Dam ɗin Hartbeesport
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Dam ɗin Hartbeespoort, (kuma aka sani da Harties ) wani dam nau'in baka ne da ke lardin Arewa maso Yamma na nahiyar Afirka ta Kudu. Ya ta'allaka ne a cikin wani kwari zuwa kudu na tsaunukan Magaliesberg da arewacin tsaunin Witwatersberg, kimanin adadin kilomita 35 arewa maso yamma da Johannesburg da kilomita 20 yamma da Pretoria . Sunan dam din yana nufin "dam a cikin kwazazzabo hartebeest " ( nau'in tururuwa ) a cikin Afrikaans . Wannan "talakawa" a cikin Magaliesberg ya kasance sanannen wuri ga mafarauta, inda suka yi ta harbin hartebeest.[1] Tun da farko an tsara madatsar ruwa ne don ban ruwa, wanda a halin yanzu shine farkon amfani da shi, da kuma na cikin gida da masana'antu. [2] Dam din ya sha fama da yanayin hawan jini tun farkon shekarun 1970. Rashin sarrafa sharar ruwan sha daga shiyyoyin birane a cikin yankin dam dam na Hartbeespoort shine babban abin zargi, saboda gurbata gidan yanar gizon abinci tare da sama da tan 280 na phosphate da nitrate.
Garin Hartbeespoort yana kusa da bangon madatsar ruwa kuma ana iya samun ƙauyukan Kosmos, Melodie, Ifafi, Meerhof da The Coves, Pecanwood, Westlake da sauran yankuna da dama tare da bakin tekun. An ba wa garin Schoemansville sunan Janar Hendrik Schoeman, wanda ya mallaki ƙasar a ƙarni na 19.[3]
Tarihi
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A cikin 1906, gwamnati ta ba da umarnin binciken jama'a game da yuwuwar gina madatsar ruwa a Hartbeespoort na Magaliesberg. Injiniya na Sashen Ban ruwa wanda ya jagoranci binciken, ya gabatar da rahoto mai kyau ga gwamnati da Dokar Hartebeestpoort. Majalisar ta amince da 32 na 1914. [4] Tun a shekarar 1909 ne aka tona ramukan gwaji a kasan kogin don tantance ko gina dutsen ya dace da gina irin wannan babbar madatsar ruwa. An ƙididdige girman wurin da ake kamawa, an auna magudanar ruwa da ƙiyasin ƙasar da za a iya ban ruwa. An kafa da'awar da ke ƙasa ga rafin ruwa da ke akwai. An yi nazarin yanayin yanayin bakin kogi da dutsen don tantance yiwuwar tashar don aikin ginin.
An fara aikin gina madatsar ruwa a hukumance a watan Agustan 1916. Da farko, an jinkirta aiki har sai an yanke hukuncin kotu tare da Janar Hendrik Schoeman da wani Mista Marshevin game da kwace kadarorinsu. Daga baya aka warware takaddamar amma rashin gamsuwa ya ci gaba da kasancewa bayan da aka yi gaggawar zartar da doka don sauƙaƙe kwacen. A cikin littafinsa mai suna “Agter die Magalies”, Bertus de Beer ya bayar da hujjar cewa gwamnati ta yi taka tsan-tsan wajen warware batutuwa da dama da suka shafi ginin dam. Halin uwa ya haifar da ƙarin jinkiri saboda ambaliya. A cikin 1914 da kuma a cikin 1918, ɗimbin katako na gine-gine ya wanke kogin kuma ba a sake dawowa ba. A shekara ta 1915, bangon Geldenhuysdam ya kara tasowa kogin ya karye kuma ambaliya ta wurin kuma ta haifar da jinkiri.
