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Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya

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Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya

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World Health Organization, Organisation mondiale de la Santé, Organización Mundial de la Salud, Всемирная организация здравоохранения, منظمة الصحة العالمية, 世界卫生组织, Светска здравствена организација da Weltgesundheitsorganisation
Gajeren suna WHO, OMS, OMS, 世卫组织, 世衛組織, OMS, СУТ, ВОЗ, 世衛, SZO da СЗО
Iri specialized agency of the United Nations (en) Fassara, open-access publisher (en) Fassara, international organization (en) Fassara da academic publisher (en) Fassara
Masana'anta human health activities (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Switzerland, Filipin, Misra, Tarayyar Amurka, Denmark, Indiya da Jamhuriyar Kwango
Aiki
Mamba na International Association of Scientific, Technical, and Medical Publishers (en) Fassara
Ƙaramar kamfani na
World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa (en) Fassara, Pan American Health Organization (en) Fassara, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (en) Fassara, Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research (en) Fassara, World Health Organization (France) (en) Fassara, World Health Organization Regional Office for South-East Asia (en) Fassara, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (en) Fassara, World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific (en) Fassara, International Agency for Research on Cancer (en) Fassara da International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (en) Fassara
Ma'aikata 7,000 (2014)
Mulki
Shugaba Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (en) Fassara
Hedkwata Geneva (en) Fassara
Subdivisions
World Health Organisation Advisory group (en) Fassara
Mamallaki Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya
Mamallaki na
MedNet (en) Fassara
Tarihi
Ƙirƙira 7 ga Afirilu, 1948
Wanda yake bi Office international d'hygiène publique (en) Fassara
Awards received
Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation  (2009)
Officer of the Order of the Condor of the Andes Officer of the Order of the Condor of the Andes

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tutar WHO

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ( W.H.O ) hukuma ce ta musamman ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wacce ke da alhakin kula da lafiyar jama'a na duniya.[1][2] Cibiyar ta na a birnin Geneva, Switzerland sannan tana da tana da ofisoshin yanki guda shida da sauran ofisoshi guda 150, a sauran kasashe.[3]

An kafa W.H.O mulki a ranar 7, ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1948, kuma gudanar da taron ta na farko a ranar 24, ga watan July na wannan shekarar [4]wanda ake tunawa da shi a matsayin Ranar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya.[5] Ta kunshi kadarori, ma'aikata, da kuma aikinsu na Kungiyar Lafiya ta League of Nations da kuma Office International d'Hygiène Publique da ke Paris, ciki har da Kididdigar Cututtuka na Duniya (ICD).[6] Aikinta ya fara da gaske a cikin 1951, biyo bayan sanya kuɗaɗa da albarkatun fasaha da dama.[7]

Babban kudirin (WHO) shine bunkasa kiwon lafiya da kuma kariya daga cututtuka tare da taimakawa masu rauni a duk fadin duniya. Tana bayar da tallafi na fasaha ga kasashe, tsara daidaicin kiwon lafiya a duk fadin duniya, tattara bayanai akan harkokin kiwon lafiya na duk duniya, kuma suna taka rawa a matsayin dandalin tattaunawa akan akan abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya.[2] Mujallarta ta musamman, World Health Report tana bayar da bayanai akan abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya na duniya baki daya.[8]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta taka rawa na musamman akan nasarorin kiwon lafiyar jama'a, wanda sukayi fice sun hada da kawo karshen cutar Agana (smallpox),


bayar da shawarwari kan kiwon lafiyar ta duniya, sannan Kuma da sa ido kan matsalolin lafiyar jama'a, dai-daita martanin gaggawa, da inganta lafiyar dan adam.[9] Yana bayar da taimakon fasaha ga ƙasashe, ya kafa ƙa'idodin kiwon lafiya na duniya da jagororin, kuma yana tattara bayanai kan al'amuran kiwon lafiyar duniya ta hanyar binciken Lafiya ta Duniya. Babban littafinsa, Rahoton Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya, yana kuma ba da ƙididdigar ƙwararrun batutuwan kiwon lafiya na duniya da ƙididdigar kiwon lafiya akan dukkan ƙasashe.[10] Har ila yau, Hukumar ta (W.H.O) ta zama dandalin taro da tattaunawa kan al'amuran kiwon lafiya.[1]

