Effie Lee Morris
Effie Lee Morris(Afrilu 20, 1921 - Nuwamba 9, 2009) ma'aikaciyar dakin karatu ce,malami,kuma mai fafutuka,wacce aka fi sani da ita na hidimar laburare na jama'a ga tsiraru da nakasassu.Morris ya haɓaka Makon Tarihin Negro na Farko na Laburaren Jama'a na Cleveland kuma shine ƙwararren ƙwararrun yara na farko na Laburaren Jama'a na masu fama da gani.Ita ce mai kula da ayyukan yara na farko a Laburaren Jama'a na San Francisco,inda ta kasance Ba'amurke ta farko da ta rike mukamin gudanarwa.
Jagora mai ƙwazo a ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari, Morris ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Ƙungiyar Lantarki na Jama'a - mace ta farko kuma Ba'amurke ta farko da ta yi haka.Morris ya kuma yi aiki a cikin kwamitocin don fitattun lambobin yabo na yara,ciki har da Medal Caldecott,Medal Newbery,da Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal (yanzu da aka sani da Kyautar Legacy Littattafan Yara).[1]Morris ya rubuta ainihin ma'aunin zaɓi na Coretta Scott King Award don zama lambar yabo ta hukuma don Ƙungiyar Laburare ta Amurka (ALA) a cikin 1982.
Morris ta sami lambobin yabo da yawa a lokacin rayuwarta da bayan mutuwarta.ALA sun ba Morris girma mafi girma, membobinsu a cikin 2008.A cikin 2017,an shigar da ita bayan mutuntawa cikin Hall of Fame Association of California Library.
Ilimi da rayuwar sirri[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Morris ya girma a cikin keɓaɓɓen Richmond,Virginia.Tana da shekara takwas,ta ƙaura tare da danginta zuwa Cleveland,Ohio,inda mahaifinta ya kasance shugaban mai dafa abinci tare da Chesapeake da Kamfanin Railroad na Ohio.Morris da 'yar uwarta suna cikin ƴan ɗaliban Afirka-Amerika kawai a makarantarsu ta firamare a Cleveland.Karatu wani bangare ne na rayuwar Morris tun yana karami.Bayan ta gano reshenta na Dutsen Pleasant na ɗakin karatu na Jama'a na Cleveland,ta ji daɗin kunna ɗakin karatu ta hanyar tsara littattafanta a baranda na gaba.
Morris ta kasance valedictorian a Makarantar Sakandare ta John Adams[2]kuma ta sami tallafin karatu zuwa Jami'ar Chicago,inda ta yi karatu na tsawon shekaru uku.Ta koma gida Cleveland bayan mahaifinta ya kamu da rashin lafiya kuma ya gama karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Western Reserve (yanzu ana kiranta Case Western Reserve University),daga nan ta sami digiri na farko guda biyu:daya a cikin Kimiyyar zamantakewa,kuma wani a Kimiyyar Laburare.Ta yi karatu a karkashin Harriet Long,wanda ya ƙware a horar da ma'aikatan ɗakin karatu na yara.[2]Morris ya koma Case Western don kammala karatun digiri,yana samun Jagoran Kimiyya a Kimiyyar Laburare a 1956.Rubutun nata mai taken "Bincike na Tsakanin Karni na Gabatarwar Negro na Amurka a cikin Adabi ga Yara da aka buga a Amurka tsakanin 1700 zuwa 1950."
Morris ya auri Leonard Virgil Jones a Honolulu,Hawai'i a ranar 25 ga Agusta,1971.A lokacin aurensu,Jones ya kasance Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Savings Savings and Loan Association.[3] Wanda ya kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar California, Berkeley,Jones ya buga kwallon kafa ga koci Pappy Waldorf.Jones ya ci gaba da aiki a Berkeley,yana aiki a matsayin mai kula da Gidauniyar Cal Athletic kuma darekta na Ƙungiyar Alumni.
Morris koyaushe yana sa abin lanƙwasa na mujiya,wanda shine alamarta ta musamman na kyawunta da kuma nuni ga ginshiƙin Owls Uku da ma’aikaciyar ɗakin karatu na yara Anne Carroll Moore ta rubuta a New York Public Library. Rukunin shine jerin farko na bitar littattafan yara da New York Herald Tribune za ta buga. Mujiyoyi uku na Moore suna wakiltar marubuci, mai zane, da suka; Mujiya ta huɗu ta Moore tana wakiltar mai karatu.
