Jump to content

Dokokin rikodin kiran waya

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.

Dokokin rikodin kiran waya sune dokokin da aka kafa a yawancin hukunce-hukuncen, kamar ƙasashe, jihohi, larduna, waɗanda ke tsara yadda ake yin rikodin kiran tarho . An ba da izinin yin rikodin kira ko saka idanu tare da matakai daban-daban na kariyar sirri, buƙatun tilasta doka, matakan hana zamba, ko amincewar wani ɓangare na ɗaya.

Ostiraliya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dokar Sadarwa ta Tarayya (Interception da Access) Dokar a shekarar 1979 da Dokokin Jihohin Jihohi da Yanki na iya amfani da su ga saka idanu ko rikodin tattaunawar tarho. Babban ƙa'idar ita ce ƙila ba za a yi rikodin kiran ba. Sashe na 7 na Dokar Sadarwa (Interception da Access) Dokar a shekarar 1979 ta hana yin kiran waya. An bayyana “Interception” a sashe na 6, wanda daya daga cikin abubuwan shi ne an yi shi “ba tare da sanin wanda ya ke yin sadarwa ba”. Akwai keɓancewa ga waɗannan ƙa'idodin a cikin ƙayyadaddun yanayi, gami da inda garanti ya shafi.

Idan ana son yin nadi ko saka idanu, dole ne ƙungiya ta gaya wa ɗayan ɓangaren a farkon tattaunawar don ta sami damar ko dai ta ƙare kiran, ko kuma ta nemi a tura ta zuwa wani layi inda saka idanu ko rikodin ba ya aiki. faruwa.

Dalilan ƙungiyoyi na iya sa ido ko yin rikodin tattaunawa na iya haɗawa da:

  • don kare niyyar mutum a cikin mu'amala da kungiyar
  • don samar da rikodi a yayin da ake jayayya game da ma'amala
  • don inganta sabis na abokin ciniki.

A cikin jihar Queensland ba bisa ka'ida ba ne yin rikodin tattaunawa ta wayar tarho da wani wanda ke tattaunawar. [1]

Kanada

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙungiyoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A Kanada, ƙungiyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin Dokar Kariyar Bayanin Keɓaɓɓu da Dokar Takardun Lantarki [2] (PIPEDA) dole ne su bi PIPEDA lokacin rikodin kira. [3]

Domin bin PIPEDA, ƙungiyoyi su ɗauki matakai masu zuwa lokacin yin rikodin tattaunawa: [3]

  1. Dole ne a sanar da mutum cewa ana yin rikodin tattaunawar a farkon kiran. Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyar yin rikodi ta atomatik ko ta wakilin sabis na abokin ciniki. [3]
  2. Dole ne a ba wa mutum shawara game da dalilai. Dole ne ƙungiyar ta kasance a sarari game da dalilai; kada kungiya ta bayyana cewa tana yin rikodin tattaunawar don dalilai masu inganci idan, a zahiri, za a yi amfani da rikodin don wasu dalilai. Sanar da mutum dalilai za a iya yi ta hanyoyi daban-daban - da baki, ta hanyar latsa lamba akan faifan maɓalli (cikin yanayin saƙon atomatik) ko tare da bayyanannun saƙon akan bayanan kowane wata. (Misali: Idan kuna da wasu tambayoyi game da lissafin ku don Allah a kira 1-800-XXX-XXXX. Lura za a yi rikodin kiran ku don...) Idan mutum ya ci gaba da sanin ana yin rikodin tattaunawar da manufar yin rikodin., yarda yana nufin. [3]
  3. Idan mai kiran ya ƙi yin rikodi, ƙungiyar yakamata ta samar wa mai kiran wasu hanyoyi masu ma'ana. Zaɓuɓɓukan na iya haɗawa da rashin latsa kiran; ziyartar kantin sayar da kayayyaki; rubuta wasika; ko, gudanar da ciniki akan Intanet. [3]