Rushewar da yakin duniya na farko ya haifar, da kuma matsalolin da Tawayen kungiyar Afrikaners suka haifar, sun kara kawo tsaiko ga ginin. Sannan kamfanin na farko ya lalace saboda asarar kudi da aka samu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa da tsaikon da aka samu. A cikin 1921 kamfani na biyu ya ɗauki aikin kuma ya nada injiniya FW Scott, wanda ya magance aikin tare da sabunta makamashi. A watan Afrilun 1923, bayan duk koma baya da tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, an kammala aikin. A cikin watan Satumba na wannan shekarar ne aka bude hanyar da ke kan bangon Dam din da ta ramin da aka bude wa ababen hawa. Dam din ya fara ambaliya a watan Maris 1925.
An gina madatsar ruwa a gonar Hartebeestpoort, mallakar Boer Janar Hendrik Schoeman (1840-1901). Gwamnati ta mallaki gonar da filayen da ke kusa, musamman ta hanyar sauƙaƙe da ɗansa, Johan Schoeman (1887-1967), a kusa da 1912. Kammala madatsar ruwan ya sa ƙasar noma ta arewa da Magaliesberg ta fi daraja sosai, musamman ƙasa kusa da magudanan ruwa da Kogin kada.
Gini
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Katangar dam tana da 149.5 metres (163.5 yd) tsayi da 59.4 metres (195 ft) babba, wanda aka gina a kan wani kwazazzabo yanke ta cikin Magaliesberg. Ruwan Kogin Crocodile da Kogin Magalies ne ke ciyar da tafki kuma ya kai kusan 18.83 square kilometres (7.27 sq mi), tare da ma'anar zurfin 9.6 metres (31 ft) da zurfin zurfin 45.1 metres (148 ft) . Tana da fili mai fadin 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi), kuma kewayon sa na yau da kullun na canjin matakin ruwa na shekara shine 0.8 metres (2.6 ft) . Nau'in hadawa na tafki shine monomictic .
Hanya guda ɗaya, titin kwalta ta siket ɗin ruwa a gefen arewa; A kan hanyarsa ta bi ta wani rami mai tsayin mita 56.6 sannan kuma ta ketare katangar dam.
Amfani
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Dam din Hartbeespoort yana samar da ruwan ban ruwa ta hanyar 544 kilometres (338 mi) doguwar hanyar sadarwa na canals zuwa 159.76 square kilometres (61.68 sq mi) na gonakin da ake samar da taba, alkama, lucerne, ' ya'yan itace da furanni . Tabarbarewar ingancin ruwa, musamman microcystin toxin. [5]
Hartbeespoort ya zama sanannen biki da wurin shakatawa na karshen mako ga mazaunan Johannesburg da Pretoria ; shi ne babban yankin shakatawa na ruwa na arewacin Gauteng kuma ana jin daɗin nau'ikan wasannin ruwa da yawa akan madatsar ruwa. Kungiyar Transvaal Tacht Club tana aiki a madatsar ruwa tun lokacin da aka gina shi a cikin 1923.
Tashar NSRI mai lamba 25, dake dam din, tana daya daga cikin tashoshi uku kacal na Cibiyar Ceto Tekun Kasa a cikin kasa kuma tana ba da sabis na ceton ruwa a madatsar ruwa.
ingancin ruwa
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Dam din Hartbeespoort ya shahara saboda rashin ingancin ruwa tun tsakiyar karni na ashirin.[6][7] [8] Dam din yana fama da matsananciyar eutrophication, a cikin 2003 sakamakon yawan sinadarin phosphate da nitrate a cikin kogin kada, babban magudanar ruwa. Tushen gurɓacewar muhalli na farko shine masana'antu da ƙazanta na cikin gida daga Gauteng. [9] Yankin da aka kama ya hada da tafkin Bruma a cikin Kogin Jukskei da tafkin Centurion a cikin Kogin Hennops .