Sana'a[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Cleveland Public Library (1945-1955)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Aikin ɗakin karatu na Morris ya fara ne a lokacin kwaleji a ɗakin karatu na jama'a na Cleveland,inda ta yi aiki a wani reshe mai hidima ga yawancin al'ummar Amurkawa na Afirka.Ta mayar da hankali kan ilimin karatu ga yara da yara na Amurkawa a cikin birane masu karamin karfi. Ta kafa bikin makon tarihin Negro na farko na ɗakin karatu don yara, wanda ta haɓaka shirye-shiryen kuma ta ba da shawarar jerin karatu.
New York Public Library (1955-1963)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin 1955,Laburaren Jama'a na New York ya tauki Morris daga Cleveland.Ta yi aiki a The Bronx kuma ta zama ƙwararrun yara na farko na ɗakin karatu don masu fama da nakasa. Mai gudanar da ayyukan yara,Francis Landis Spane, ya ware kudin tallafi ga Morris don nemo kayan yara masu nakasa.[4]Morris shi ne kawai ma’aikacin laburare a ƙasar da ke aiki tare da yara makafi kuma ya ba da shawarar a rubuta sabbin littattafai don wannan al’umma.Lokacin da yara makafi a ko'ina cikin ƙasar suka rubuta mata don neman littattafai,Morris ya yi aiki tare da Ƙungiyar Makafi ta Ƙasa (wanda aka sani da Ƙungiyar Makafi ta Ƙasa) don tabbatar da sababbin abubuwan da suka dace na littattafan yara.Wannan ya haɗa da bugu na braille da kuma gyare-gyare masu yawa ta amfani da yadudduka azaman misalai.[4]A lokacin da take a New York,Morris ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Makafi ta Ƙasa da kuma shugabar Kwamitin Laburare na Majalisa don Zaɓin Litattafai don Yara Makafi.
Laburaren Jama'a na San Francisco (1963-1977)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Morris ya ƙaura daga New York zuwa San Francisco a 1963 don zama mai kula da ayyukan yara na farko a Laburaren Jama'a na San Francisco.Ita ce kuma Ba’amurke ta farko da ta rike mukamin gudanarwa a ɗakin karatu.A shekara ta 1973,har yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin ma'aikatan ɗakin karatu na Amurka guda goma waɗanda ke aiki a cikin tsarin Laburaren Jama'a na San Francisco.
A cikin 1964,Morris ya kafa kundin tarihin yara da tarin bincike na ɗakin karatu,wanda ke ɗauke da littattafan da ba a buga ba ga matasa waɗanda ke nuna ra'ayin kabilanci,don nuna sauye-sauyen yanayin ƙabilanci da ƙungiyoyin tsiraru.An canza tarin tarin suna a cikin girmamawar Morris a cikin 1981.A cikin 1969,Morris ya taimaka wajen kafa tsarin tarihin Afirka na farko na ɗakin karatu, wanda ya haɗa da ziyarar marubuta da masu zane-zane na Afirka biyar, ciki har da marubuci Lorenz Graham.[5]
Wani babban mai ba da shawara ga yara,Morris ya taɓa ba masu gine-ginen ɗakin karatu shawara cewa layin dogo da aka tsara a sashin yaran yana da haɗari ga yara,saboda an saita su da yawa.A lokacin aikinta na shekaru goma sha huɗu,Morris ta rubuta bayanin haƙƙin yara na ɗakin karatu,a fassara aikace-aikacen katin ɗakin karatu zuwa harsuna biyar,ya kafa shirin karatun bazara a faɗin birni,kuma ya rubuta litattafai don taron shekara-shekara.A cikin 1975,Morris ya yi amfani da kyautar Sabis na Laburare da Dokar Gina don kafa "Dial-a-Story," layin waya na sa'o'i 24 inda masu kira za su iya sauraron labarin da aka rubuta na mintuna uku na yara masu tasowa.[6]
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- ↑ Oversight Hearings on Library Services and Construction Act: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Postsecondary Education of the Committee of Education and Labor, House of Representatives, 97th Cong. 382-383 (1984) (Testimony of Effie Lee Morris).