Mutane

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mutum na iya yin rikodin kira muddin suna ɗaya daga cikin mahalarta kiran. Ana iya amfani da rikodin a matsayin shaida a cikin ƙara. [4]

Duk da haka, ba bisa ka'ida ba ne don yin rikodin sadarwa cewa ƙungiyar masu rikodin ba ta shiga. Yin rikodin ba bisa ka'ida ba zai iya haifar da hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari. Sashe na 183 (Sashe na VI) na kundin laifuffuka kuma ya haramta yin rikodin bayanan sirri na sirri ba tare da izinin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka nufa ba. [5]

Jamhuriyar Czech

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana iya yin rikodin kira da tattaunawa ta kowane ɗan takara, ba tare da buƙatu don sa wasu ɓangarori su san rikodi ba. An taƙaita sosai ta yaya za ku iya amfani da irin wannan rikodi. Babban ra'ayin shine a yi amfani da shi kawai don kare haƙƙin ku da doka ta ba ku. Dokar da ke magance wannan ita ce NOZ, § 86 da § 88 .

Denmark

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana iya yin rikodin kira da tattaunawa ta kowane ɗan takara, ba tare da buƙatu don sa wasu ɓangarori su san rikodi ba. Amma tura ko kunna kiran da aka ɗauka na sirri haramun ne. Hukumar Kare Bayanai ta Denmark (DPA) ta yanke hukunci a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2019, cewa ana buƙatar ingantaccen yarda lokacin da kamfanoni ke yin rikodin kiran wayar abokin ciniki. [6]

Finland

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Game da mutane masu zaman kansu, kowane ɗan takara na iya yin rikodin kira da tattaunawa. Babu wani abin da ake buƙata don sa wasu ɓangarori su san rikodin, amma yin amfani da rikodin, dangane da abubuwan da ke cikin su, na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin dokoki daban-daban, kamar dokokin kariya (sirri), dokokin cin zarafi, dokokin kasuwanci da sirrin ƙasa. da kowace yarjejeniyoyin, kamar yarjejeniyar rashin bayyanawa. [7]

Rikodin kira ta kamfani ko ma'aikaci yana ƙarƙashin dokar kariyar bayanai kuma, a matsayin gama-gari, yana buƙatar sanar da mahalarta kafin yin rikodi. [7]

Jamus

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jamus hukumcin yarda ne na jam'iyyun biyu - rikodin wayar tarho ba tare da izinin biyun ba ko, idan an zartar, ƙari, ƙungiyoyin laifi ne bisa ga § 201 na Kundin Laifukan Jamus [8] - keta sirrin kalmar da aka faɗa. . Dole ne alkali ya amince da latsa waya daga hukumomi. Ana iya yin rikodin rikodi ta wayar tarho ta ɗan ƙasa mai zaman kansa a cikin lamuran kare kai, § 32 na Tsarin Laifin Jamusanci, [9] ko Larura, § 34 na Tsarin Laifin Jamus. [10] Don tattaunawa kan shigar halal a Jamus duba de:Telekommunikationsüberwachung (harshen Jamus).

Indiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Indiya ba ta da takamaiman doka da ke magana game da rikodin kiran waya. Ba laifi ba ne mutum ya yi rikodin kiran wayar da su kansu mahalartansa ba tare da izini daga sauran ɓangarorin ba duk da cewa masu rikodin na iya fuskantar shari'a idan ɗayan ɓangaren ya ɗauki matakin a matsayin keta sirrin su. Duk da haka, rikodin kiran wayar da masu rikodin ba su halarta ba haramun ne kuma an haramta shi da sashi na 21 na kundin tsarin mulkin Indiya sai dai idan wanda ya yi rikodin ya riga ya amince daga mahalarta kiran. [11] [12] [13]

Gwamnatin Tsakiya ko Gwamnatin Jiha tana da ikon yin odar saƙon sakonni ta 12, sashe na 5 na Dokar Telegraph ta Indiya a shekarar 1885. [14] Dokar 419 da 419A ta bayyana.

