Gumuz harshe
| Gumuz harshe | |
|---|---|
'Yan asalin magana | 219,000 (2007) |
| |
Latin alphabet (en)  , Geʽez script (en) da Baƙaƙen boko | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
guk |
| Glottolog |
gumu1244[1] |
Gumuz (wanda kuma ake kira Gumaz ) gungu ne na yare da ake magana a kan iyakar Habasha da Sudan . An rarraba shi cikin ɗan lokaci a cikin dangin Nilo-Saharan . Galibin masu magana da harshen Habasha suna zaune ne a shiyyar Kamashi da Metekel na yankin Benishangul-Gumuz, duk da cewa an bayar da rahoton cewa gungun mutane 1,000 suna zaune a wajen garin Welkite (Unseth 1989). Masu magana da Sudan suna zaune a yankin gabashin Er Roseires, kusa da Famaka da Fazoglo a kan kogin Blue Nile, wanda ya ke arewa da kan iyaka. Dimmendaal et al. (2019) suna zargin cewa nau'ikan da ba a tabbatar da su ba da ake magana a bakin kogin sun ƙunshi yare dabam dabam, Kadallu . [2]
Rubutun farko na wannan harshe jerin kalmomi ne daga yankin Dutsen Guba wanda Juan Maria Schuver ya haɗa a cikin Fabrairu 1883.
Iri[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Iri-iri ba duka ba ne masu fahimtar juna . Ta wannan ma'auni, akwai harsunan Gumuz guda biyu ko uku. Siffofin nahawu sun bambanta tsakanin arewa da kudancin Gumuz. [3]
Daats'iin, wanda aka gano a cikin 2013, a fili yare ne daban-daban, kodayake ya fi kusa da kudancin Gumuz. Ire-iren da ba a tabbatar da su ba a Sudan, wataƙila yare ne na musamman, Kadallu . (Duba harsunan Bʼaga .)
Ethnologue ya lissafa Guba, Wenbera, Sirba, Agalo, Yaso, Mandura, Dibate, da Metemma a matsayin yarukan Gumuz, tare da Mandura, Dibate, da Metemma suna samar da gungu na yare.
Ahland (2004) [4] yana ba da kwatancen bayanan ƙamus na Guba, Mandura, North Dibat'e, Wenbera, Sirba Abay, Agelo Meti, Yaso, da Metemma.
Fassarar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gumuz yana da duka baƙaƙe masu ƙyalli da abubuwan ban mamaki . Ana yin hasarar ƙarancin inganci a madaidaicin magana a wasu yaruka (Unseth 1989). Akwai jerin baƙaƙe na palatal, gami da duka biyun masu fitar da rai da kuma na ban tsoro. A wasu yarukan, misali Sirba, akwai tasha bilatalized palatalized, kamar yadda yake cikin kalmar 'bera' [bʲʷa]</link> (Tsarin 1989).
Consonants[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | plain | lab. | |||||||
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | ŋ | (ŋʷ) | |||||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | c | k | (kʷ) | ʔ | |||
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | g | (ɡʷ) | |||||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | cʼ | kʼ | (kʼʷ) | |||||
| implosive | ɓ | ɗ | ||||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | t͡ʃ | |||||||
| ejective | t͡sʼ | t͡ʃʼ | ||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | χ | (χʷ) | ||||
| voiced | (v) | z | ʒ | |||||||
| Tap/Trill | (ɾ) | (r) | ||||||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||||||
- Matsa [ɾ] ya fi faruwa a cikin morpheme-matsayi na ciki, kuma ba a matsayi na farko ba. Hakanan yana faruwa azaman allophone na /ɗ/ a cikin tsaka-tsaki da matsayi na ƙarshe.
- Trill [r] na iya fitowa daga wayoyin akida ko kuma sakamakon lamuni daga Amharic. [5]
| Labial | Alveolar | Bayan alv. / </br> Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a fili | lab. | ||||||
| Nasal | m | n | (ɲ) | ŋ | (ŋʷ) | ||
| Tsaya | mara murya | p | t | c | k | (kʷ) | ʔ |
| murya | b | d | Ɗa | g | (ƙasa) | ||
| m | p' | t' | c' | ku | (k'ʷ) | ||
| m | ɓ | ɗ | (ƙara) | ||||
| Haɗin kai | mara murya | t s | t Ƙ | ||||
| m | Ƙarfafawa | Ƙaddamarwa | |||||
| Ƙarfafawa | mara murya | f | s | ʃ | h | ||
| murya | (v) | z | ʒ | ||||
| Taɓa | Ɗa | ||||||
| Na gefe | l | ||||||
| Kusanci | j | w | |||||
- Ƙwaƙwalwar ɓarna [ɠ] tana son wanzuwa kawai a cikin yaren Agelo Meti.