Matsanancin matakin eutrophication yana bayyana a cikin girma da yawa na ƙananan algae da cyanobacteria, da macrophytes irin su hyacinth na ruwa ( Eichhornia crassipes ). [10] Wannan yana faruwa ne sakamakon karuwar rashin aiki a yawancin ayyukan najasa da ke zubar da birnin Johannesburg, wanda, wanda ba a saba gani ba ga babban birni, ya ratsa magudanar ruwa na nahiyar maimakon ya kasance a kan tafki, kogi ko bakin teku. [11] Dam din Hartbeespoort ya zama babban misali na sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba lokacin da yanayin halittun ruwa ya tashi daga kwanciyar hankali amma mai kyawawa, zuwa cikin kwanciyar hankali amma yanayin da ba a so, yana ƙin mafi kyawun shisshigin kimiyya shekaru da yawa. [12] Wannan yana haifar da wani ɗan lokaci sakamakon raguwar tsarin tattara bayanai da sarrafa bayanai waɗanda ke taimakawa sarrafa albarkatun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu. [13] Sashen kula da harkokin ruwa da gandun daji na Afirka ta Kudu ya kaddamar da shirin Harties metsi a me ( Harties, My Water ) don nemo hanyoyin magance matsalolin ingancin ruwa. Kudaden da gwamnati ta kashe daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2015 domin tsaftace madatsar ruwa da gyara shi da kuma ayyukan da suka shafi al’umma ya kai Naira miliyan 900. Wasu hanyoyin biomanipulation da ake amfani da su ga madatsun ruwa irin su Hartbeesport sun zo ƙarƙashin binciken kimiyya.[14][15]
Duba kuma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Jerin tafki da madatsun ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu
- Kogin kada (Limpopo)
- Hartbeesport Aerial Cableway
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ de Beer, B. K. (1975). Agter die Magalies. Fontainebleau: Postma Publikasie. p. 381.
- ↑ "SA's Water History – Taming the poort" (PDF). Water Research Commission. June 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
- ↑ Carruthers, Vincent (1990). The Magaliesberg. Johannesburg: Southern Book Publishers. p. 333.
- ↑ Turton, A.R., Meissner, R., Mampane, P.M. & Sereno, O. 2004.
- ↑ Turton, A.R. 2015.
- ↑ Cholnoky, B. J. (1958). "Hydrobiologische untersuchungen in transvaal II. Selbstreinigung im Jukskei-Crocodile Flusssystem". Hydrobiologia. 11 (3–4): 205–266. doi:10.1007/BF00018693. ISSN 0018-8158. S2CID 19195279.
- ↑ Allanson, B. R.; Gieskes, J. M. T. M. (1961). "Part II An introduction to the limnology of Hartbeespoort Dam with special reference to the effect of industrial and domestic pollution". Hydrobiologia. 18 (1–2): 77–94. doi:10.1007/BF00731364. ISSN 0018-8158. S2CID 26685178.
- ↑ Zohary, T., Jarvis, A. C., Chutter, F. M., Ashton, P. J., Robarts, R. D., 1988.
- ↑ Harding WR, Thornton JA, Steyn G, Panuska J, Morrison IR.
- ↑ Van Ginkel CE, Silberbauer MJ.
- ↑ Turton, A.R., Schultz, C., Buckle, H, Kgomongoe, M., Malungani, T. & Drackner, M. 2006.
- ↑ Turton, A.R. 2015.
- ↑ Turton, A.R. 2016.
- ↑ Hart, R. C.; Harding, W. R. (2015). "Impacts of fish on phosphorus budget dynamics of some SA reservoirs: evaluating prospects of 'bottom up' phosphorus reduction in eutrophic systems through fish removal (biomanipulation)". Water SA. 41 (4): 432–440. doi:10.4314/wsa.v41i4.01.
- ↑ Hart, Rob; Matthews, Mark (2018). "Bioremediation of South Africa's hypertrophic Hartbeespoort Dam: evaluating its effects by comparative analysis of a decade of MERIS satellite data in six control reservoirs". Inland Waters. 8 (1): 96–108. doi:10.1080/20442041.2018.1429068. S2CID 89931314. Retrieved 29 July 2018.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
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Media related to Hartbeespoort Dam at Wikimedia Commons
- Hartbeespoort Dam shafi Archived 2012-03-01 at the Wayback Machine a Sashen Ruwa na Afirka ta Kudu