Ana ba da izinin latsa waya bisa umarnin kotu kawai kuma ana ba da irin wannan izini ne kawai idan ana buƙatar hana wani babban laifi da ya shafi tsaron ƙasa ko kuma tattara bayanan sirri kan ayyukan yaƙi da ƙasa ko ta'addanci.

Ko da yake an fara rufe laifuffukan tattalin arziƙi / guje wa biyan haraji a ƙarƙashin dalilan kutse na wayoyi, gwamnati ta janye hakan a cikin shekarar 1999 bisa ga umarnin Kotun Koli da ke nuna kariya ga sirrin mutum.

Dangane da Dokar 428 na ka'idodin telegraph na Indiya, babu wani mutum ba tare da izinin hukumar telegraph ba, ya yi amfani da kowace waya ko sanadi ko sharadi don amfani da ita, dalilai banda kafa kiran gida ko akwati.

Umurnin Gwamnatin Indiya sun ba da izini don haɗe-haɗe. Babu tanadi don abin da aka makala don yin rikodin tattaunawa.

Italiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar Kotun Koli na Cassation, maganganun da aka yi rikodin suna da doka kuma za a iya amfani da su a matsayin shaida a kotu, ko da idan ɗayan ba su san an rubuta su ba, idan dai ƙungiyar ta rikodi ta shiga cikin tattaunawar. [15]

Ireland

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kiran yin rikodin doka ne kuma ana iya amfani da rikodin azaman shaida a kotu, tana ba da rikodin mutumin ɗan takara ne ga tattaunawar, ko kuma yana da izini daga aƙalla ɗan takara ɗaya daga tattaunawar.

Latvia

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kira da tattaunawa ta mutane masu zaman kansu na iya yin rikodin ta kowane ɗan takara mai aiki. Babu wani buƙatu a cikin dokoki don sa wasu ɓangarori su san rikodin, amma yin amfani da rikodin, dangane da abubuwan da suke ciki, na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin dokoki daban-daban. [16]

Netherlands

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mataki na 139a na Dokar Laifukan Yaren mutanen Holland ya ce "Wanda ya yi amfani da taimakon fasaha da gangan don yin rikodin tattaunawar da ake yi a cikin gida, ɗakin da ke rufe ko tsakar gida, ba tare da kasancewa mai shiga cikin tattaunawar ba kuma ba tare da wani umarni daga irin wannan mahalarta ba., hukuncin daurin da bai wuce wata shida ba ko kuma tarar kashi na [17] . A wasu kalmomi, muddin mutum ya kasance da kansa mahalarta, an ba su damar (cikin hikima) rubuta gaba ɗaya tattaunawar. Bugu da ƙari, yayin da ba a bayyana a sarari ba, Dokar Kariya ta Gabaɗaya ta Turai ta shafi duk wani aiki na tattaunawa na sirri wanda ba 'kai tsaye na sirri' ba. Duk wani bugu, ba tare da izini ba, saboda haka haramun ne.

New Zealand

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rikodin kiran waya ta masu zaman kansu ya faɗi ƙarƙashin tanadin da ke da alaƙa da tsangwama na Dokar Laifukan shekarar 1961, wanda ke da hani gaba ɗaya kan amfani da na'urorin shiga tsakani. An keɓance don lokacin da mutumin da ke satar kiran ya kasance ɓangaren tattaunawa. Babu wata bukata da bangarorin biyu su san tsangwamar. [18]

