tana ɗauke da "shigar" HIV. Bayan rashin amincewa, an janye takardar. [11][12][13] An raba faifai game da COVID-19 a kan layi kuma wasu bayanai suna ba da shawarar cewa kafofin watsa labarai sun yi amfani da su kusan sau 10 fiye da shirye-shiryen kan wasu batutuwa.[14]

Dangane da binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Jarida ta Reuters ta buga, yawancin bayanan da ba su da alaƙa da COVID-19 sun haɗa da "nau'ikan salo iri-iri, inda ake samun sahihan bayanai kuma na yau da kullun, ana murɗa su, ana sake fasalin su, ko an sake yin su"; ƙarancin bayanan da ba daidai ba "an ƙirƙira shi gaba ɗaya". Binciken ya kuma gano cewa "labarai marasa tushe daga 'yan siyasa, mashahuran mutane, da sauran fitattun mutane", yayin da suke yin lissafin wasu tsirarun samfuran, sun kama galibin ayyukan sada zumunta. Dangane da rarrabuwarsu, mafi girman nau'in ɓarna (kashi 39%) shine "ƙarya ko iƙirarin ƙarya game da ayyuka ko manufofin hukumomin gwamnati, gami da hukumomin gwamnati da na ƙasa da ƙasa kamar WHO ko Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.[15]

Baya ga kafafen sada zumunta, talabijin da rediyo an hango su a matsayin tushen bayanan karya. A farkon matakan cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin Amurka, Fox News ta karɓi layin edita cewa martanin gaggawa ga cutar ya kasance siyasa ce ko kuma ba ta dace ba,[16][17] kuma mai gabatarwa Sean Hannity ya yi ikirarin a kan iska cewa barkewar cutar ta kasance "yaudara" (daga baya ya bayar da inkarin).[18] Lokacin da manazarta kafofin watsa labarai suka tantance su, an gano tasirin watsa labarai na watsa labarai don yin tasiri ga sakamakon kiwon lafiya a cikin jama'a. A cikin gwaji na halitta (gwajin da ke faruwa kwatsam, ba tare da ƙirar ɗan adam ko sa baki ba), an kwatanta abubuwa biyu na labarai na talabijin waɗanda aka nuna akan gidan yanar gizo na Fox News wata ɗaya baya da 2019. Abu ɗaya ya ba da rahoton tasirin cutar coronavirus da gaske, yayin da abu na biyu ya rage barazanar COVID-19. Binciken ya gano cewa masu sauraron da aka fallasa su da labaran da ke rage barazanar sun kasance masu saurin kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 da mutuwa.[19] A watan Agusta 2021, an soki mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin Sky News Australia saboda sanya bidiyo a YouTube wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan likita na yaudara game da COVID-19.[20] An kuma fahimci rediyon magana mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a Amurka a matsayin tushen rashin gaskiya ko ɓatar da sharhi akan COVID-19. A watan Agusta da Satumba 2021, rundunonin rediyo da yawa waɗanda suka hana rigakafin COVID-19, ko suka nuna shakku kan allurar COVID-19, daga baya sun mutu daga rikice-rikicen COVID-19, daga cikinsu Dick Farrel, Phil Valentine da Bob Enyart.[21][22]

'Yan siyasa, ƙungiyoyin sha'awa, da ' yan wasan jihohi a cikin ƙasashe da yawa sun yi amfani da bayanan da ba su dace ba kan batun COVID-19 don gujewa ɗaukar nauyi, sakaci da wasu ƙasashe, da gujewa sukar yanke shawara da suka yi a baya. Wani lokaci kuma akwai wani dalili na kuɗi.[23][24][25]An zargi ƙasashe da yawa da yada jita-jita tare da ayyukan da gwamnati ke tallafawa a kafafen sada zumunta a wasu ƙasashe don haifar da fargaba, shuka rashin yarda, da lalata muhawarar dimokuraɗiyya a wasu ƙasashe, ko don inganta salon mulkinsu.[26][27][28][29]

Binciken Jami'ar Cornell na kasidu miliyan 38 a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na yaren Ingilishi a duniya ya gano cewa Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump shi ne babban direban da ba shi da gaskiya.[30][31]