- Labialized bilabial plosive [bʷ] yana nufin wanzuwa kawai a cikin yaren Sirba Abay.
- Ƙaƙƙarfan murya [β] na iya faruwa lokacin da /ɓ/ ke ƙoƙarin yin rauni a matsayi na ƙarshe a wasu yarukan.
Duk yarukan biyu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Haƙoran labio [v] yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin rarrabawar da ba kasafai ba, kuma galibi yana faruwa a cikin tsaka-tsaki da matsayi na farko. Hakanan ana iya gabatar da shi ta hanyar samowa daga wayoyin akida.
- Palatal [ɲ] yana faruwa ne kawai-ciki-ciki a cikin mahallin tsaka-tsaki, a gaban baƙar magana, ko azaman allophone na /n/ kafin wasalin gaba.
- [ŋʷ] yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin rarrabawar da ba kasafai ba, ko lokacin da /ŋ/ ya faru kafin gajeriyar wasali mai rauni.
- Sauran baƙaƙen labialized [kʷ, ɡʷ, kʼʷ, χʷ] suna faruwa ne sakamakon baƙar fata ko uvular da ke gabanin gajeriyar wasula masu rarrafe waɗanda ke gaba da wani wasali. [5]
Wasula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
| Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kusa | iː | ku ː | |
| Tsakar | eː | (ə) | ku oː |
| Bude | da aː |
- Gajerun wayoyi na /i, e, a, o, u/ ana iya jin su kamar [ɪ, ɛ, ə, ɔ, ʊ].
- Wani wasali na tsakiya [ɨ] na iya faruwa a wurare daban-daban bayan an gajarta /u/ lokacin laɓɓaka baƙar fata ko uvular. [5]
Sautin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sautuna suna da girma da ƙasa, tare da ƙasa . [5]
Nahawu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsarin kalma shine AVO, tare da alamar tantancewa, kodayake akwai odar AOV a arewa, mai yiwuwa daga tasirin Amharic.
A cikin juzu'i masu jujjuyawa, batutuwa a cikin odar S-V ba su da alama, yayin da waɗanda ke cikin odar V-S ana yiwa alama alama. [5]
Bayanan kula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Gumuz harshe". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Gerrit Dimmendaal, Colleen Ahland & Angelika Jakobi (2019) Linguistic features and typologies in languages commonly referred to as 'Nilo-Saharan', Cambridge Handbook of African Linguistics, p. 6–7
- ↑ Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. "Linguistic variation within Gumuz: a study of the relationship between historical change and intelligibility." M.A. thesis. University of Texas at Arlington.
- ↑ Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. Linguistic Variation Within Gumuz: A Study of the Relationship Between Historical Change and Intelligibility (Ethiopia, Sudan). MA thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Colleen Ahland, 2012. "A Grammar of Northern and Southern Gumuz", Doctoral Dissertation, University of Oregon.
Magana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Ahland, Colleen Anne. Nahawun Arewa da Kudancin Gumuz. Dissertation na Doctoral, Jami'ar Oregon.
- Dimmendaal, Gerrit J., 2000. "Alamar lamba da rarraba suna a cikin harsunan Nilo- Saharan". Anthrolopological Linguistics 42:214-261.
Kara karantawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Ahland, Colleen Anne. 2004. "Bambancin harshe a cikin Gumuz: nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin canjin tarihi da basira." Littafin MA. Jami'ar Texas a Arlington.
- Colleen Ahland. 2011. Haɗin sunan suna da predicate classifiers a cikin Gumuz
- Bender, M. Lionel. 1979. Gumuz: zanen nahawu da kamus. Afrika und Übersee 62: 38-69.
- Mungode, Peter. 1985. "Gumuz: rahoton binciken yare." Jaridar Nazarin Habasha 18: 91-114.
- Mungode, Peter. 1989. "Abubuwan da aka zaɓa na phonology na Gumuz." A cikin Taddese Beyene (ed.), Abubuwan da aka gabatar na taron kasa da kasa na takwas kan Nazarin Habasha, vol. 2, 617-32. Addis Ababa: Cibiyar Nazarin Habasha.
- Uzar, Henning. 1993. Nazarin a Gumuz: Sese phonology da tsarin TMA. A cikin Jigogi a cikin Harsunan Nilo-Saharan, editan ML Bender . Hamburg: Helmut Buske: 347-383.
- Duniya Atlas na Tsarin Harshe bayanai akan