Rikodin kiran tarho duk da haka yana faɗuwa ƙarƙashin ikon Dokar Sirri. Gabaɗaya, yin rikodin kiran tarho masu alaƙa da al'amuran sirri bai saba wa Dokar Keɓancewa ba, yayin da yin rikodi don kowane dalilai zai yi. Musamman, yawanci ana ɗaukar rashin adalci don yin rikodin wani ba tare da gaya musu ba. [19] Har yanzu yana iya zama doka don yin rikodi ba tare da izini ba idan sha'awar jama'a ga abun ciki na rikodi ya yi ƙarfi fiye da sha'awar keɓantawa ko sha'awar sirri. [20]

Poland

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bisa ga Dokar Laifin Yaren mutanen Poland (art. 267), rikodin kira ya zama doka ga mutum mai zaman kansa kawai lokacin da mutum mai rikodi yana ɗaya daga cikin mahalarta. [21] Ba a buƙatar izini daga ɗayan ɓangaren sannan. Hakazalika ga Latvia, yin amfani da rikodin, dangane da abubuwan da suke ciki, na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin dokoki daban-daban. [22] [23]

Romania

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kashe hanyoyin sadarwa ya faɗi ƙarƙashin tanadin Code of Penal kuma, a cikin yanayin sadarwar lantarki, a ƙarƙashin Dokar Sadarwa (506/2004) . An ba da izinin yin rikodin tattaunawa ta memba mai zaman kansa zuwa waccan tattaunawar. Duk da haka, yayin da irin waɗannan rikodin na doka ne, yin amfani da su na iya faɗuwa cikin ƙarin dokar farar hula ko na laifuka. Amincewarsu a matsayin shaida kuma ya dogara da yanayin. [24]

Sweden

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bisa ga ka'idar Penal Code na Sweden (Brottsbalken) Babi na 4, 8-9 §§, ba bisa ka'ida ba ne yin rikodin maganganun tarho mara izini. [25] Kotu na iya ba da izini ga hukumomin tilasta bin doka don buga layukan tarho. Har ila yau, duk wanda ke shiga cikin kiran tarho na iya yin rikodin tattaunawar - aƙalla ɓangare ɗaya a cikin kiran dole ne ya san yadda ake yin rikodin. Ana yarda da rikodin ko da yaushe a matsayin shaida a cikin kotu, ko da an same shi ta haramtacciyar hanya.

Taiwan

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kamar yadda doka ta 29 ta Dokar Tsaro da Sa ido ta Sadarwa ta shekarar 1999, yin rikodin kira ya halatta idan wanda ke gudanar da sa ido yana ɗaya daga cikin bangarorin sadarwa, ko kuma ya sami izini daga ɗaya daga cikin bangarorin da ke cikin sadarwa, kuma ba a aiwatar da shi ba. haramtacciyar manufa.

A Turkiyya, akwai tsauraran sharuɗɗa na aikin sa ido da kuma adana bayanan, amma idan dai ya bayyana isa ga ainihin abin da ake amfani da shi da kuma hanyoyin aiwatar da doka ta hukuma, ana ɗaukarsa. kamar yadda ya halatta. Ana zargin batun da ke hannun da laifin binciken laifin da ba shi da alaka da shi saboda haka dance buga wayar ya dace.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Ƙasar Ingila

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ingila da Wales

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dokar ikon bincike ta a shekarar 2000 gabaɗaya ta hana yin hulɗa da wani ɓangare na uku, tare da keɓancewa da hukumomin gwamnati. Ba a haramta yin rikodin da wani ɓangare ya yi don kiran waya ko imel ba tare da sanar da ɗayan ba idan har an yi rikodin don amfanin kansu; An haramta yin rikodi ba tare da sanarwa ba inda aka samar da wasu abubuwan da ke cikin sadarwa-tattaunawar waya ko e-mail ga wani ɓangare na uku. Kasuwanci na iya yin rikodin tare da sanin ma'aikatansu, amma ba tare da sanar da ɗayan ba, zuwa:

