Gurɓatar ƙasa

Binciken da ke nuna gurɓataccen ƙasa a wani tashar gas da ba a amfani da ita a Ingila

Gurɓatar ƙasa, ƙazantar ƙasa, ko ƙazantar ƙasa a matsayin wani ɓangare na lalacewar ƙasa yana faruwa ne sakamakon kasancewar sinadarai na xenobiotic (wanda ɗan adam ya yi) ko wani canji a cikin yanayin ƙasa. Yawanci yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ayyukan masana'antu, sinadarai na aikin gona ko zubar da sharar da bai dace ba. Mafi yawan sinadarai da abin ya shafa su ne man fetur hydrocarbons, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (kamar naphthalene da benzo(a) pyrene), kaushi, magungunan kashe qwari, gunbarrel, da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi.^[1] Contamination yana da alaƙa da matakin masana'antu da tsananin sinadarai. Damuwa game da gurɓataccen ƙasa ya samo asali ne daga haɗarin kiwon lafiya, daga hulɗa kai tsaye da Gurɓatar ƙasa, tururi daga gurɓata, ko kuma daga gurɓatar ruwa na biyu a ciki da ƙasa. Taswirar wuraren da aka gurɓata da kuma sakamakon tsaftacewa suna cin lokaci da ayyuka masu tsada, kuma suna buƙatar ƙwarewa a cikin ilimin ƙasa, ilimin ruwa, ilmin sunadarai, ƙirar kwamfuta, da GIS a cikin gurɓataccen muhalli, da kuma godiya ga tarihin ilmin sunadaran masana'antu.^[2]

A Arewacin Amurka da Kudu maso Yammacin Turai girman Ƙasar da aka gurɓata ya fi sani da yawancin ƙasashe a cikin waɗannan yankuna da ke da tsarin doka don ganowa da magance wannan matsalar muhalli. Kasashe masu tasowa ba su da tsari sosai duk da cewa wasu daga cikinsu sun sami babban Masana'antu.

Dalilan da suka haifar

Za'a iya haifar da gurɓata ƙasa ta hanyar waɗannan (jerin da ba cikakke ba):

Microplastics
Ruwan mai
Ma'adinai da ayyukan wasu manyan masana'antu
Rashin haɗari na iya faruwa yayin ayyukan, da sauransu.
Rashin lalacewar Tankunan ajiya na karkashin kasa (ciki har da bututu da aka yi amfani da shi don watsa abubuwan da ke ciki)
Ruwan sama na acid
Aikin noma mai zurfi
Agrochemicals, kamar su magungunan kashe kwari, magungunan ganye da taki
Abubuwan da ke cikin man fetur
Hadarin masana'antu
Rushewar hanya
Ayyukan gini
Fintura na wajezane-zane na gubar
Rashin ruwa mai gurbataccen ruwa a cikin ƙasa
Makamai, sinadarai, da sauran masu yaki
Kashewar shararru Man fetur da man fetur Kashewar nukiliya Kashewar masana'antu kai tsaye zuwa ƙasa Kashewar datti da zubar da datti ba bisa ka'ida ba Kashewar lantarki Kashewar wutar lantarki da duwatsu ke dauke da abubuwa masu guba da yawa. Pb ya gurɓata saboda hayakin motar, Cd, da Zn wanda ya haifar da lalacewar taya. Cutar ta hanyar karfafa gurɓataccen iska ta hanyar ƙone burbushin burbushin halittu.
- Man fetur da man fetur
- Rashin nukiliya
- Kashewar sharar masana'antu kai tsaye zuwa ƙasa
- Rashin dattiRashin ruwa
- Kashewa da zubar da shara ba bisa ka'ida bazubar da kaya ba bisa ka'ida ba
- Karfe mai laushi
- Sharar lantarki
- An gurɓata shi da duwatsu da ke dauke da abubuwa masu guba da yawa.
- Pb ya gurɓata saboda hayakin motar, Cd, da Zn wanda ya haifar da lalacewar taya.
- Cutar ta hanyar karfafa gurɓataccen iska ta hanyar ƙonewa burbushin burbushin halittu.

Abubuwan sunadarai da aka fi sani da su sune hydrocarbons na man fetur, masu narkewa, magungunan kashe kwari, gubar, da sauran karafa masu nauyi.

Duk wani aiki da ke haifar da wasu nau'ikan lalacewar ƙasa (rugujewa, tarwatsawa, da dai sauransu) na iya haifar da tasirin gurɓataccen abu a cikin wannan Gyara ƙasa ya zama mafi gajiyarwa.

