Bioswale
Bioswales tashoshi ne da aka tsara don mai da hankali da isar da ruwan sama yayin cire tarkace da gurɓataccen yanayi. Bioswales na iya zama da fa'ida wajen sake caji ruwan kasa.
Bioswales yawanci sunaea ciyayi, mulched, ko xeriscaped.[1] Sun kunshi hanyar zubar da ruwa tare da bangarorin dake da kyau (kasa da 6%). [2]: 19 Tsarin BioSwale an yi niyya ne don inganta lokacin da ruwa ke kashewa a cikin swale, wanda ke taimakawa tattara da cire gurbataccen abubuwa, silt da tarkace. Dangane da yanayin shafin, tashar bioswale na iya zama madaidaiciya ko mai laushi. Ana kuma ƙara madatsun ruwa tare da bioswale don ƙara shigar ruwan sama. Tsarin bioswale na iya rinjayar sauye-sauye daban-daban, gami da yanayi, tsarin ruwan sama, girman shafin, kasafin kuɗi, da dacewa da ciyayi.
Yana da mahimmanci a kula da bioswales don tabbatar da inganci mafi kyau da tasiri wajen cire gurbataccen ruwa daga ruwan sama. Shirye-shiryen kulawa muhimmiyar mataki ce, wanda zai iya haɗawa da gabatar da matattara ko manyan duwatsu don hana toshewa. Kulawa na shekara-shekara ta hanyar gwajin ƙasa, binciken gani, da gwajin inji suma suna da mahimmanci ga lafiyar bioswale.
Ana amfani da Bioswales a kan tituna da kuma kusa da wuraren ajiye motoci, inda gurɓataccen mota ya zauna a kan hanya kuma ana zubar da shi ta hanyar ruwan sama na farko, wanda aka sani da farko. Bioswales, ko wasu nau'ikan biofilters, ana iya kirkirar su a gefen wuraren ajiye motoci don kamawa da kuma magance ruwan guguwa kafin a sake shi zuwa ruwa ko ruwan guguwar.
Masu gurɓataccen abu da aka tattauna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bioswales suna aiki don cire gurɓataccen ta hanyar ciyayi da ƙasa.[3] Yayin da ruwan guguwa ke gudana ta hanyar bioswale, ana kama gurɓataccen kuma ganye da tsokoki na tsire-tsire sun zauna. Masu gurɓataccen suna shiga ƙasa inda suke lalacewa ko kuma ƙwayoyin cuta zasu
Akwai nau'o'i dayawa na gurɓataccen ruwa waɗanda za'a iya tattara su ko kama su tare da bioswales. Wadannan sun fada cikin nau'ikan silt, gurbataccen inorganic, sunadarai na kwayoyin halitta da pathogens.
- Rashin ruwa. Yadda ake gina bioswales da tsire-tsire yana rage jigilar silt kuma yana rage turbidity na karɓar ruwa. Ana iya kafa matattarar don kama tarkace da laka yayin aikin.[4]
- Kwayoyin halitta. Yawancin gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta ciki har da hydrocarbons na Polycyclic zai lalace ko ya lalace a tsawon lokaci kuma Bioswales zai rage jigilar waɗannan kayan cikin hanyoyin ruwa, kuma kafin su iya shafar rayuwar ruwa. Kodayake ba duk kayan kwayoyin halitta ba ne za a kama su, yawan kayan kwayoyin halittu ya ragu sosai ta hanyar bioswales.