  • ba da shaida na ma'amalar kasuwanci
  • tabbatar da cewa kasuwanci ya bi ka'idodin tsari
  • ganin cewa ana cika ka'idoji ko maƙasudai
  • kare tsaron kasa
  • hana ko gano laifi
  • bincika yin amfani da tsarin sadarwa mara izini
  • tabbatar da ingantaccen aiki na tsarin sadarwa

Za su iya saka idanu ba tare da yin rikodin kiran waya ko imel ɗin da aka karɓa don ganin ko sun dace da kasuwancin ba (misali, don bincika sadarwar kasuwanci da aka yi magana da ma'aikacin da ba ya nan); amma irin wannan saka idanu dole ne ya kasance daidai kuma daidai da dokokin kariya da ka'idojin aiki.

Wannan taƙaitaccen bayani ba lallai ba ne ya ƙunshi duk wasu lokuta masu yuwuwa. Babban dokokin da dole ne a bi su shine:

  • Dokokin ikon Bincike na 2000 ("RIPA")
  • Sadarwa (Halatta Kasuwancin Kasuwanci) (Kasuwancin Sadarwa) Dokokin a shekarar 2000 ("Dokokin LBP").
  • Gabaɗaya Dokokin Kariya
  • Dokokin Sadarwa (Kariyar Bayanai da Sirri) a shekara ta 1999
  • Dokar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekarar 1998.

Ƙarƙashin RIPA yin rikodi ko sa ido kan sadarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba laifi ne, ba da izinin aiwatar da aikin farar hula a cikin kotuna. Akwai taƙaitaccen ƙa'idodin aiki akan gidan yanar gizon Ofcom. [26]

Wani lokaci ana ba da shawarar yin rikodi, kamar yadda a cikin rikodin ma'amalar kasuwanci da aka yi ta wayar tarho don samar da rikodin. Wani lokaci yakan zama wajibi; daga watan Maris, shekara ta 2009 Dokokin Hukumar Sabis na Kuɗi sun buƙaci kamfanoni su yi rikodin duk tattaunawar tarho da sadarwar lantarki da suka shafi umarni na abokin ciniki da ƙarshen ma'amaloli a cikin daidaito, haɗin gwiwa, da kasuwanni masu ƙima. [27] A cikin watan Nuwamban shekarar 2011 an tsawaita wannan don rufe rikodin tattaunawar wayar hannu da ke da alaƙa da umarni na abokin ciniki da ma'amala ta kamfanoni masu tsari.

Scotland

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Halin da ake ciki a Scotland yayi kama da na Ingila da Wales, wanda Dokar Bincike ta Ƙarfafa (Scotland) ta a shekarar 2000 ta rufe. [28]

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin Rathbun da Amurka, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke hukunci game da sadarwa tsakanin jihohi ko kuma na waje cewa "a bayyane yake cewa wanda ke da ikon karɓar sadarwar yana iya amfani da shi don amfanin kansa ko kuma ya yi amfani da shi. ba shi da gata, kuma wata ƙungiya ba za ta tilasta wa ɗayan ba ta hanyar amfani da wayar tarho kawai. yi rikodin tattaunawar kuma buga shi." Dubi Amurka v. Polakoff, 113 F. 2d 888, 889.

Dokar tarayya ta buƙaci a sanar da aƙalla ƙungiya ɗaya da ke shiga cikin kiran game da rikodin ( 18 USC § 2511 (2) (d)).