Tarihin tarihi na ash da aka yi amfani da shi don zama, kasuwanci, da dumama masana'antu, da kuma hanyoyin masana'antu kamar narkewar ma'adinai, sun kasance tushen gurɓataccen a yankunan da aka haɓaka kafin kimanin 1960. Coal ta halitta yana mai da hankali kan gubar da zinc yayin da aka kafa shi, da kuma sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi zuwa ƙaramin digiri. Lokacin da aka ƙone kwal, yawancin waɗannan ƙarfe sun zama masu mayar da hankali a cikin toka (babban ban da mercury). kwal ash da slag na iya ƙunsar isasshen gubar don cancanta a matsayin "ƙarar haɗari mai haɗari", wanda aka bayyana a Amurka kamar yadda ya ƙunshi fiye da 5 MG / L na gubar da za'a iya cirewa ta amfani da hanyar TCLP. Baya ga gubar, toka na kwal yawanci yana dauke da canji amma mahimman maida hankali na polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; misali, benzo (a) anthracene, benzo "b" fluoranthene, benzo ("k) fluoranthene), benzo (an) pyrene, indeno (cd) pyrene (phenanthrene, anthracène, da sauransu). Wadannan PAHs sanannun cututtukan cututtukatare ne na mutane kuma yawanci a cikin ƙasa yawanci suna kusa da 1 MG / kg. Za'a iya gane ash da laka ta hanyar kasancewar hatsi mai launin fari a cikin ƙasa, ƙasa mai launin toka, ko (ƙananan kwal) kumfa, hatsi mai girman dutse.

Magance sludge na najasa, wanda aka sani a cikin masana'antu a matsayin biosolids, ya zama mai jayayya a matsayin "taki". Da yake shi ne sakamakon maganin najasa, gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ƙarin gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar ƙwayoyin cuta, magungunan kashe qwari, da ƙarfe masu nauyi fiye da sauran ƙasa.^[3]

A cikin Tarayyar Turai, Dokar Kula da Ruwa ta Urban ta ba da damar yayyafa datti a ƙasa. Ana sa ran girman zai ninka sau biyu zuwa tan 185,000 na busassun abubuwa a cikin shekara ta 2005. Wannan yana da kyawawan kayan aikin gona saboda yawan nitrogen da phosphate. A cikin 1990/1991, an yayyafa nauyin rigar 13% a kan 0.13% na ƙasar; duk da haka, ana sa ran wannan zai tashi sau 15 nan da shekara ta 2005. [buyi sabuntawa] Masu ba da shawara [waɗanda?] sun ce akwai buƙatar sarrafa wannan don kwayoyin cuta masu ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ba su shiga cikin hanyoyin ruwa ba kuma su tabbatar da cewa babu tarin ƙarfe mai nauyi a saman ƙasa.^[4]

Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta da magungunan herbicides

Magungunan kashe kwari wani abu ne da ake amfani da shi don kashe kwari. Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya zama sinadarai, wakili na halitta (kamar kwayar cuta ko ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta), antimicrobial, disinfectant ko na'urar da aka yi amfani da ita akan kowane annoba. Kwayoyin cuta sun haɗa da kwari, cututtukan shuke-shuke, ciyawa, mollusks, tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa, kifi, nematodes (roundworms) da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke gasa da mutane don abinci, lalata dukiya, yadawa ko kuma suna da cuta ko haifar da matsala. Kodayake akwai fa'idodi ga amfani da magungunan kashe kwari, akwai kuma matsaloli, kamar yiwuwar guba ga mutane da sauran kwayoyin.^[5]

Ana amfani da Magungunan Herbicides don kashe ciyawa, musamman a kan tituna da layin dogo. Suna kama da auxins kuma mafi yawansu suna iya lalacewa ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙasa. Koyaya, rukuni ɗaya da aka samo daga trinitrotoluene (2:4 D da 2:4:5 T) suna da ƙazantar dioxin, wanda ke da guba sosai kuma yana haifar da mutuwa har ma a cikin ƙananan maida hankali. Wani herbicide shine Paraquat . Yana da guba sosai amma yana da saurin lalacewa a cikin ƙasa saboda aikin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma baya kashe namun daji na ƙasa.

Ana amfani da magungunan kashe kwari don kawar da gonaki daga kwari wanda ke lalata amfanin gona. Kwayoyin sun lalata ba kawai amfanin gona ba har ma da waɗanda aka adana kuma a cikin wurare masu zafi an yi la'akari da cewa kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar samarwa ya ɓace yayin adana abinci. Kamar yadda yake tare da fungicides, magungunan kwari na farko da aka yi amfani da su a karni na sha tara sun kasance inorganic misali Paris Green da sauran mahadi na arsenic. An kuma yi amfani da Nicotine tun daga shekara ta 1690. ^[6]

Yanzu akwai manyan kungiyoyi guda biyu na magungunan kashe kwari:

1. Organochlorines sun hada da DDT, Aldrin, Dieldrin da BHC. Suna da arha don samarwa, masu ƙarfi da juriya. An yi amfani da DDT a kan babban sikelin daga shekarun 1930, tare da mafi girman tan 72,000 da aka yi amfani da 1970. Sa'an nan kuma amfani ya fadi yayin da aka fahimci Tasirin muhalli. An samo shi a duk duniya a cikin kifi da tsuntsaye har ma an gano shi a cikin dusar ƙanƙara a Antarctic. Yana narkewa ne kawai a cikin ruwa amma yana narkewa sosai a cikin jini. Yana shafar tsarin juyayi da endocrine kuma yana haifar da kwayar tsuntsaye su rasa calcium wanda ke sa su kasance masu sauƙin fashewa. An yi tunanin cewa yana da alhakin raguwar yawan tsuntsaye masu cin nama kamar ospreys da peregrine falcons a cikin shekarun 1950 - yanzu suna murmurewa.^[7] Kazalika da karuwar maida hankali ta hanyar jerin abinci, an san shi da shiga ta hanyar membranes masu shiga, don haka kifi yana samun shi ta hanyar gills. Kamar yadda yake da karancin ruwa, yana zaune a saman ruwa, don haka kwayoyin da ke zaune a can sun fi shafar. DDT da aka samu a cikin kifi wanda ya zama wani ɓangare na jerin abinci na mutum ya haifar da damuwa, amma matakan da aka samu cikin hanta, koda da ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa sun kasance ƙasa da 1 ppm kuma a cikin kitse ya kasance 10 ppm, wanda ke ƙasa da matakin da zai iya haifar da lahani. Koyaya, an dakatar da DDT a Burtaniya da Amurka don dakatar da ci gaba da haɓaka shi a cikin jerin abinci. Masana'antun Amurka sun ci gaba da sayar da DDT ga kasashe masu tasowa, waɗanda ba za su iya biyan kuɗin maye gurbin sunadarai masu tsada ba kuma waɗanda ba su da irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi masu tsauri waɗanda ke kula da amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta.^[8]