- Ana hana kwayoyin cuta daga mai masaukin ko daga wadatar abinci mai gina jiki tsawon lokaci don su zama manufa ta heterotroph.[5]
- Abubuwan da ba'a saba amfani da su ba sune macronutrients kamar su phosphate da nitrates. Babban tushen waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki ya fito ne daga runoff na aikin gona wanda aka danganta shi da yawan taki. Yawan phosphate da nitrates na iya haifar da eutrophication a cikin yankunan zubar da ruwa da karɓar ruwa. Takamaiman tsire-tsire na bioswale suna shan waɗannan abubuwan gina jiki.[6]
- Magungunan ƙarfe irin su mercury, gubar, chromium, cadmium da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi suna mai da hankali a cikin tsarin. Abin takaici, waɗannan ƙarfe a hankali suna guba a ƙasa da ke kewaye. Ana buƙatar cire ƙasa na yau da kullun don hana karafa daga narkewa da sakewa cikin muhalli. An tsara wasu bioswales don haɗawa da nau'ikan shuke-shuke na hyperaccumulator. Wadannan tsire-tsire suna shan amma basa canza karafa. Cuttings daga wadannan shuke-shuke sau da yawa sukan lalace a cikin tafkin ko kuma ana yanka su ta hanyar ayyukan lambu waɗanda basu san abin da suke tattarawa ba yana da guba.[7]
Wuraren da suka fi dacewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana iya aiwatar da Bioswales a yankunan dake buƙatar kula da ruwan sama don daidaita saurin runoff da kuma lalata runoff. An halicci Bioswales don kula da farkon gurbataccen abu yayin taron ruwan sama, sabili da haka, wuraren dake da manyan wuraren da basu da ruwa kamar hanyoyi, wuraren ajiye motoci, ko rufin rufin na iya amfana daga ƙarin bioswales. Hakanan ana iya haɗa su cikin matsakaicin hanya, ƙetare, tituna, ko kowane sararin jama'a.[8]
Fa'idodi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bioswales suna da amfani ga aikin cigaba mai tasiri don rage saurin ruwan sama yayin cire gurbataccen abu daga fitarwa. Suna da fa'ida sosai wajen kare ruwa da hanyoyin ruwa na gida daga gurɓataccen gurɓata daga ruwan sama. Tsawon lokacin da runoff ya kasance a cikin bioswale, mafi kyawun sakamakon cire gurbataccen abu. Har ila yau, yana da fa'ida wajen cire tafkunan da ke tsaye waɗanda zasu iya jawo hankalin sauro. Hakanan ana iya tsara Bioswales don zama kyakkyawa da jan hankalin dabbobi da ƙirƙirar wuraren zama. Bioswales na iya zama da amfani ga sake caji na ruwa.[9]
Kulawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kyakkyawan kulawa na iya haifar da farashi mai yawa don magance ƙarancin halittu. Tattara manyan turɓaya, sharar gida, da kuma cigaban da bai dace ba na ciyayi duk zasu iya shafar inganci da aikin bioswales. Yana da fa'ida a matakai na tsarawa don rarraba kayan aiki don bada damar sauƙin kula da biowales, ko yazama isasshen sarari don gano kayan aiki ko aminci ga waɗanda ke aiki. Ana iya amfani da nau'ikan matattarar daban-daban don kama turɓaya. Za'a iya amfani da sassan tace ciyawa ko ƙofar dutse don tace turɓaya da ƙwayoyin; duk da haka, ba tare da kulawa mai kyau ba, runoff na iya gudana daga bioswales saboda toshewa. Tsarin tsari ya zama gama gari saboda sauƙin kulawa, amfani, da tasirinsa. Guje wa amfani da mulch mai iyo da zabar mafi kyawun tsire-tsire masu ƙarancin kulawa tabbatar da inganci mafi kyau a cikin bioswales. Dangane da bukatun al'umma don bioswale, ana iya haɓaka shirin kimantawa na matakai huɗu. Binciken gani, gwajin iyawa, runoff na roba, da saka idanu sune matakai huɗu da za'a iya amfani dasu don kimanta aikin da kiyaye bioswales.
Ana buƙatar dubawa na yau da kullun don tabbatar da cewa aikin da kyawawan halittu basu lalace ba. Lokaci da yawan dubawa sun bambanta bisa ga kananan hukumomi daban-daban, amma ya kamata ya faru aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara. Za'a iya gudanar da bangarori daban-daban na dubawa, kodai ta hanyar gani ko ta hanyar inji. Binciken gani na ciyayi, ruwa, da kuma shigarwa duk suna da mahimmanci don tabbatar da aiki. Wasu kungiyoyi suna amfani da jerin sunayen don daidaita tsarin binciken gani.
Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don tantance ko bioswale yana buƙatar kulawa. Bioswales suna da ma'auni don saduwa da takamaiman matakin shiga don sanin ko ana buƙatar kulawa. Ana amfani da ma'aunin ma'aikata don auna yawan shigarwa. Hakanan ana buƙatar gwajin sunadarai na ƙasa don tantance ko ƙasa tana da wani matakin ƙazantar duk wani gurɓataccen abu. Phosphorus da manyan matakan salinity a cikin ƙasa sune gurɓataccen abu guda biyu daya kamata a kula dasu. Binciken shigarwa da fitarwa mai gurɓataccen abu kuma wata hanya ce ta tantance matakin aikin bioswales.
Kulawa na iya kaiwa zuwa matakai daban-daban guda uku na kulawa. Ana buƙatar kulawa mai kyau don cire ciyawa wanda ke shafar aikin sauran tsire-tsire da bioswale kanta, tsaftacewa da cire sharar gida, da kuma kula da yanayin ciyayi. Ana buƙatar maidowa na ɗan lokaci lokacin da aka toshe ƙofar ta hanyar turɓaya ko kuma lokacin da ake buƙatar maye gurbin ciyayi. Ana buƙatar cikakken maidowa lokacin da bioswales basu sake tace gurɓataccen abu yadda ya kamata kuma aikin gaba ɗaya yana da matukar rashin.