Hukumar ta (W.H.O) ta taka rawar gani a nasarorin da aka samu game da kiwon lafiyar jama'a, ta duniya, musamman kawar da cutar sankarau, da cutar shan inna, da samar da allurar rigakafin cutar ta Ebola . Abubuwan da ta sa a gaba yanzu sun hada da cututtuka masu yaduwa, musamman HIV / AIDS, Ebola, COVID-19, zazzabin cizon sauro da tarin fuka, cututtuka marasa yaduwa irin su cututtukan zuciya da kansar; lafiyayyen abinci, abinci mai gina jiki, da wadatar abinci ; lafiyar aiki ; da shan kayan maye . A zaman wani ɓangare na kungiyar Ci gaba mai Dorewa, a WHA, wacce ta ƙunshi wakilai daga dukkan ƙasashe mambobi 194, tana matsayin babbar hukumar yanke shawara ta hukumar. Hakanan yana zaɓa da kuma ba da shawara ga kwamitin zartarwa wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwararrun likitoci 34. Kungiyar ta WHA tana yin taro a kowace shekara kuma tana da alhakin zabar babban darakta, da sanya manufofi da kuma fifiko, da kuma amincewa da kasafin kudin hukumar ta WHO da ayyukan ta. Babban darakta janar na yanzu Tedros Adhanom, tsohon ministan lafiya kuma ministan harkokin wajen Habasha, wanda ya fara wa’adinsa na shekaru biyar a ranar 1, ga watan Yulin 2017. [11]

WHO na dogaro da gudummawa daga kasashe membobin kungiyar (wadanda aka tantance su da na son rai) da kuma masu bayar da tallafi na masu zaman kansu. Jimlar kasafin kudin da aka amince dashi na 2020-2021. ya haura $ 7.2 biliyan,[1][12] wanda yawancinsu ke fitowa daga gudummawar son rai daga mambobin ƙasashe. Ana tantance gudummawar ta hanyar tsari wanda ya hada da GDP na kowane mutum. Daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa akwai Jamus (wacce ta ba da gudummawar 12.18% na kasafin kuɗi), Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates (11.65%), da kuma Amurka (7.85%).[13]

Tarihi.

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Asali.

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Taron Tsaftace wuri don kiwon lafiya na Duniya, wanda aka fara shi a ranar 23, ga Yuni na 1851, sune farkon magabata na (W.H.O). Jerin taruka 14, da suka gudana daga 1851, zuwa 1938, Taron Tsaftace wuri don kiwon lafiya na Duniya yayi aiki don yaƙar cututtuka da yawa, babban cikinsu akwai kwalara, zazzaɓi, da annoba ta bubonic . Tarukan ba su da tasiri sosai har zuwa na bakwai, a cikin 1892; lokacin da aka zartar da Yarjejeniyar Tsafta ta Duniya wacce ta magance cutar kwalara.

Shekaru biyar bayan haka, an sanya hannu kan babban taro game da annobar.[14]  A wani ɓangare sakamakon nasarorin taron, Ofishin Tsaftace wuri don kiwon lafiya na Bankin Amurka (1902), da Office International d'Hygiène Publique (1907) ba da daɗewa ba aka kafa. Lokacin da aka kafa League of Nations a 1920, sun kafa Hukumar Lafiya ta League of Nations. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, Majalisar dinkin Duniya ta tattara dukkan sauran ƙungiyoyin kiwon lafiya, don kafa (W.H.O).[15]

Kafawa.

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A yayin taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kungiyar kasa da kasa ta 1945, Szeming Sze, wata wakiliya daga Jamhuriyar Sin, ta tattauna da wakilan Norway da na Brazil kan kirkirar kungiyar kiwon lafiya ta kasa da kasa karkashin kulawar sabuwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bayan kasa samun kudurin da aka zartar kan batun, Alger Hiss, babban sakataren taron, ya ba da shawarar amfani da sanarwa don kafa irin wannan kungiyar. Sze da sauran wakilai sun yi lobbi kuma an gabatar da sanarwa don kiran taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan kiwon lafiya.[16] Amfani da kalmar "duniya", maimakon "na duniya", ya jaddada ainihin yanayin duniya na abin da ƙungiyar ke neman cimmawa.[17] Tsarin mulki na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta rattaba hannu ga dukkan kasashe 51, na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da wasu kasashe 10, a ranar 22, ga Yulin 1946.[18] Ta haka ne ta zama hukuma ta musamman ta musamman ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wacce kowane memba ya yi rajista da ita.[19] Tsarin mulkinta ya fara aiki bisa ƙa'ida a ranar farko ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 1948, lokacin da ƙasa memba na 26, ta amince da shi.[18]