2. Organophosphates, misali parathion, methyl parathion da kimanin 40 wasu magungunan kwari suna samuwa a cikin ƙasa. Parathion yana da guba sosai, methyl-parathion ba haka ba ne kuma Malathion gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa lafiya saboda yana da ƙarancin guba kuma yana da sauri a cikin hanta na dabbobi masu shayarwa. Wannan rukuni yana aiki ta hanyar hana yaduwar jijiyoyi na yau da kullun yayin da aka hana cholinesterase daga rushewar abin watsawa acetylcholine, wanda ke haifar da motsi na tsoka mara sarrafawa.^[9]

Wakilan yaƙi

Rashin makamai, da rashin kulawa a cikin masana'antar makamai wanda ya haifar da gaggawa na samarwa, na iya gurɓata ƙasa na dogon lokaci. Akwai ƙananan shaidu da aka buga game da wannan nau'in gurɓataccen musamman saboda ƙuntatawa da gwamnatocin ƙasashe da yawa suka sanya akan buga kayan da suka shafi yunkurin yaƙi. Koyaya, iskar mustard gas aka adana a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II ta gurɓata wasu shafuka har zuwa shekaru 50 kuma gwajin Anthrax a matsayin makamin ƙwayoyin cuta ya gurɓata dukan tsibirin Gruinard.

Lafiyar ɗan adam

Ƙasa mai gurɓata ko gurɓataccen ƙasa kai tsaye yana shafar lafiyar ɗan adam ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye da ƙasa ko ta hanyar shan gurɓatawar ƙasa da ta narke; yiwuwar babbar barazana ta haifar da shigar da gurɓatacciyar ƙasa a cikin ruwa mai amfani da mutum, wani lokacin a yankunan da ke nesa da duk wani tushen gurɓata ta sama. Karfe masu guba na iya yin hanyarsu zuwa jerin abinci ta hanyar tsire-tsire da ke zaune a cikin ƙasa da ke dauke da manyan karafa masu nauyi. Wannan yana haifar da ci gaban cututtukan da suka shafi gurɓata yanayi.

Yawancin bayyanar ba zato ba tsammani ne, kuma bayyanar na iya faruwa ta hanyar:

Cin ƙura ko ƙasa kai tsaye
Cin abinci ko kayan lambu da aka shuka a cikin gurbataccen ƙasa ko tare da abinci da ke hulɗa da gurbataccen abu
Tattaunawa da fata da ƙura ko ƙasa
Rashin tururi daga ƙasa
Zubar da ƙura yayin aiki a ƙasa ko yanayin iska

Koyaya, wasu binciken sun kiyasta cewa kashi 90% na bayyanar ta hanyar cin abinci mai gurbatawa ne.

Sakamakon

Sakamakon kiwon lafiya daga fallasa gurɓataccen ƙasa ya bambanta sosai dangane da nau'in gurɓatacce, hanyar kai farmaki, da kuma rashin lafiyar yawan mutanen da aka fallasa. Masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa magungunan kashe kwari da ƙarfe masu nauyi a cikin ƙasa na iya cutar da lafiyar zuciya, gami da kumburi da canji a cikin agogon ciki na jiki.