Dokokin yin rikodin kira a wasu jihohin Amurka suna buƙatar ƙungiya ɗaya kawai don sanin rikodin, yayin da sauran jihohin gabaɗaya suna buƙatar ɓangarori biyu su sani. Jihohi da yawa suna buƙatar duk ɓangarorin su yarda lokacin da ƙungiya ɗaya ke son yin rikodin tattaunawar tarho. [29]

Dokokin tarayya ne ke tafiyar da rikodin waya kuma ta nau'ikan dokokin jiha iri biyu:

Jihohin yarda biyu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jihohin da ke buƙatar gabaɗaya cewa duk ɓangarori sun yarda da rikodin sun haɗa da:

  • California
  • Connecticut (Don yin rikodin lantarki kawai, dole ne a sanar da duk ƙungiyoyi game da rikodin, ba tare da ƴan kaɗan ba. [30] Domin yin rikodin cikin mutum, ƙa'idar ita ce amincewar ƙungiya ɗaya koyaushe.) [31]
  • Delaware [32]
  • Florida [33][ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ <span title="secondary source needed (July 2023)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]
  • Hawaii* (gaba ɗaya jihar jam'iyya ɗaya, amma yana buƙatar izinin ɓangare biyu idan an shigar da na'urar rikodi a wuri mai zaman kansa) [31]
  • Illinois (sauraron, watsawa, ko yin rikodin tattaunawa na sirri ba na lantarki ba yana buƙatar izini daga kowane bangare) [34] [35]
  • Maryland [36]
  • Massachusetts [31] (kawai an dakatar da rikodin "asiri" kawai, [37] ce kadai jihar da ba ta da "wuri na jama'a". Kwaskwarimar Farko a cikin sharuɗɗan da aka ɗauka a cikin shari'ar da Project Veritas ya gabatar a cikin shekarar 2018. )
  • Montana (yana buƙatar sanarwa kawai) [38]
  • New Hampshire
  • Oregon * (Ƙungiya ɗaya don sadarwar lantarki, ƙungiya biyu don tattaunawa ta cikin mutum. An yi mulki a cikin 2023 don keta Dokar Farko a cikin shari'ar da Project Veritas ya shigar. [39] )
  • Pennsylvania
  • Washington (duk da haka, sashe na uku na dokar Washington ya faɗi cewa ana ba da izini idan ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin ya sanar da cewa za su yi rikodin kiran ta hanyar da ta dace idan rikodin ya ƙunshi wannan sanarwar). [40]

Yarjejeniyar jam'iyya daya ta bayyana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Jihohin yarda guda ɗaya sune: [29]   Wasu jihohi sun bambanta tsakanin sadarwa ta hanyar lantarki da ta cikin mutum. Misali, Illinois da Oregon jihohin yarda ɗaya ne don sadarwar lantarki, amma suna buƙatar izinin duk wani ɓangare don sadarwa ta cikin mutum kai tsaye, tare da ƴan keɓe. [41]

Kotun Koli ta California ta yanke hukunci a shekara ta 2006 cewa idan mai kira a cikin jam'iyya ɗaya ya rubuta tattaunawa da wani a California, mai kiran jam'iyya ɗaya yana ƙarƙashin tsauraran dokoki kuma dole ne ya sami izini daga duk masu kira (cf. Kearney). v. Salomon Smith Barney Inc., 39 Cal. 4th 95 ). Duk da haka, ana iya yin rikodin rashin bayyanawa daga ɗayan bangarorin a doka idan ɗayan yana barazanar satar mutane, ƙwace, cin hanci, fataucin mutane, ko wani mummunan tashin hankali. Har ila yau, an haɗa a cikin ban da rashin kuskure da barazanar rauni ga mutane ko dukiya ta hanyar na'urar sadarwa ta lantarki (yawanci ta waya) idan an umurce ta gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangare zuwa ga mahalarta tattaunawa ko ƴan uwa.