Taron farko na Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya ya gama a ranar 24, ga Yuli 1948, bayan da ya sami kasafin US$5 million(sannan GB£1,250,000 ) na shekara 1949. Andrija Štampar shi ne shugaban Majalisar na farko, kuma G. Brock Chisholm an nada shi darekta-janar na WHO, bayan ya yi aiki a matsayin babban sakatare a lokacin shirin. [17] Abubuwan da ta sa a gaba sun hada da kula da yaduwar zazzabin cizon sauro, tarin fuka da cututtukan da ake yadawa ta hanyar jima'i, da inganta kiwon lafiyar mata da kananan yara, abinci mai gina jiki da tsaftar muhalli.[20]Dokar ta ta farko da ta shafi doka ita ce game da tattara ƙididdigar ƙididdiga kan yaduwa da cutar cuta. [21] Alamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta nuna sandar Asclepius a matsayin alama ta warkarwa.[22]

Ayyuka.

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IAEA - Yarjejeniyar WHA 12-40

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Alexey Yablokov (hagu) da Vassili Nesterenko (mafi nisa daga dama) suna zanga-zanga a gaban hedkwatar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da ke Geneva, Switzerland a 2008.
Zanga-zanga a ranar bala'in Chernobyl kusa da WHO a Geneva

A cikin 1959, WHO ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar WHA 12-40 tare da Hukumar Makamashin Nukiliya ta Duniya (IAEA), wacce ke cewa:[23]

Yanayin wannan bayanin ya sa wasu kungiyoyi da masu fafutuka ciki har da Mata a Turai don Makoma daya sun yi ikirarin cewa WHO ta takaita ne a cikin ikon ta na binciken illolin da ke tattare da lafiyar bil'adama na radiation da amfani da karfin nukiliya da ci gaba da bala'in nukiliya a Chernobyl da Fukushima . Sun yi imani cewa dole ne WHO ta sake dawo da abin da suke gani a matsayin 'yanci.[24][25][26]WHO mai zaman kanta ta gudanar da taron mako mako daga 2007 zuwa 2017 a gaban hedkwatar WHO. [27]Koyaya, kamar yadda Foreman ya nuna[28] a cikin sakin layi na 2 ya ce:

An nuna rubutu mai mahimmanci a sarari, yarjejeniyar a sakin layi na 2 ta bayyana cewa WHO na da 'yanci yin kowane aiki da ya shafi kiwon lafiya.

Tarihin aiki na WHO.

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Tsoffin daraktoci na shirin kawar da cutar kanana a duniya sun karanta labarin cewa an kawar da cutar shan inna a duniya, 1980

1948: WHO ta kafa sabis na bayani game da annoba ta hanyar telex, kuma a shekara ta 1950 an fara aikin rigakafin tarin fuka da yawa ta amfani da allurar rigakafin BCG .

1955: An ƙaddamar da shirin kawar da zazzabin cizon sauro, kodayake daga baya an canza shi cikin haƙiƙa. 1955 ya ga rahoto na farko game da cutar siga da kirkirar Hukumar Kula da Ciwon Kansa ta Duniya .[29]

1958: Viktor Zhdanov, Mataimakin Ministan Lafiya na USSR, ya yi kira ga Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya da ta gudanar da wani shiri na duniya don kawar da cutar shan inna, wanda ya haifar da Kuduri WHA11.54.[30]

1966: WHO ta dauke hedkwatarta daga reshen Ariana a Fadar Kasashen Duniya zuwa wani sabon HQ da aka gina a wani wuri a Geneva.[31][32]