Bayyanuwa na yau da kullun ga chromium, gubar, da sauran karafa, man fetur, kaushi, da yawancin magungunan kashe qwari da magungunan ciyawa na iya zama cututtukan daji, na iya haifar da cututtukan haihuwa, ko kuma na iya haifar da wasu yanayi na rashin lafiya. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a masana'antu ko na ɗan adam, kamar nitrate da ammonia waɗanda ke da alaƙa da takin dabbobi daga ayyukan aikin gona, an kuma gano su a matsayin haɗarin lafiya a cikin ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Bayyanuwa na yau da kullun ga benzene a isassun yawa an san yana da alaƙa da haɓakar cutar sankarar bargo. An san Mercury da cyclodienes don haifar da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa na lalacewar koda da wasu cututtuka marasa jurewa. PCBs da cyclodienes suna da alaƙa da gubar hanta. Organophosphates da carbonates na iya haifar da sarkar martani da ke haifar da toshewar neuromuscular. Yawancin sinadarin chlorinated suna haifar da canje-canjen hanta, canjin koda, da damuwa na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya. Akwai nau'i-nau'i na ƙarin illolin kiwon lafiya kamar ciwon kai, tashin zuciya, gajiya, ciwon ido da kurjin fata ga abubuwan da aka ambata a sama da sauran sinadarai. A isassun allurai, adadin gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar saduwa ta kai tsaye, shaka ko sha da gurɓatacce a cikin ruwan ƙasa da aka gurbata ta ƙasa.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Gwamnatin Scotland ta umurci Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Ma'aikata ta gudanar da nazarin hanyoyin da za a tantance hadarin da ke tattare da lafiyar ɗan adam daga gurɓataccen ƙasa. Babban manufar aikin shine a samar da jagora wanda yakamata ya zama mai amfani ga Hukumomin Yankin Scotland wajen tantance ko shafuka suna wakiltar babbar yuwuwar cutarwa (SPOSH) ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Ana sa ran cewa fitar da aikin zai zama ɗan gajeren takarda da ke ba da babban jagora game da kimanta haɗarin kiwon lafiya tare da la'akari da jagorar da aka buga da kuma hanyoyin da aka gano a matsayin masu dacewa da taimako. Aikin zai bincika yadda aka samar da jagororin manufofi don ƙayyade yarda da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da kuma ba da shawarar hanyar yin la'akari da abin da ke tattare da haɗarin da ba a yarda da shi ba daidai da ka'idojin SPOSH kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin doka da Jagoran Dokokin Scotland.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}^{[citation needed]}

Tasirin yanayin halittu

Ba zato ba tsammani ba, gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya haifar da mummunar sakamako ga yanayin halittu. Akwai canje-canje masu mahimmanci na sunadarai na ƙasa wanda zai iya tasowa daga kasancewar sunadarai masu haɗari da yawa har ma a ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan canje-canje na iya bayyana a cikin canjin metabolism na microorganisms da arthropods da ke zaune a cikin yanayin ƙasa da aka ba su. Sakamakon zai iya zama kawar da wasu daga cikin jerin abinci na farko, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da manyan sakamako ga masu cin nama ko nau'in masu amfani. Ko da tasirin sunadarai a kan ƙananan siffofin rayuwa karami ne, ƙananan matakan dala na sarkar abinci na iya cinye sunadarai na waje, wanda yawanci ya zama mafi mayar da hankali ga kowane mataki na cin abinci. Yawancin waɗannan tasirin yanzu sanannu ne, kamar maida hankali ga kayan DDT na dindindin ga masu amfani da tsuntsaye, wanda ke haifar da raunana kwai, karuwar Mutuwa kaji da yiwuwar halaka jinsuna.^[10]

Tasirin yana faruwa ga filayen noma waɗanda ke da wasu nau'ikan gurɓataccen ƙasa. Contaminants yawanci suna canza metabolism na shuka, sau da yawa suna haifar da raguwar amfanin gona. Wannan yana da tasiri na biyu a kan kiyaye ƙasa, tunda amfanin gona mai laushi ba zai iya kare ƙasa ta Duniya daga rushewa ba. Wasu daga cikin wadannan gurɓataccen sinadarai suna da tsawon rabin rayuwa kuma a wasu lokuta ana samar da sunadarai daga lalacewar gurɓatawar ƙasa ta farko.

Tasirin yiwuwar gurɓataccen abu ga ayyukan ƙasa

Karfe masu nauyi da sauran gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya shafar aikin, nau'in jinsuna da yalwar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙasa, don haka barazanar ayyukan ƙasa kamar su sake zagayowar carbon da nitrogen.^[11] Koyaya, gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya zama ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar lokaci, kuma microorganisms da yanayin halittu na iya daidaitawa da yanayin da aka canza. Abubuwan ƙasa kamar pH, abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta da kuma sashi suna da mahimmanci kuma suna canza motsi, bioavailability da guba na gurbataccen abu a cikin gurbataccen ƙasa. Irin wannan adadin gurɓataccen zai iya zama mai guba a cikin ƙasa ɗaya amma ba shi da lahani a cikin ƙasa. Wannan yana jaddada buƙatar kimantawa da matakan haɗarin ƙasa.

Zaɓuɓɓukan tsaftacewa

Tsabtace ko Gyara muhalli ana nazarin su ta hanyar Masana kimiyyar muhalli waɗanda ke amfani da ma'aunin filin na sinadarai na ƙasa kuma suna amfani da samfuran kwamfuta (GIS a cikin Contamination na Muhalli) don nazarin sufuri da makomar sunadarai. An haɓaka fasahohi daban-daban don gyara ƙasa mai gurɓataccen mai da kuma turɓaya Akwai manyan dabarun da yawa don gyarawa:^[12]

