Dokoki game da fyade

Dokoki game da fyade

Fyade wani nau'i ne na cin zarafin jima'i wanda mutum ɗaya ko fiye ya fara akan wani ba tare da yarda mutumin ba. Ana iya aiwatar da aikin ta hanyar karfi na zahiri, a ƙarƙashin barazana ko magudi, ta hanyar nunawa, ko kuma tare da mutumin da ba zai iya ba da izini ba.

Ma'anar fyade sun bambanta, amma gabaɗaya suna buƙatar wani mataki na shiga cikin jima'i ba tare da izini ba. Kalmar "yanci" ya bambanta da doka. Yara, alal misali, galibi ana ɗaukar su ƙanana da yawa don yarda da jima'i da tsofaffi (duba fyade da shekarun yarda). Har ila yau, ana ɗaukar yardar mara inganci idan an samu ta hanyar tilastawa, ko kuma daga mutumin da ba shi da ikon fahimtar yanayin aikin, saboda dalilai kamar ƙuruciya, nakasa ta hankali, ko maye.

Yawancin hukunce-hukunce, kamar Kanada da jihohin Amurka da AUS da yawa, ba su da wani laifi na al'ada na fyade, wanda koyaushe yana buƙatar cewa jima'i ya faru. Wasu daga cikin wadannan hukunce-hukuncen a maimakon haka sun kirkiro sabbin laifuka na doka, kamar cin zarafin jima'i ko aikata laifuka, wanda ke aikata laifukan jima'i ba tare da yardar rai ba, kuma ba tare da wani abin da ake bukata cewa jima'i ya faru ba.

Kalmomi da ma'anoni

Rabe-rabe

Dangane da ikon, ana iya kwatanta fyade a matsayin Laifin jima'i ko laifin da aka yi wa mutumin. [Littafi na 2]Hakanan ana iya nuna fyade a matsayin wani nau'i na mummunar hari ko batir, ko duka biyun, cin zarafin lalata ko cin zarafin jima'i ko batir.

Ayyuka na baya

Don tabbatar da hukunci, fyade na iya buƙatar hujja cewa wanda ake tuhuma ya yi jima'i da wani mutum. Dangane da ikon, actus reus na fyade na iya kunshe da "kasancewa da ilimin jiki na" mace, ko "yi jima'i da" mace (ciki har da yarinya) musamman, ko kuma mace ko namiji (ciki da yarinya ko yaro) gabaɗaya, ko yin jima'i tare da mutum (wanda kalmar ta haɗa da mutum mai jima'i wanda ba zai iya zama mace ko namijin ba) ko kuma yana da "haɗin jima'i" wanda ya shiga cikin wannan jima'i na mutum mai amfani da jini (wanda aka gina shi) [wanda aka gina ta hanyar jima'i ya haɗa da yarinya] [Littafi na 10]

A cikin mai gabatar da kara v. Anto Furundžija, Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta tsohuwar Yugoslavia ta haɗa da fellatio a cikin ma'anar fyade, saboda [a shafi na 183]: "Kwamitin Shari'a ya riƙe cewa tilasta shiga baki ta hanyar jima'i na namiji ya zama mafi ƙasƙantar da kuma ƙasƙantarwa ga mutuncin ɗan adam.

Rashin Gaskiya

Kasashe a duniya sun bambanta da yadda suke hulɗa da mens rea a cikin doka game da fyade, (watau imanin wanda ake tuhuma cewa wanda aka azabtar bai yarda ba ko kuma bazai yarda ba), da kuma yadda suke sanya nauyin tabbatarwa game da imani da yarda.

Misali, a karkashin Dokar Laifukan Jima'i ta 2003, imanin dole ne ya zama "mai ma'ana" kuma "Ko imani yana da ma'ana dole ne a ƙaddara dangane da duk yanayin, gami da duk wani mataki da A ya ɗauka don tabbatar da ko B ya yarda".

A wasu hukunce-hukuncen mens rea yana da rikitarwa sosai, kamar a New South Wales, inda doka ta karanta: Samfuri:Quote frameRahoton Bayani na Yarjejeniyar Istanbul, ya bayyana a sakin layi na 189: "An bar fassarar kalmar 'da gangan' ga dokar cikin gida, amma abin da ake buƙata don halayyar da gangan ya danganta da duk abubuwan da ke cikin laifin. "Dangane da Mataki na 36 na yarjejeniyar - Rikicin jima'i, gami da fyade].

Yanayin da ke wurin

An bayyana fyade don buƙatar hujja cewa an yi jima'i ba tare da yarda wanda aka azabtar ba, ko don buƙatar hujjar cewa an yi shi ko dai ba tare da yarda ba ko kuma, a madadin haka, ba tare da son rai ba. [Littafi na 12]

Ba koyaushe ake buƙatar cewa wanda aka azabtar bai yarda ba. A cikin Ingila da Wales, sashi na 5 na Dokar Laifukan Jima'i ta 2003 ya haifar da laifin "yi wa yaro a ƙarƙashin 13" kuma ba ya ƙunshe da izini. Bayan bayyana aikin jima'i da laifin ya haramta, bayanin bayani ga Dokar ya ce "ko yaron da ya yarda da wannan aikin ba shi da mahimmanci".

A cikin M. C. v. Bulgaria, Kotun Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Turai ta yanke hukuncin cewa wanda aka azabtar ba lallai bane ya yi tsayayya da shi a zahiri don aikata laifin fyade [para 166]:

[T]he Court is persuaded that any rigid approach to the prosecution of sexual offences, such as requiring proof of physical resistance in all circumstances, risks leaving certain types of rape unpunished and thus jeopardising the effective protection of the individual's sexual autonomy. In accordance with contemporary standards and trends in that area, the member States' positive obligations under Articles 3 and 8 of the Convention [Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms] must be seen as requiring the penalisation and effective prosecution of any non-consensual sexual act, including in the absence of physical resistance by the victim.

Wasu yanayi, kamar inda aka sace wanda aka yi wa rauni ko kuma a tsare, ko a karkashin yanayin yaƙi ko kisan kare dangi, ana iya kallon su a matsayin masu tilasta, cewa suna zaton ba su da izini gaba ɗaya; misali a cikin ICTY, Mai gabatar da kara v. Kunarac, Kovac da Vukovic, an yi mulki, game da fyade a lokacin Yaƙin Bosnia, inda aka tsare mata a cibiyoyin tsare-tsare, a ƙarƙashin matsanancin yanayi, kuma an zaba su don yin watsi da kowane irin wannan yanayi: "

Batun ya taso ne a cikin doka kamar yadda wanda zai iya yarda da doka, misali game da mutanen da ke fama da nakasa ta hankali ko ta jiki. Kodayake dokoki sun bambanta da iko, ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa da ke tasowa sun nuna cewa nakasa ta mutum ko ta jiki, bai kamata, a ciki da kansa, ya sa hulɗar jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba, amma a maimakon haka cin zarafin irin wannan nakasa ta mai aikata laifin ya zama ba zai yiwu ba: a cikin Tarayyar Turai, Umurnin 2011/93/EU na Majalisar Tarayyar Tarayyar Yuropa da na 13 ga Disamba 2011 ya karanta (game da ƙaddamar da yardar doka na yaro wanda ya wuce shekarun yarda da shi): (10) "Naƙon kasancewa, ya zama laifi don yin irin wannan cin zarafin jima'i.