Tsarin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bioswales suna fuskantar gajeren lokaci, mai yuwuwa mai tsanani, lokutan ruwan sama, ambaliyar ruwa da gurɓataccen gurɓatawar da aka biyo bayan lokutan fari. Yana da mahimmanci ayi la'akari da yadda tsire-tsire da aka zaɓa don bioswales zasu girma da kuma fahimtar irin tsire-shuke da ake la'akari dashi mafi kyau.
Akwai nau'ikan bioswales guda huɗu waɗanda za'a iya gina su bisa ga bukatun wurin.[10]
- Low ciyawa bioswales amfani da low girma ciyawa wanda za'a iya shimfiɗa shi, kama da lawns. Wadannan nau'ikan bioswales ba su da tasiri fiye da bioswales masu tsire-tsire wajen magance ruwan sama da kuma kiyaye isasshen lokacin tattarawa.
- Ana kirkirar tsire-tsire masu tsayi tare da tsire-shuke masu tsayi, tsire-tire masu ban sha'awa, shrubs, har ma da bishiyoyi. Wadannan nau'ikan kuma ana iya haɗa su da duwatsu don rage saurin ruwan guguwa wanda ke gudana ta hanyar bioswales don ƙara lokacin tattarawa don tsabtacewa. Bioswales masu tsire-tsire na iya haɗawa da tsire-shuke waɗanda ke da amfani sosai wajen cire wasu sunadarai a cikin runoffs yadda ya kamata.
- Rashin amfani da ruwa mai amfani da ruwa yana da taimako a yankunan da suka fi bushewa tare da yanayin zafi. Xeriscape bioswales suna cike da runoff gabaɗaya bayan ruwan sama da guguwa kuma su bushe in ba haka ba.
- Bioswales masu laushi suna kama da wuraren da ke riƙe da ruwa na tsawon lokaci wanda ke bada damar shiga ruwan sama maimakon kawai zubar da ruwa a ƙarshen bioswale a cikin ruwan guguwa.
Bioswales suna buƙatar wani abun da ke cikin ƙasa wanda ba ya ƙunshe da ƙasa sama da 5% ba. Ƙasa kanta kafin aiwatarwa bai kamata a gurɓata shi ba. Ya kamata a gina Bioswales tare da gangara mai tsawo don bada damar zama. Matsakaicin gangara na bioswales shine 3:1. Ana buƙatar mafi ƙarancin izini don tabbatar da cewa baza'a lalata wasu ababen more rayuwa ba. Ya kamata a sami ramin daya cika aƙalla inci 6 sama da jirgin ƙasa don bada damar matsakaicin lokacin ruwan sama a cikin bioswales. Hakanan ana iya amfani da duwatsu don rage saurin runoff. Amfani da matattarar yana da mahimmanci don hana shigarwa daga toshewa da turɓaya ko sharar gida.[8]
Misalan
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Ana samun misalai biyu na farko na bioswales da aka tsara ta hanyar kimiyya don aikace-aikace masu yawa a yammacin Amurka. A cikin 1996, don Willamette River Park a Portland, Oregon, an tsara jimlar ƙafafu 2330 na bioswale don kamawa da hana gurɓataccen ruwa daga shiga Kogin Willamette. An shigar da madatsar ruwa na lokaci-lokaci don cigaba da kama silt, wanda ya rage da kashi 50% da aka dakatar dasu dake shiga tsarin kogi.
Misali na biyu na babban sikelin da aka tsara bioswale yana a Carneros Business Park, Sonoma County, California. Farawa a cikin 1997 ƙungiyar ƙirar aikin ta yi aiki tare da Ma'aikatar Kifi da Wasanni ta California da County of Sonoma don samar da cikakken ƙira don tashar ruwa a gefen babban wurin ajiye motoci. Runoff na sama ya ƙunshi rufin gini, filin ajiye motoci da kuma kwarara daga kadarorin zuwa arewacin shafin aikin. An tsara jimlar mil biyu na bioswale a cikin aikin. Manufar bioswale itace ta rage gurbataccen ruwa daga shiga Sonoma Creek. Tashar bioswale tana da ciyawa kuma kusan layi ne. Gudun ƙasa kusan 4% ne kuma ƙetare-ƙetare yana da kusan 6% .[11]
Wani aikin da aka kafa kwanan nan shine aikin "Street Edge Alternatives" (SEA) a Seattle, Washington, an kammala shi a shekara ta 2001. Maimakon amfani da bututun gargajiya, burin SEA shine ƙirƙirar wuri na halitta wanda ke wakiltar yadda yankin yake kafin ci gaba. Hanyar ta kasance 11% mafi ƙaranci fiye da daidaitattun titin kuma an nuna ta da bishiyoyi masu tsayi da bioswales. An dasa bioswales a kan gangaren da aka tsara tare da wuri mai laushi da tsire-tsire masu tsawo. Sauran shimfidar wuri sun kuma mayar da hankali kan tsire-tsire na asali da na salmon. SEA ta ba da fa'ida mai ƙarfi ga rage ruwan sama wanda ya taimaka wajen ci gaba da kare yanayin muhalli na Seattle. Har ila yau, titin aikin ya haifar da wani wuri mai ban sha'awa da kyau kamar yadda yasaba da shimfidar wuri mai wuya.[12]
Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Birnin New York (NYC DEP) ta gina fiye da 11,000 bioswales, waɗanda ake kira 'gidan ruwan sama'. Ana gina lambunan ruwan sama a ko'ina cikin birni don sarrafa ruwan guguwa da inganta ingancin ruwa na hanyoyin ruwa na birni. Kulawa da kula da lambunan ruwan sama haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin NYC DEP da ƙungiyar 'yan sa kai da ake kira "masu kare tashar jiragen ruwa". Ana bincika lambunan ruwan sama kuma ana tsabtace su akalla sau ɗaya a mako.[13]
Permaculture
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin permaculture, ana amfani da swales don girbi ruwa.