Gano ƙasa kuma ka kai shi wurin zubar da shi daga hanyoyin da aka shirya don hulɗa da mutum ko tsarin halittu. Wannan dabarar ta kuma shafi zubar da laka mai dauke da guba.
Rashin iska na ƙasa a wurin da aka gurbata (tare da haɗarin haifar da gurbataccen iska)
Gyara zafi ta hanyar gabatar da zafi don haɓaka yanayin zafi na ƙasa wanda ya isa ya rushe gurɓataccen sinadarai daga ƙasa don cire tururi. Fasahar ta haɗa da ISTD, dumama ta juriya ta lantarki (ERH), da ET-DSP.
Bioremediation, wanda ya haɗa da narkewar ƙwayoyin cuta na wasu sunadarai. Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin bioremediation sun haɗa da aikin gona, biostimulation da bioaugmentating soil biota tare da microflora da ke samuwa a kasuwanci.
Cire ruwan kasa ko tururi na ƙasa tare da tsarin lantarki mai aiki, tare da cire gurɓataccen abu daga abin da aka cire.
Tsayar da gurɓataccen ƙasa (kamar ta hanyar rufewa ko shimfiɗa a wurin).
Phytoremediation, ko amfani da tsire-tsire (kamar willow) don cire ƙarfe mai nauyi.
Mycoremediation, ko amfani da fungus don sarrafa gurbataccen abu da tara ƙarfe mai nauyi.
Magani da gurɓataccen man fetur tare da microbubbles na iska masu narkewa.^[13]
Ruwan sama
Rashin hasken rana don cire ions na ƙarfe mai nauyi daga ƙasa mai laushi ^[14]

Ta hanyar ƙasa

Ka'idoji daban-daban na kasa don maida hankali ga wasu gurbataccen abubuwa sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar EPA ta Amurka 9 Farko (PRGs na Amurka), Ƙungiyar EPA na Amurka 3 Hadari (RBCs na EPA na Amurka) da kuma Majalisar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa ta Australia Jagora kan Matakan Bincike a cikin Ƙasa da Ruwa.

Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin

Babban ci gaba da ci gaba na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin tun daga shekarun 1970s ya bukaci farashi daga ƙasar a cikin karuwar gurɓataccen ƙasa. Ma'aikatar mu da Muhalli ta yi imanin cewa barazana ce ga muhalli, ga lafiyar abinci da aikin gona mai ɗorewa. Dangane da samfurin kimiyya, mu miliyan 150 (kilomita 100,000) na ƙasar noma ta kasar Sin an gurɓata su, tare da amfani da ruwa mai gurɓata don ban ruwa miliyan 32.5 (kilomitara 21,670) da kuma wasu mu miliyan 2 (kilomira 1,300) da aka rufe ko lalata da sharar gida. Gabaɗaya, yankin yana da kashi ɗaya cikin goma na ƙasar noma ta kasar Sin, kuma galibi yana cikin yankunan da suka ci gaba da tattalin arziki. An kiyasta tan miliyan 12 na hatsi suna gurɓata da ƙarfe mai nauyi a kowace shekara, wanda ke haifar da asarar kai tsaye na yuan biliyan 20 ($ 2.57 biliyan USD). Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa kashi 19% na ƙasar noma sun gurɓata wanda ya ƙunshi ƙarfe mai nauyi da metalloids. Kuma yawan waɗannan ƙarfe masu nauyi a cikin ƙasa ya karu sosai.^[15]

Tarayyar Turai

Dangane da bayanan da aka karɓa daga jihohin membobin, a cikin Tarayyar Turai adadin wuraren da aka kiyasta sun fi miliyan 2.5 ^[16] kuma wuraren da aka gano sun kasance kusan dubu 342. Kasuwanci da masana'antu suna taimakawa ga gurɓata ƙasa (38%), sannan masana'antu / kasuwanci (34%). Man fetur na ma'adinai da karafa masu nauyi sune manyan gurɓataccen da ke ba da gudummawa kusan 60% ga gurɓata ƙasa. Dangane da kasafin kuɗi, ana kiyasta gudanar da shafukan da aka gurbata zai kai kimanin Yuro biliyan 6 (€) a kowace shekara.^[16]

Ƙasar Ingila

Jagorancin kwamitin Inter Departmental Committee for the Redevelopment of Contaminated Land (ICRCL) ^[17] an janye shi a hukumance ta hanyar DEFRA, don amfani da shi azaman takaddar umarni don tantance yiwuwar buƙatar gyara ko ƙarin kimantawa.

Misali na CLEA da DEFRA da Hukumar Muhalli (EA) suka buga a watan Maris na shekara ta 2002 sun kafa tsari don kimantawa mai dacewa game da haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam daga ƙasar da ta gurbata, kamar yadda Sashe na IIA na Dokar Kare Muhalli ta 1990 ya buƙaci. A matsayin wani ɓangare na wannan tsarin, a halin yanzu an samo ƙimar jagorar ƙasa (SGVs) don gurɓata abubuwa goma da za a yi amfani da su a matsayin "ƙimar shiga tsakani".^[18] Wadannan dabi'u bai kamata a yi la'akari da su a matsayin manufofi na gyara ba amma dabi'u da ke sama da abin da ya kamata a yi nazari kan cikakken bayani; duba Ka'idodin Dutch.