Hasashen asalin cutar

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Yawancin masana ilimin viro sunyi la'akari da yuwuwar asalin ƙwayar cutar ta SARS-CoV-2 ta zama ƙetarewar halitta daga dabbobi, bayan da ta zube cikin yawan mutane daga jemagu, wataƙila ta hanyar mai watsa shirye-shiryen dabbobi, kodayake ba a kayyade ainihin hanyar watsawa ba. [32][33][34][35][36]Yawancin sabbin cututtukan da ke kamuwa da cuta suna farawa ta wannan hanyar kuma shaidar kwayoyin halittar ta nuna cewa kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 ta samo asali ne daga jemagu.[33]

Wata madaidaiciyar hasashen da ake yi a cikin bincike, wanda galibin masanan ilimin halittu ke ganin ba zai iya yiwuwa ba, shine cewa mai yiwuwa cutar ta tsere daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayar cuta ta Wuhan a cikin daidaitaccen bincike.[37][38] Wani kuri'un da aka yi a watan Yuli 2021 ya gano cewa kashi 52% na manya na Amurka sun yi imanin COVID-19 ya tsere daga dakin bincike.[39]

Hasashe da ba a tabbatar da su ba da kuma dabaru na makirci da suka shafi wannan batun sun sami karɓuwa yayin bala'in. Ka'idodin makirci na gama gari sun bayyana cewa da gangan aka ƙera cutar, ko dai a matsayin makami ko don cin riba daga siyar da alluran rigakafi. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, an hana yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar nazarin kwayoyin halitta.[40][41][42] An kuma ba da wasu labarai na asali da yawa, tun daga da'awar makircin abokan hamayyar siyasa zuwa ka'idar makirci game da wayoyin hannu. Cibiyar Binciken Pew ta gano, alal misali, ɗaya daga cikin Amurkawa uku sun yi imanin cewa an ƙirƙiri sabon coronavirus a cikin dakin gwaje -gwaje; daya cikin hudu ya yi tunanin an yi shi da gangan.[41] An haɓaka yaduwar waɗannan ka’idojin makirci ta hanyar rashin yarda da juna da ƙiyayya, da kishin ƙasa da amfani da kamfen na farfaganda don dalilai na siyasa.[42][41]

Kungiyoyin na dama na Amurka irin su QAnon, ta hanyar amfani da dama kamar Fox News, tsohon Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump da ma wasu fitattun 'yan Republican sun yi amfani da yada labaran karya don nuna adawa da China, [41][43][44] kuma ya haifar da haɓaka ayyukan anti-Asiya akan kafofin watsa labarun da a cikin ainihin duniya.[45] Wannan kuma ya haifar da cin zarafin masana kimiyya da jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a, duka akan layi da a cikin mutum,[46][47][48][49][50][51] ta hanyar yin muhawara mai guba ta siyasa da sau da yawa akan muhawara mai guba batutuwa. [52][33] Irin wannan yada labaran da ba daidai ba da kuma tunanin makirci yana da yuwuwar yin illa ga lafiyar jama'a da rage amincewa da gwamnatoci da kwararrun likitocin.[53]

An sake farfado da ɓarkewar lab da sauran dabaru a wani sashi ta hanyar bugawa, a cikin Mayu 2021, na imel na farko tsakanin Cibiyar Allergy da Cututtuka (NIAID) darektan Anthony Fauci da masana kimiyya suna tattauna batun. Dangane da imel ɗin da ake tambaya, Kristian Andersen (marubucin wani binciken da ya ɓarke ka’idojin magudanar kwayoyin halitta) ya yi la’akari da yuwuwar yiwuwar, kuma ya aika da imel Fauci yana ba da shawarar hanyoyin da za a iya aiwatar da su, kafin yanke hukuncin yin magudi da gangan tare da zurfafa bincike na fasaha. [54][55] Waɗannan imel ɗin daga baya ba a fahimce su ba kuma masu amfani sun yi amfani da su don yin iƙirarin cewa makirci yana faruwa.[56][57] Koyaya, duk da ikirarin sabanin haka a wasu jaridun Amurka, babu wata sabuwar shaida da ta fito don tallafawa kowane ka'idar haɗarin dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma galibin abubuwan da aka yi nazari akai sun nuna asalin halitta. Wannan yana da kwatankwacin barkewar sabbin cututtukan cututtukan da suka gabata, kamar HIV, SARS da H1N1, waɗanda su ma ake zargi da asalin asalin dakin gwaje -gwaje.[58][59]

