Filin iskar gas
 Filin iskar gas | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
natural gas field (en)  da gas condensate field (en) | ||||
 | ||||
| Bayanai | ||||
| Suna saboda |
Sleipnir (en) | |||
| Ƙasa | Norway | |||
| Wuri a ina ko kusa da wace teku |
North Sea (en) | |||
| Ma'aikaci |
Equinor ASA (en) | |||
| Time of discovery or invention (en) | 1974 | |||
| Alaƙanta da |
Kårstø (en) | |||
| Wuri | ||||
| ||||
Filin iskar gas na Sleipner; iskar gas ne acikin shingen 15/9[1] na Tekun Arewa, kimanin 250 kilometres (160 mi)yammacin Stavanger, Norway. Sashe biyu na filin suna cikin samarwa, Sleipner West (tabbatar acikin 1974), da Sleipner East (1981). Filin yana samar da iskar gas da iskar gas mai haske daga ginin yashi kimanin 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) ƙasa matakin teku. Equinor ne ke sarrafa shi. Sunan filin ne bayan steed Sleipnir a tarihin Norse.
Adana da samarwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ya zuwa ƙarshen 2005, kiyasin ajiyar da za'a iya dawo da su don filayen Sleipner West da Gabas sun kasance 51.6 biliyan cubic mita na iskar gas, 4.4 million tonnes (4.9×106 short tons) na ruwan gas, da 3.9 miliyoyin cubic mita na condensates. A kullum samar da filin a 2008 ya 300 thousand barrels (48×103 m3) mai dai-dai da kowace rana, 36 miliyan cubic mita na iskar gas a kowace rana, da 14,000 cubic mita na condensate kowace rana. Acikin wani sabon rahoto na shekarar 2017, Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur ta Norway tayi kiyasin cewa cubic mita miliyan 2.72 na man fetur, mita cubic biliyan 11.72 na iskar gas, tan miliyan 0.67 na ruwan iskar gas, da mitoci cubic miliyan 0.07 na condensates sun kasance a cikin ajiyar.
Filin Sleipner ya ƙunshi dandamali huɗu. An dasa filin da rijiyoyin samarwa guda 18. Dandalin Sleipner A yana kan Sleipner East kuma dandalin Sleipner B yana kan Sleipner West. Ana sarrafa Sleipner B daga nesa daga Sleipner A ta hanyar kebul na cibiya. Ana haɗa dandalin jiyya na Sleipner T carbon dioxide ta jiki zuwa dandalin Sleipner A ta hanyar gada da kuma zuwa dandalin Sleipner B mai nisan 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) layin kwararar carbon dioxide. Dandalin Sleipner Riser, yana hidimar bututun Langeled da Zeepipe, yana kan filin Sleipner Gabas.
Aikin kamawa da adana carbon[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana amfani da filin Sleipner Vest (West) a matsayin kayan aiki don kama carbon da adanawa (CCS).[1][2] Ita ce tashar CCS ta farko a duniya, tana aiki tun daga ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1996.[3] Aikin, a cikin shekarar farko, ya tabbatar da rashin tsaro saboda nutsewar yashi.[3] Koyaya, bayan sake fashewa da shigar da wani layin dutse a watan Agustan 1997, ayyukan CCS sun kasance masu aminci.[3] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2018, an kai tan miliyan daya na CO2 kuma an yi amfani da shi a cikin tsari a kowace shekara tun 1996.[4] Takaitaccen aikin ya ba da rahoton ƙarfin har zuwa tan biliyan 600 (~ tan biliyan 660).[5]
Filin Sleipner West yana da har zuwa 9% CO maida hankali; Norway kawai tana ba da izinin 2.5% CO kafin zartar da hukunce-hukuncen ingancin fitarwa, wanda ƙila ya kasance NOK miliyan 1/rana (~$120,000US/rana).[1] Kuɗin aiki shine US $17/ ton na CO allura, duk da haka, kamfanin baya biyan harajin carbon carbon na Norway na 1991[6] kuma yana karɓar ƙimar carbon a cikin tsarin ciniki na hayaƙin EU.[7] Kafin harajin carbon, masana'antu sun saki CO mara kyau a cikin yanayi.