An samar da nau'ikan CLEA SGV guda uku don amfani da ƙasa daban-daban guda uku, wato

zama (tare da kuma ba tare da shuka ba)
rabon da aka samu
Kasuwanci / masana'antu

An yi niyyar cewa SGVs su maye gurbin tsoffin dabi'un ICRCL. CLEA SGVs suna da alaƙa da kimanta haɗarin lokaci-lokaci (na dogon lokaci) ga lafiyar ɗan adam kuma ba sa amfani da kariya ga ma'aikatan ƙasa yayin gini, ko wasu masu karɓar masu yuwuwa kamar ruwa na ƙasa, gine-gine, tsire-tsire ko wasu yanayin halittu. CLEA SGVs ba su dace kai tsaye ga shafin da aka rufe gaba ɗaya da wuya ba, saboda babu hanyar fallasa kai tsaye ga ƙasa mai gurbatawa.^[19]

Har zuwa yau, an buga goma na farko na SGVs masu gurɓataccen hamsin da biyar, don masu zuwa: arsenic, cadmium, chromium, gubar, mercury inorganic, nickel, selenium ethyl benzene, phenol da toluene. An samar da rubutun SGVs don benzene, naphthalene da xylene amma an dakatar da bugawa. An buga bayanan toxicological (Tox) ga kowane ɗayan waɗannan gurbataccen da kuma benzo[a]pyrene, benzene, dioxins, furans da PCBs masu kama da dioxin, naphthalene, vinyl chloride, 1,1,2,2 tetrachloroethane da 1,1,1,2 tetrachlooroethane, 1,1,1 trichloroethene, carbon tetrachloride, 1,2-dichloroethane. SGVs don ethyl benzene, phenol da toluene sun dogara da abun ciki na kwayoyin halitta (SOM) (wanda za'a iya lissafawa daga jimlar kwayoyin carbon (TOC). A matsayin allo na farko ana ɗaukar SGVs na 1% SOM ya dace.^[20]

Kanada

Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2021, akwai jimlar wurare 2,500 da suka gurbata a Kanada.^[21] Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun gurbataccen da ke kusa da wurin narkewar Ni-copper a Sudbury, Cu" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ontario">Ontario. Binciken da ke binciken gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi a kusa da mashaya ya nuna cewa an sami matakan nickel da jan ƙarfe a cikin ƙasa; ƙimar da ke zuwa sama da 5,104ppm Ni, da 2,892 ppm Cu a cikin kewayon kilomita 1.1 na wurin mashaya. An kuma sami wasu karafa a cikin ƙasa; irin waɗannan karafa sun haɗa da baƙin ƙarfe, cobalt, da azurfa. Bugu da ƙari, bayan bincika tsire-tsire daban-daban da ke kewaye da mashaya ya bayyana a fili cewa su ma sun sha wahala; sakamakon ya nuna cewa tsire-shuke sun ƙunshi nickel, jan ƙarfe da aluminum sakamakon gurɓataccen ƙasa.^[22]

Indiya

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009, batun Punjab" id="mwAdE" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Uranium poisoning in Punjab">guba ta uranium a Punjab ya ja hankalin manema labarai. An yi zargin cewa tafkin ash na tashoshin wutar lantarki ne ya haifar da shi, wanda aka ruwaito ya haifar da mummunar lahani na haihuwa a cikin yara a cikin gundumomin Faridkot da Bhatinda na Punjab. Rahotanni na labarai sun yi iƙirarin cewa matakan uranium sun fi sau 60 na iyakar aminci. A cikin 2012, Gwamnatin Indiya ta tabbatar cewa ruwan ƙasa a cikin belin Malwa na Punjab yana da ƙarfe na uranium wanda ke da kashi 50% sama da iyakokin da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kafa. Nazarin kimiyya, wanda ya dogara da samfurori sama da 1000 daga wurare daban-daban na samfurori, ba zai iya gano tushen don tashi toka da duk wani tushe daga tashoshin wutar lantarki ko masana'antu ba kamar yadda ake zargin da farko. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa yawan uranium a cikin ruwan kasa na gundumar Malwa ba sau 60 na iyakar WHO ba ne, amma kashi 50% ne kawai sama da iyakar WHO a wurare 3. Wannan mafi girman maida hankali da aka samu a cikin samfurori ya kasance ƙasa da waɗanda aka samu a halitta a cikin ruwan ƙasa da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu don dalilai na ɗan adam a wasu wurare, kamar Finland. Ana gudanar da bincike don gano halitta ko wasu tushe don uranium.