Asalin Wuhan Lab

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Bio-makami

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Wata tushe ta farko da ta samo asali daga ƙirar ƙirar halittu shine tsohon jami'in leƙen asirin Isra'ila Dany Shoham, wanda ya yi hira da The Washington Times game da dakin binciken biosafety matakin 4 (BSL-4) a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan .[60][61] Wani masanin kimiyya daga Hong Kong, Li-Meng Yan, ya tsere daga China kuma ya fitar da wani fa'ida wanda ke nuna an canza kwayar cutar a cikin dakin bincike maimakon samun juyin halitta. A cikin bita-da-tsaki na ɗan lokaci (kamar yadda ba a gabatar da takarda don yin nazarin takwarorina na gargajiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na daidaitaccen tsarin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya ba), an yiwa ikirarin nata tamkar ɓatarwa, rashin ilimin kimiyya, da haɓaka rashin ɗabi'a na "ainihin ka'idodin makirci waɗanda ba a kafa su ba. a zahiri ".[62] Rule of Society Society and the Rule of Law Foundation ne suka tallafa wa takardar Yan, ba riba guda biyu da ke da alaƙa da Steve Bannon, wani tsohon mai tsara dabarun Trump, da Guo Wengui, attajirin ɗan China da ya fito daga ƙasashen waje.[63] Wani na hannun daman Amurka, wanda aka sani yana inganta rashin yarda da China . A zahiri, wannan ya haifar da " ɗakin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin girma don ba da labari".[43] Tunanin SARS-CoV-2 a matsayin makamin da aka ƙera lab shine wani ɓangare na ka'idar makircin Plandemic, wanda ke ba da shawarar cewa da gangan China ta sake shi.[59]

Jaridar Epoch Times, wata jaridar anti- Communist Party ta China mai alaƙa da Falun Gong, ta ba da labaran da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin bugawa da ta kafofin sada zumunta ciki har da Facebook da YouTube.[64][65] Ta inganta maganganun anti-China da dabaru na makirci game da barkewar cutar coronavirus, misali ta hanyar bugun shafi na 8 mai suna "Yadda Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China ta Hallaka Duniya", wanda aka rarraba ba tare da izini ba a cikin Afrilu 2020 don aikawa abokan ciniki a yankunan. Amurka, Kanada, da Ostiraliya. [66][67] A cikin jaridar, kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 da aka sani da " <abbr about="#mwt392" data-cx="[{&quot;adapted&quot;:true,&quot;partial&quot;:false,&quot;targetExists&quot;:true}]" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Abbr&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Abbr&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;CCP&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Chinese Communist Party&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwARU" title="Chinese Communist Party" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:ExpandedAttrs">CCP</abbr> ", kuma wani sharhi a cikin jaridar ya yi tambaya, "shine sabon barkewar cutar coronavirus a Wuhan hatsarin da ya faru ta hanyar amfani da makamin a wancan [Wuhan P4. virology] Lab? " [64][66] Kwamitin editan jaridar ya ba da shawarar cewa marasa lafiyar COVID-19 suna warkar da kansu ta hanyar "la'antar CCP " da "wataƙila mu'ujiza za ta faru".[68]

Dangane da yada jita -jita a cikin Amurka na asalin dakin binciken Wuhan, gwamnatin China ta gabatar da ka'idar makirci cewa sojojin Amurka ne suka kirkiro cutar a Fort Detrick.[69]