1967: WHO ta ƙarfafa kamfen kawar da cutar shan inna ta duniya ta hanyar ba da gudummawar $ 2.4 miliyan a kowace shekara don ƙoƙari da kuma amfani da sabuwar hanyar sa ido game da cututtuka,[33][34]a daidai lokacin da mutane miliyan 2, ke mutuwa daga cutar shan inna a shekara.[35] Matsalar farko da ƙungiyar WHO ta fuskanta ita ce rashin isasshen rahoto game da ƙananan cututtukan. WHO ta kafa cibiyar sadarwa na masu ba da shawara wadanda suka taimaka wa kasashe wajen kafa ayyukan sa ido da tsare abubuwa.[36] WHO din kuma ta taimaka wajen dakile barkewar cutar Turai ta karshe a cikin Yugoslavia a shekarar 1972 .[37] Bayan sama da shekaru 20 na yaki da cutar shan inna, WHO ta bayyana a 1979 cewa an kawar da cutar - cuta ta farko a tarihi da kokarin dan adam ya kawar da ita.[38]

1967: WHO ta ƙaddamar da Shirin na Musamman don Bincike da Horarwa a cikin Cututtukan Tropical kuma Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya ta jefa ƙuri'a don zartar da ƙuduri kan Rigakafin Rashin Lafiya da Sake Gyarawa, tare da mai da hankali kan kulawar da ke cikin al'umma.

1974: An fara fadada shirin kan rigakafi da kuma kula da cutar kanjamau, muhimmiyar kawance tsakanin Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO), Shirin Raya Kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP), da Bankin Duniya .

1977: An tsara jerin farko na magunguna masu mahimmanci, kuma shekara guda bayan haka aka ayyana babban burin "Lafiya Ga Kowa".

1986: WHO ta fara shirinta na duniya game da cutar kanjamau . Shekaru biyu bayan haka aka hana nuna banbanci ga masu fama kuma a 1996 aka kafa UNAIDS.

1988: An kafa shirin Kawar da Cutar Polio a Duniya .[39]

1998: Darakta-Janar na WHO ya bayyana nasarorin da aka samu a rayuwar yara, rage mace-macen jarirai, karuwar rai da raguwar "annoba" kamar kananan yara da cutar shan inna a bikin cika shekaru hamsin da kafuwar WHO. Ya, duk da haka, ya yarda da cewa lallai ne a yi wasu abubuwa don taimakawa lafiyar uwaye kuma ci gaban da ake samu a wannan yanki ya yi tafiyar hawainiya.[40]

2000: An kirkiro Kawancen Dakatar da cutar tarin fuka tare da shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Bunkasar Millennium .

2001: An kirkiro shirin kyanda, kuma an yaba shi da rage mace-macen duniya daga cutar da kashi 68% cikin 2007.

2002: An kirkiro Asusun Duniya don Yaki da cutar kanjamau, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro don inganta albarkatun da ke akwai.[41]

2006: Theungiyar ta amince da kayan aikin HIV / AIDS na farko na duniya don Zimbabwe, wanda ya kafa tushe don rigakafin duniya, magani, da tallafawa shirin yaƙi da cutar AIDS .[42]

Manazarta.