↑ Anweting, I. B.; Ebong, G. A.; Okon, I. E.; Udofia, I. M.; Oladunni, N. (2024-05-24). "Evaluating the Concentration of Pb, Hg, Co, V, As, Fe, Cu, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Zn and their Potential Sources in Soil from Two Abattoirs in Itu and Ikot Ekpene Local Government Areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management (in Turanci). 28 (5): 1335–1343. doi:10.4314/jasem.v28i5.2. ISSN 2659-1499.
↑ George, Rebecca; Joy, Varsha; S, Aiswarya; Jacob, Priya A. "Treatment Methods for Contaminated Soils – Translating Science into Practice" (PDF). International Journal of Education and Applied Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 4, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2016.
↑ Snyder, Caroline (October 2005). "The Dirty Work of Promoting 'Recycling' of America's Sewage Sludge". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 11 (4): 415–427. doi:10.1179/oeh.2005.11.4.415. PMID 16350476.
↑ Olawoyin, Richard; Oyewole, Samuel A.; Grayson, Robert L. (2012). "Potential risk effect from elevated levels of soil heavy metals on human health in the Niger delta". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 85: 120–130. Bibcode:2012EcoES..85..120O. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.004. PMID 22921257.
↑ Jacobs, Dorian. "Pesticides" (PDF). American College of Medical Toxicology.
↑ Tomizawa, Motohiro; Casida, John E. (22 September 2005). "NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDE TOXICOLOGY: Mechanisms of Selective Action". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 45 (1): 247–268. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930. PMID 15822177.
↑ "DDT and Birds". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2022-04-04.
↑ US EPA, OCSPP (2014-01-07). "DDT - A Brief History and Status". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-06-17.
↑ Saini, Parveen (January 2022). "Impacts of Soil Pollution on Human Health and Ecosystem Sustainability" (PDF). International Journal of Advanced Research in Arts, Science, Engineering & Management. 9 (1).
↑ Jayaraj, Ravindran; Megha, Pankajshan; Sreedev, Puthur (December 2016). "Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment". Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 9 (3–4): 90–100. doi:10.1515/intox-2016-0012. PMC 5464684. PMID 28652852.
↑ Rijk, Ingrid J. C.; Ekblad, Alf (April 2020). "Carbon and nitrogen cycling in a lead polluted grassland evaluated using stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and microbial, plant and soil parameters". Plant and Soil. 449 (1–2): 249–266. Bibcode:2020PlSoi.449..249R. doi:10.1007/s11104-020-04467-7. S2CID 212689936.
↑ Agarwal, A.; Liu, Y. (2015). "Remediation technologies for oil-contaminated sediments". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 101 (2): 483–490. Bibcode:2015MarPB.101..483A. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.010. PMID 26414316.
↑ Agarwal, Ashutosh; Zhou, Yufeng; Liu, Yu (December 2016). "Remediation of oil-contaminated sand with self-collapsing air microbubbles". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 23 (23): 23876–23883. Bibcode:2016ESPR...2323876A. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7601-5. PMID 27628704.
↑ Wu, Pan; Wu, Xuan; Xu, Haolan; Owens, Gary (2021-09-05). "Interfacial solar evaporation driven lead removal from a contaminated soil". EcoMat. 3 (5). doi:10.1002/eom2.12140. S2CID 239680091 Check |s2cid= value (help).
↑ Zhao, Fang-Jie; Ma, Yibing; Zhu, Yong-Guan; Tang, Zhong; McGrath, Steve P. (20 January 2015). "Soil Contamination in China: Current Status and Mitigation Strategies". Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (2): 750–759. Bibcode:2015EnST...49..750Z. doi:10.1021/es5047099. PMID 25514502.
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 Panagos, Panos; Liedekerke, Marc Van; Yigini, Yusuf; Montanarella, Luca (2013). "Contaminated Sites in Europe: Review of the Current Situation Based on Data Collected through a European Network". Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2013: 158764. doi:10.1155/2013/158764. PMC 3697397. PMID 23843802.
↑ "www.ContaminatedLAND.co.uk - ICRCL 59/83 Trigger Concentrations". Archived from the original on 2016-10-09. Retrieved 2016-05-04.
↑ "What are "Soil Guideline Values" and which should I use?". Manaaki Whenua (in Turanci). 10 August 2019. Retrieved 2022-07-10.
↑ "LCRM: Stage 1 risk assessment". GOV.UK (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-10.
↑ Sun, Yiming; Wang, Jicai; Guo, Guanlin; Li, Hong; Jones, Kevin (January 2020). "A comprehensive comparison and analysis of soil screening values derived and used in China and the UK". Environmental Pollution. 256: 113404. Bibcode:2020EPoll.25613404S. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113404. PMID 31735398.
↑ "Federal Contaminated Sites Inventory: Find Sites by Province or Territory". Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. January 1994.
↑ Hutchinson, T. C.; Whitby, L. M. (1974). "Heavy-metal Pollution in the Sudbury Mining and Smelting Region of Canada, I. Soil and Vegetation Contamination by Nickel, Copper, and Other Metals". Environmental Conservation. 1 (2): 123–132. Bibcode:1974EnvCo...1..123H. doi:10.1017/S0376892900004240. S2CID 86686979.

Ƙarin karantawa

Panagos, Panos; Van Liedekerke, Marc; Yigini, Yusuf; Montanarella, Luca (2013). "Contaminated Sites in Europe: Review of the Current Situation Based on Data Collected through a European Network". Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2013: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2013/158764. PMC 3697397. PMID 23843802.

Haɗin waje

Tashar don gudanar da ƙasa da ruwa a Turai Hanyar bayanai mai zaman kanta da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta tallafawa don batutuwan da suka shafi ƙasa da ruwa, gami da gurbataccen ƙasa, ƙasa da gudanar da ruwa.
European Soil Portal: Contamination Soil A matakin EU, batun wuraren da aka gurbata (ƙazantar da gida) da ƙasar da aka gurɓata (ƙazatar da ƙasa) an yi la'akari da su ta hanyar: Cibiyar Bayanan Ƙasa ta Turai (ESDAC).
Labari game da gurɓata ƙasa a China
Arsenic a cikin ruwa na ƙasa Littafin kan arsenic a ƙarƙashin ruwa ta IAH ta Netherlands Chapter da Netherlands Hydrological Society

[1] Anweting, I. B.; Ebong, G. A.; Okon, I. E.; Udofia, I. M.; Oladunni, N. (2024-05-24). "Evaluating the Concentration of Pb, Hg, Co, V, As, Fe, Cu, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Zn and their Potential Sources in Soil from Two Abattoirs in Itu and Ikot Ekpene Local Government Areas of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management (in Turanci). 28 (5): 1335–1343. doi:10.4314/jasem.v28i5.2. ISSN 2659-1499.