Binciken samun aiki

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Ideaaya daga cikin ra'ayin da aka yi amfani da shi don tallafawa asalin dakin gwaje-gwaje yana kiran binciken ribar aiki na baya akan coronaviruses. Masanin ilimin dabbobi Angela Rasmussen ta rubuta cewa wannan abu ne da ba zai yiwu ba, saboda tsananin bincike da bincike na samun ribar aiki na gwamnati, kuma ba zai yuwu ba cewa bincike kan wahalar samun coronaviruses na iya faruwa a ƙarƙashin radar. [70] Ana jayayyar ainihin ma'anar "ribar aiki" tsakanin masana.[71][72]

A watan Mayu 2020, mai masaukin baki Fox News Tucker Carlson ya zargi Anthony Fauci da cewa ya “ba da tallafin halittar COVID” ta hanyar binciken aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayar cuta ta Wuhan (WIV). [73] Da yake ambaton rubutun marubucin kimiyya Nicholas Wade, Carlson ya yi zargin cewa Fauci ya ba da umarnin bincike don sanya ƙwayoyin jemagu su fi kamuwa da mutane.[74] A cikin sauraron washegari, dan majalisar dattijan Amurka Rand Paul ya yi zargin cewa Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Amurka (NIH) sun ba da tallafin bincike na aiki a Wuhan, yana zargin masu bincike ciki har da masanin cututtukan dabbobi Ralph Baric da ƙirƙirar “manyan ƙwayoyin cuta”. [73][75] Dukan Fauci da Daraktan NIH Francis Collins sun musanta cewa gwamnatin Amurka ta goyi bayan irin wannan binciken. [73][76][77] Baric shima ya yi watsi da zargin Bulus, yana mai cewa binciken dakin binciken sa game da yada kwayar cutar coronavirus na jemagu bai cancanci zama ribar aiki ba. [75]

Nazarin 2017 na chimeric bat coronaviruses a WIV ya lissafa NIH a matsayin mai tallafawa; duk da haka, tallafin NIH ya danganci tarin samfur ne kawai. Dangane da wannan da sauran shaidu, Jaridar Washington Post ta ƙididdige iƙirarin haɗin gwiwar NIH don samun aikin aiki akan coronaviruses a matsayin "pinocchios biyu", wanda ke wakiltar "manyan rashi da/ko ƙari".[78][79]

Saki kwatsam samfurin da aka tattara

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Zamba

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Hukumar ta WHO ta yi gargadin badakalar aikata laifuka da ta shafi masu aikata laifuka wadanda ke nuna kansu a matsayin wakilan hukumar ta WHO suna neman bayanan sirri daga wadanda abin ya shafa ta hanyar imel ko ta waya. [80] Hakanan, Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya ta shawarci masu amfani da kada su danna hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo a cikin imel ɗin da ake zargi kuma kada su bayar da bayanan sirri a cikin imel, saƙon rubutu ko kiran waya.[81] Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya ta kuma yi gargadi kan badakalar sadaka da ta shafi cutar, kuma ta shawarci masu amfani da kada su bayar da gudummawa cikin tsabar kudi, katunan kyaututtuka, ko canja wurin waya.[82]

Kamfanin Cybersecurity na Check Point ya bayyana cewa an sami karuwar hare -hare na leken asiri don jawo hankalin wadanda abin ya shafa su shigar da kwayar cutar kwamfuta ba da sani ba a karkashin sakon imel da ke da alaƙa da cutar coronavirus ta 2019 mai ɗauke da haɗe -haɗe. Masu aikata laifuka ta yanar gizo suna amfani da yankuna na yaudara kamar "cdc-gov.org" a maimakon madaidaicin "cdc.gov", ko ma ɓata yankin asali don haka yayi kama da takamaiman gidajen yanar gizo. Fiye da yankuna 4,000 da ke da alaƙa da cutar coronavirus 2019 an yi musu rajista.[83]

'Yan sanda a New Jersey, Amurka, sun ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru na masu laifi suna ƙwanƙwasa ƙofar mutane kuma suna da'awa daga CDC. Sannan suna ƙoƙarin siyar da samfura akan farashi mai hauhawa ko kuma waɗanda aka yiwa zamba a ƙarƙashin fa'idar ilimantarwa da kare jama'a daga cutar coronavirus 2019.[84]