[1] Acikin yanayin kasuwanci-kamar yadda aka saba, fitar da Norway zai sami karuwar kashi 3% sama da shekaru 20 idan ba don gwajin CCS ba. Ana kula da carbon dioxide akan dandalin jiyya na Sleipner T. Bayan haka ana jigilar carbon dioxide zuwa dandalin Sleipner A inda aka yi masa allura a cikin samuwar Utsira ta rijiyar sadaukarwa c. Mita 1000 karkashin teku. Yin amfani da ƙarfin lokaci da hanyoyin girgizar ƙasa, aikin majagaba na Sleipner carbon kama aikin ya tabbatar da yuwuwar fasahar yin allura da auna CO a cikin tafki na teku, da kuma tasirin rage hayaki ta hanyar kwanciyar hankali. Don guje wa yuwuwar yabo da za su iya haifar da haɗarin lafiya da lalata muhalli,[8] sama da wurin alluran Formation na Utsira ya ta'allaka ne da tashoshi 30 na nauyi na teku don sa ido a ƙarƙashin taken,[9] Saline Aquifer CO Storage.[10] Waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon suna lura da ayyukan microseismic tare da ƙarfin gravitational da zurfin awo.[9] Tsayin shimfidar teku, samar da iskar gas, da sauye-sauyen magudanar ruwa sun ƙayyade ƙarfin da aka auna.[9]
An tsara shi a fili a ƙarƙashin dokar man fetur ta Norway acikin Disamba 2014 kuma bisa ga umarnin EU na 2009/31/EC, manufofin sa ido suna mayar da hankali kan kimanta motsin iskar gas, kwanciyar hankali, da tasiri na yanayin magance matsalolin idan ya faru.[3] Daga 2002 zuwa 2005, ma'aunai sun gano canje-canje a tsaye a cikin iyakokin awo da aka kafa, mai yuwuwa an danganta su ga zaizayewa da rayuwar ruwa.[9] Simulators na geochemical da tafki suna bayyana babban ginin CO a ƙarƙashin hatimin kafa. Duk da haka, lokacin da allurar ta ƙare a ƙarshe, simulations suna nuna tarawa kusa da hatimin hular yumbu mai cike da yashi, wanda zai haifar da tarko mai narkewa.[8] Wannan tarkon solubility, wanda yawancin yadudduka na yumbu da yashi suka haifar, yana hana CO tashi sama kuma zai juya zuwa tarkon ma'adinai acikin ma'adinai.[8] Bugu da ƙari kuma, kwararar ruwa na ƙasa yana sauƙaƙe rarraba iskar gas da damuwa, rage haɗarin yabo.[8] Halin abun da ke tattare da cakuda yumbu, yashi, da carbon shine ma'aunin kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci a cikin aikin Sleipner CCS.[8] Tun daga shekara ta 2007, ma'aunai daga tashoshin nauyi sun nuna cewa allurar CO acikin Tsarin Utsira bai haifar da wani aikin girgizar ƙasa ba kuma ba'a sami kwararar carbon dioxide acikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata ba.[8]
Ma'aikacin bututun iskar gas Gassco ya bada shawarar gina 240 kilometres (150 mi) bututun carbon dioxide daga Kårstø don jigilar carbon dioxide daga tashar wutar lantarki ta Kårstø da ta daina aiki. Yayin da bututun allura ba sa karkata ga tsatsa yayin jigilar CO, bututun sufuri suna fuskantar ƙarancin yanayin zafi da matsanancin matsin lamba, wanda ke haifar da samuwar raɓa, kuma daga baya, tsatsa.[4]
Samuwar Miocene Utsira[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Samuwar Miocene Utsira babban ruwa ne mai tsayayye, hatimin yumbu. Rarraba ta matakai da yawa a sakamakon bambancin matakin teku da abubuwan da suka faru na glacial suka haifar a cikin lokacin Pliocene, adibas sun dawo daga marigayi Miocene/ farkon Pliocene zuwa farkon lokutan Pleistocene, ƙaddara ta hanyar palynology. Yashi na sama na Pliocene ya sanya yashi ya rufe samuwar tare da mafi girman yashi wanda ke kusan mita 150 ƙasa da matakin teku.[8] An auna tare da bayanan girgizar ƙasa na 3D, dutsen yashi na Utsira yana ƙarƙashin ƙasan mita 800-1000 na laka a ƙarƙashin teku tare da matsakaicin kauri na sama da mita 300.[8] Yankin Utsira yana da nisan kilomita 450 daga arewa zuwa kudu da kilomita 90 daga gabas zuwa yamma.[8] A arewa da kudanci kwance zurfin yashi tsarin, yayin da a tsakiyar yankin slimmer adibas rufe seafloor.[8] Yankin Tampen, wanda ke cikin mafi yawan yankin arewa, yana ƙunshe da tsumman yashi na glaucontic.[8]
Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Rarraba carbon
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":4" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedieaghg - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:2 - ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:0 - ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Empty citation (help)