[2] George, Rebecca; Joy, Varsha; S, Aiswarya; Jacob, Priya A. "Treatment Methods for Contaminated Soils – Translating Science into Practice" (PDF). International Journal of Education and Applied Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 4, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2016.

[3] Snyder, Caroline (October 2005). "The Dirty Work of Promoting 'Recycling' of America's Sewage Sludge". International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 11 (4): 415–427. doi:10.1179/oeh.2005.11.4.415. PMID 16350476.

[4] Olawoyin, Richard; Oyewole, Samuel A.; Grayson, Robert L. (2012). "Potential risk effect from elevated levels of soil heavy metals on human health in the Niger delta". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 85: 120–130. Bibcode:2012EcoES..85..120O. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.004. PMID 22921257.

[5] Jacobs, Dorian. "Pesticides" (PDF). American College of Medical Toxicology.

[6] Tomizawa, Motohiro; Casida, John E. (22 September 2005). "NEONICOTINOID INSECTICIDE TOXICOLOGY: Mechanisms of Selective Action". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 45 (1): 247–268. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095930. PMID 15822177.

[7] "DDT and Birds". web.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2022-04-04.

[8] US EPA, OCSPP (2014-01-07). "DDT - A Brief History and Status". www.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-06-17.

[9] Saini, Parveen (January 2022). "Impacts of Soil Pollution on Human Health and Ecosystem Sustainability" (PDF). International Journal of Advanced Research in Arts, Science, Engineering & Management. 9 (1).

[10] Jayaraj, Ravindran; Megha, Pankajshan; Sreedev, Puthur (December 2016). "Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment". Interdisciplinary Toxicology. 9 (3–4): 90–100. doi:10.1515/intox-2016-0012. PMC 5464684. PMID 28652852.

[11] Rijk, Ingrid J. C.; Ekblad, Alf (April 2020). "Carbon and nitrogen cycling in a lead polluted grassland evaluated using stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) and microbial, plant and soil parameters". Plant and Soil. 449 (1–2): 249–266. Bibcode:2020PlSoi.449..249R. doi:10.1007/s11104-020-04467-7. S2CID 212689936.

[12] Agarwal, A.; Liu, Y. (2015). "Remediation technologies for oil-contaminated sediments". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 101 (2): 483–490. Bibcode:2015MarPB.101..483A. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.010. PMID 26414316.

[13] Agarwal, Ashutosh; Zhou, Yufeng; Liu, Yu (December 2016). "Remediation of oil-contaminated sand with self-collapsing air microbubbles". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 23 (23): 23876–23883. Bibcode:2016ESPR...2323876A. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7601-5. PMID 27628704.

[14] Wu, Pan; Wu, Xuan; Xu, Haolan; Owens, Gary (2021-09-05). "Interfacial solar evaporation driven lead removal from a contaminated soil". EcoMat. 3 (5). doi:10.1002/eom2.12140. S2CID 239680091 Check |s2cid= value (help).

[15] Zhao, Fang-Jie; Ma, Yibing; Zhu, Yong-Guan; Tang, Zhong; McGrath, Steve P. (20 January 2015). "Soil Contamination in China: Current Status and Mitigation Strategies". Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (2): 750–759. Bibcode:2015EnST...49..750Z. doi:10.1021/es5047099. PMID 25514502.

[ReferenceA-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Panagos, Panos; Liedekerke, Marc Van; Yigini, Yusuf; Montanarella, Luca (2013). "Contaminated Sites in Europe: Review of the Current Situation Based on Data Collected through a European Network". Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2013: 158764. doi:10.1155/2013/158764. PMC 3697397. PMID 23843802.

[17] "www.ContaminatedLAND.co.uk - ICRCL 59/83 Trigger Concentrations". Archived from the original on 2016-10-09. Retrieved 2016-05-04.

[18] "What are "Soil Guideline Values" and which should I use?". Manaaki Whenua (in Turanci). 10 August 2019. Retrieved 2022-07-10.

[19] "LCRM: Stage 1 risk assessment". GOV.UK (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-07-10.

[20] Sun, Yiming; Wang, Jicai; Guo, Guanlin; Li, Hong; Jones, Kevin (January 2020). "A comprehensive comparison and analysis of soil screening values derived and used in China and the UK". Environmental Pollution. 256: 113404. Bibcode:2020EPoll.25613404S. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113404. PMID 31735398.

[21] "Federal Contaminated Sites Inventory: Find Sites by Province or Territory". Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. January 1994.

[22] Hutchinson, T. C.; Whitby, L. M. (1974). "Heavy-metal Pollution in the Sudbury Mining and Smelting Region of Canada, I. Soil and Vegetation Contamination by Nickel, Copper, and Other Metals". Environmental Conservation. 1 (2): 123–132. Bibcode:1974EnvCo...1..123H. doi:10.1017/S0376892900004240. S2CID 86686979.

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