Bayan hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Illinois a cikin Mutane v. Clark/Melongo a ranar 20 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2014, wanda ya rushe dokar amincewar jam'iyyun biyu na Illinois, Illinois ta kasance jihar amincewar jam'iyya daya. [42] Koyaya, majalisar dokokin jihar ta gyara dokar kuma, tun daga ranar 30 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2014, Illinois ta sake zama jihar amincewar jam'iyyun biyu don sadarwar da ba ta lantarki ba. [35]

Kotun daukaka kara ta Michigan ta yanke hukunci a cikin shekara ta 1982 cewa masu shiga cikin tattaunawa na iya yin rikodin tattaunawa ba tare da samun izinin sauran mahalarta ba. Hukuncin ya bayyana cewa sauraron sauraren karar ya shafi: "wani bangare na uku da ba a saurara a cikin tattaunawar ba". Wannan shi ne saboda doka ta yi amfani da kalmar, "bayanan sirri na wasu", maimakon kalmomin, "bayanan sirri na wasu ko tare da wasu " . [43] Yawancin lokaci ana fassara dokar Michigan kamar yadda ake buƙatar izinin duk bangarorin tattaunawa. [44] A cikin shekara ta 2019, Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta amince da shari'ar Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Michigan ta a shekarar 1982, amma ta annabta cewa Kotun Koli ta Michigan za ta yanke shawarar cewa mahalarta cikin tattaunawa ba za su iya yin rikodin tattaunawa ba tare da amincewar dukkan bangarorin ba, don haka ta yanke hukuncin cewa Michigan na buƙatar amincewar dukkan bangarorin., haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin kotuna daban-daban. [45] Duk da haka, a cikin shekarar 2021, Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta juya kanta ta hanyar sake nazari, a wani bangare saboda Babban Mai Shari'a na Michigan yana neman kotun ta yi hakan, kuma ta warware rarrabuwar kawuna a tsakanin kotuna ta hanyar canza hukuncinta zuwa Michigan ta ba da damar wata ƙungiya a cikin tattaunawa. yi rikodin tattaunawa ba tare da samun izinin sauran mahalarta ba. [46]

Siffofin rikodi na sanarwar da kamfanin waya suka karɓa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya ta fayyace nau'ikan sanarwar da aka karɓa don yin rikodin tarho ta kamfanonin waya kamar: [47]

  • sanarwa ta baki (baki) ko rubutacciyar sanarwa na duk bangarorin tattaunawar tarho;
  • sanarwa na baka (na baka) kafin a yi rikodin (wannan shine nau'in da aka fi amfani da shi);
  • sautin ƙara mai ji mai maimaitawa a lokaci-lokaci yayin kiran.

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Na'urar sauraron ɓoyayyiya
  • Sauraron saurare
  • Hacking na waya
  • Amintaccen tarho
  • Latsa waya