Dubi kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Bayyana halittu
- Abubuwan more rayuwa masu kore
- Shigarwa
- Gidajen ruwan sama
- Yankin bakin teku
- Rashin gurɓata ƙasa
- Ruwa na guguwa
- Tsarin ruwa mai ɗorewa
- Ruwa a cikin birane
- Tsarin birane mai saurin ruwa
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Stormwater Best Management Practice: Grassed Swales" (PDF). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). December 2021. p. 3. EPA 832-F-21-031P.
- ↑ Empty citation (help) Construction Engineering Research Laboratory. Document no. ERDC/CERL TR-03-12.
- ↑ Purvis, Rebecca; et al. (January 31, 2018). "Evaluating the Water Quality Benefits of a Bioswale in Brunswick County, North Carolina (NC), USA". Water. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI. 10 (2): 134. doi:10.3390/w10020134.
- ↑ "Bioswales | Climate Technology Centre & Network | Tue, 11/08/2016". www.ctc-n.org. Retrieved 2022-07-24.
- ↑ Purvis, Rebecca; Winston, Ryan; Hunt, William; Lipscomb, Brian; Narayanaswamy, Karthik; McDaniel, Andrew; Lauffer, Matthew; Libes, Susan (2018-01-31). "Evaluating the Water Quality Benefits of a Bioswale in Brunswick County, North Carolina (NC), USA". Water. 10 (2): 134. doi:10.3390/w10020134. ISSN 2073-4441.
- ↑ Shetty, Nandan H.; Hu, Ranran; Mailloux, Brian J.; Hsueh, Diana Y.; McGillis, Wade R.; Wang, Mark; Chandran, Kartik; Culligan, Patricia J. (2019-05-15). "Studying the effect of bioswales on nutrient pollution in urban combined sewer systems". Science of the Total Environment (in Turanci). 665: 944–958. Bibcode:2019ScTEn.665..944S. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.121. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 30790764. S2CID 73457342.
- ↑ Evans, Natalya; Van Ryswyk, Hal; Los Huertos, Marc; Srebotnjak, Tanja (2019). "Robust spatial analysis of sequestered metals in a Southern California Bioswale". Science of the Total Environment. 650 (Pt 1): 155–162. Bibcode:2019ScTEn.650..155E. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.441. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 30196215. S2CID 52192159.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Bioswales". Urban Street Design Guide. National Association of City Transportation Officials. 11 July 2013. Retrieved 2022-03-31. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ "Bioswales can improve water quality resources". Michigan State University; MSU Extension. 2015-06-10.
- ↑ Caflisch, Mary; Giacalone, Katie (May 2015). "An Introduction to Bioswales". Clemson University.
- ↑ Lumina Technologies (1998). Hydrology and biology studies for Carneros Business Park, prepared for the William A. Saks Company pursuant to requirements of the County of Sonoma. Approximately 2000 bioswales are projected to be installed in New York City to protect the city's combined sewer system.
- ↑ "Street Edge Alternatives". Neighborhood Projects. Seattle Public Utilities. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
- ↑ "Rain Gardens". Green Infrastructure. New York City Department of Environmental Protection. Retrieved 2022-03-31.
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Yaki da Canjin Yanayi tare da Jagoran Bayani na Yanayi
- Tsarin Gida mai dorewa: Inganta Ingancin Ruwa
- Xiao, Qingfu; McPherson, E. Gregory (2011). "Performance of engineered soil and trees in a parking lot bioswale". Urban Water Journal. 8 (4): 241–53. Bibcode:2011UrbWJ...8..241X. doi:10.1080/1573062X.2011.596213. S2CID 17859768.