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Jan 24, Published; 2019 (24 January 2019). "The U.S. Government and the World Health Organization". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "The U.S. Government and the World Health Organization". The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (in Turanci). 24 January 2019. Archived from the original on 18 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  3. ↑ "WHO (World Health Organisation)". Information Saves Lives | Internews (in Turanci). Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  4. ↑ "CONSTITUTION OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION" (PDF). Basic Documents. World Health Organization. Forty-fifth edition, Supplement: 20. October 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  5. ↑ "History". www.who.int (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  6. ↑ "Milestones for health over 70 years". www.euro.who.int (in Turanci). 17 March 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  7. ↑ "World Health Organization | History, Organization, & Definition of Health". Encyclopedia Britannica (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 3 April 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  8. ↑ "WHO | World health report 2013: Research for universal health coverage". WHO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  9. ↑ "What we do". www.who.int (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  10. ↑ "WHO | World health report 2013: Research for universal health coverage". WHO. Archived from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  11. ↑ "Dr Tedros takes office as WHO Director-General". World Health Organization. 1 July 2017. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  12. ↑ "WHO | Programme Budget Web Portal". open.who.int. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  13. ↑ "European governments working with U.S. on plans to overhaul WHO, health official says". The Globe and Mail Inc. Reuters. 19 June 2020. Archived from the original on 20 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  14. ↑ Howard-Jones, Norman (1974). The scientific background of the International Sanitary Conferences, 1851–1938 (PDF). World Health Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  15. ↑ McCarthy, Michael (October 2002). "A brief history of the World Health Organization". The Lancet. 360 (9340): 1111–1112. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11244-x. PMID 12387972. S2CID 2076539.
  16. ↑ Sze Szeming Papers, 1945–2014, UA.90.F14.1 Archived 1 ga Janairu, 2017 at the Wayback Machine, University Archives, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "World Health Organization". The British Medical Journal. 2 (4570): 302–303. 7 August 1948. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4570.302. JSTOR 25364565. PMC 1614381.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "The Move towards a New Health Organization: International Health Conference" (PDF). Chronicle of the World Health Organization. 1 (1–2): 6–11. 1947. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
  19. ↑ Shimkin, Michael B. (27 September 1946). "The World Health Organization". Science. 104 (2700): 281–283. Bibcode:1946Sci...104..281S. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1016.3166. doi:10.1126/science.104.2700.281. JSTOR 1674843. PMID 17810349.
  20. ↑ J, Charles (1968). "Origins, history, and achievements of the World Health Organization". BMJ. 2 (5600): 293–296. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5600.293. PMC 1985854. PMID 4869199.
  21. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  22. ↑ "World Health Organization Philippines". WHO. Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  23. ↑ Independence for WHO. "Appeal by Health Professionals for Independence of the World Health Organization" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  24. ↑ "World Health Organization Accomodates [sic] Atomic Agency". Activist Magazine. 3 June 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  25. ↑ Independence for WHO. "Appeal by Health Professionals for Independence of the World Health Organization" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  26. ↑ Women in Europe for a Common Future. "Open letter on the WHO/IAEA Agreement of 1959" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  27. ↑ "The World Health Organisation (WHO) is failing in its duty to protect those populations who are victims of radioactive contamination". IndependentWHO (in Turanci). 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  28. ↑ M.R.StJ. Foreman, Cogent Chemistry, Reactor accident chemistry an update, 2018, 10.1080/23312009.2018.1450944, https://www.cogentoa.com/article/10.1080/23312009.2018.1450944 Archived 13 Satumba 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ↑ "WHO at 60" (PDF). WHO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  30. ↑ Fenner, Frank (1988). "Development of the Global Smallpox Eradication Programme" (PDF). Smallpox and Its Eradication. History of International Public Health. 6. Geneva: World Health Organization. pp. 366–418. ISBN 978-92-4-156110-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-15. Retrieved 2021-06-04.
  31. ↑ "WHO at 60" (PDF). WHO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  32. ↑ "Construction of the main WHO building". who.int. WHO. 2016. Archived from the original on 11 June 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  33. ↑ Zikmund, Vladimír (March 2010). "Karel Raška and Smallpox" (PDF). Central European Journal of Public Health. 18 (1): 55–56. PMID 20586232. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  34. ↑ Holland, Walter W. (March 2010). "Karel Raška – The Development of Modern Epidemiology. The role of the IEA" (PDF). Central European Journal of Public Health. 18 (1): 57–60. PMID 20586233. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  35. ↑ Greenspan, Jesse (7 May 2015). "The Rise and Fall of Smallpox". History. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  36. ↑ Orenstein, Walter A.; Plotkin, Stanley A. (1999). Vaccines. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co. ISBN 978-0-7216-7443-8. Archived from the original on 12 February 2009. Retrieved 18 September 2017.
  37. ↑ Flight, Colette (17 February 2011). "Smallpox: Eradicating the Scourge". BBC History. Archived from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2008.
  38. ↑ "Anniversary of smallpox eradication". WHO Media Centre. 18 June 2010. Archived from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
  39. ↑ "WHO at 60" (PDF). WHO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  40. ↑ "World Health Day: Safe Motherhood" (PDF). WHO. 7 April 1998. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  41. ↑ "WHO at 60" (PDF). WHO. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
  42. ↑ Xuequan, Mu, ed. (4 October 2006). "Zimbabwe launches world's 1st AIDS training package". chinaview.cn. Xinhua News Agency. Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
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