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Queensland Legal Aid - Helping Queenslanders with their legal problems". www.legalaid.qld.gov.au. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  2. ↑ Branch, Legislative Services (8 April 2019). "Consolidated federal laws of canada, Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada. "Guidelines for Recording of Customer Telephone Calls". June 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  5. ↑ "Is it legal to record a private conversation? Wiretapping and the one party consent exception to the rule against interception". May 6, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  6. ↑ "Straffeloven - Bekendtgørelse af straffeloven - retsinformation.dk". www.retsinformation.dk. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Omien keskustelujen ja puheluiden nauhoittaminen työpaikalla (Data Protection Ombudsman)". 2006. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  8. ↑ "Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch, StGB)". www.iuscomp.org. Archived from the original on 26 April 2001. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  9. ↑ "GERMAN CRIMINAL CODE". www.gesetze-im-internet.de. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  10. ↑ Translation provided by Prof. Dr. Michael Bohlander (13 November 1998). "Sec. 34 of the German Criminal Code". German Criminal Code. Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz, Bundesamt für Justiz (Deutschland). Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  11. ↑ Goyal, Aman (2014-09-04). "Audio-visual recording of "informed consent" in India: Step towards "understood consent"". Clinical Trials. 11 (5): 605–606. doi:10.1177/1740774514542621. ISSN 1740-7745. PMID 25190028. S2CID 206773605.
  12. ↑ "India Audio and Video recording laws". Recording Laws.
  13. ↑ "Is call recording legal in India: See admissible court laws". IndiaLegalLive. 6 April 2022.
  14. ↑ "Indian Telegraph Act, 1885" (PDF). Department of Telecommunications, Ministry of Communication, Government of India. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  15. ↑ Francesco Polimeni (5 May 2014). "Registrare di nascosto: per la Cassazione è legale" (in Italiyanci). Tiscali News. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016.
  16. ↑ "Fizisko personu datu aizsardzības likums (Personal Data Protection Law)". 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  17. ↑ "Artikel 139a Wetboek van Strafrecht". Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  18. ↑ "Crimes Act 1961, Section 216B". Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  19. ↑ "Can I record someone without telling them?". Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  20. ↑ "Phone recordings: what's legal and what's not". Radio New Zealand. 18 October 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  21. ↑ "The Criminal Code z dnia 6 czerwca 1997 r. (Dz.U. tłum. gb Nr 88, poz. 553)" (PDF) (in Turanci). Retrieved May 16, 2019.
  22. ↑ "Nagrywanie rozmów - kiedy jest legalne?". 21 April 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  23. ↑ "Legalność nagrywania rozmowy. Czy taki materiał może być dowodem w sprawie?". 5 September 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  24. ↑ Zarrin, Shazia; Saxena, Shashi; Arif-ul-Islam (September 2010). "Step-stress Accelerated Life Testing for Exponentiated Weibull Distribution". Safety and Reliability. 30 (3): 5–13. doi:10.1080/09617353.2010.11690911. ISSN 0961-7353. S2CID 124623801.
  25. ↑ Riksdagsförvaltningen. "Brottsbalk (1962:700) Svensk författningssamling 1962:1962:700 t.o.m. SFS 2019:34 - Riksdagen". www.riksdagen.se. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  26. ↑ "Other issues - Ofcom". Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  27. ↑ "FSA Web site: FSA publishes new rules on telephone recording". FSA. March 3, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  28. ↑ "Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Scotland) Act 2000". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2019-03-29.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Tape-recording laws at a glance". Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press. August 1, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  30. ↑ Christopher Reinhart (October 1, 1999). "RECORDING PHONE CALLS". www.cga.ct.gov.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "Recording Phone Calls and Conversations". Digital Media Law Project. May 14, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  32. ↑ "11 DE Code § 1335 (2022)". Justia Law. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
  33. ↑ "Statutes & Constitution :View Statutes : Online Sunshine". www.leg.state.fl.us. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  34. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Illinois General Assembly - Illinois Compiled Statutes". www.ilga.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-06-20.[one-party recording of electronic communications is allowed by 720 ILCS 5/14-2(a)(3)]
  36. ↑ "Maryland Courts and Judicial Proceedings Section 10-402". Justia Law. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  37. ↑ "Massachusetts Recording Law". Digital Media Law Project. May 8, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  38. ↑ Montana Legislative Services. "45-8-213. Privacy in communications".
  39. ↑ "PROJECT VERITAS V. SCHMIDT (No.22-35271)" (PDF).
  40. ↑ "RCW 9.73.030: Intercepting, recording, or divulging private communication—Consent required—Exceptions". apps.leg.wa.gov. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
  41. ↑ "Oregon". Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press. August 1, 2012. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  42. ↑ "People v. Melongo" (PDF).
  43. ↑ "State of Michigan Court of Appeals" (PDF). publicdocs.courts.mi.gov. August 21, 2003. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  44. ↑ "Michigan Recording Law | Digital Media Law Project". dmlp.org. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
  45. ↑ "Michigan v. Project Veritas". Jun 14, 2019. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
  46. ↑ "AFT Mich. v. Project Veritas". Nov 8, 2021. Retrieved November 28, 2023.
  47. ↑ "Subpart E--Use of Recording Devices by Telephone Companies" (PDF). United States Government Publishing Office. Retrieved September 28, 2017.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dokokin_rikodin_kiran_waya&oldid=549955"