Links cewa purportedly kaitsaye zuwa Johns Hopkins University coronavirus cuta 2019 map, amma a maimakon haka kaitsaye zuwa da ƙarya site cewa shimfidawa malware, sun yadu a kan Internet.[85][86]

Tun lokacin wucewa a cikin Maris 2020 na Dokar CARES, masu laifi sun yi amfani da lissafin ƙarfafawa ta hanyar neman mutane su biya kafin a karɓi biyan kuzarin su. Saboda wannan, IRS ta shawarci masu amfani da su yi amfani da adireshin gidan yanar gizon cutar coronavirus na IRS na 2019 kawai don ƙaddamar da bayanai ga IRS (kuma ba don amsa rubutu ba, imel, ko kiran waya).[87] Dangane da waɗannan tsare -tsaren, yawancin kamfanonin kuɗi, kamar Wells Fargo[88] da LoanDepot,[89] da masu inshorar lafiya, kamar Humana, [90] misali, sun sanya irin wannan nasihohi akan gidajen yanar gizon su.[91]

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Buck wucewa
  • Karyata HIV/AIDS
  • Judy Mikovits
  • Jerin ka'idodin makirci
  • Xenophobia da wariyar launin fata da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19
  • Jerin hanyoyin da ba a tabbatar da su ba kan COVID-19
  • Bayanan COVID-19 daga gwamnatoci
    • Labaran COVID-19 na China
    • Labaran COVID-19 na Amurka
  • Wariyar wariyar launin fata: Sabuwar wariyar launin fata
  • Tsarin duniya
  • Ka'idar makircin SARS
  • ScienceUpFirst, kamfen ɗin sadarwa na kimiyya na Kanada wanda ke mai da hankali kan cutar 

Kara karantawa

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  • LaFrance A (June 2020). "The Prophecies of Q". The Atlantic.
  • Lytvynenko J (21 May 2020). "Coronavirus Pseudoscientists And Conspiracy Theorists". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
  • Ulloa J (6 May 2020). "How memes, text chains, and online conspiracies have fueled coronavirus protesters and discord". The Boston Globe.
  • Uscinski JE, Enders AM (30 April 2020). "The Coronavirus Conspiracy Boom". The Atlantic.
  • Zhang S (24 May 2020). "We Don't Even Have a COVID-19 Vaccine, and Yet the Conspiracies Are Here". The Atlantic.

Hanyoyin waje

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Murphy H, Di Stefano M, Manson K (20 March 2020). "Huge text message campaigns spread coronavirus fake news". Financial Times.
  2. ↑ Office of Regulatory Affairs (4 January 2021). "Fraudulent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Products". FDA.
  3. ↑ Kowalczyk O, Roszkowski K, Montane X, Pawliszak W, Tylkowski B, Bajek A (December 2020). "Religion and Faith Perception in a Pandemic of COVID-19". Journal of Religion and Health. 59 (6): 2671–2677. doi:10.1007/s10943-020-01088-3. PMC 7549332. PMID 33044598.
  4. ↑ "COVID: Top 10 current conspiracy theories". Alliance for Science. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  5. ↑ Kassam N (25 March 2020). "Disinformation and coronavirus". The Interpreter. Lowy Institute.
  6. ↑ Kuhn SA, Lieb R, Freeman D, Andreou C, Zander-Schellenberg T (March 2021). "Coronavirus conspiracy beliefs in the German-speaking general population: endorsement rates and links to reasoning biases and paranoia". Psychological Medicine: 1–15. doi:10.1017/S0033291721001124. PMC 8027560 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 33722315 Check |pmid= value (help).
  7. ↑ Radford B (November–December 2020). "Conspiracy Theories Grow as COVID-19 Spreads". Skeptical Inquirer. Amherst, New York: Center for Inquiry. p. 5.
  8. ↑ "China coronavirus: Misinformation spreads online about origin and scale". BBC News. 30 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  9. ↑ Shmerling RH (1 February 2020). "Be careful where you get your news about coronavirus". Harvard Health Blog. Retrieved 25 March 2020.
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