Gurɓatar kogin Hudson
 Gurɓatar kogin Hudson | |
|---|---|
aspect in a geographic region (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Tarayyar Amurka |
Tsakanin shekarar 1947 zuwa 1977, General Electric ya gurɓata kogin Hudson ta hanyar fitar da polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) yana haifar da lahani iri-iri ga namun daji da mutanen da ke cin kifi daga kogin.[1]
Sauran nau'o'in gurbatar yanayi da suka hada da gurbacewar Mercury da kuma garuruwan da ke fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba, sun haifar da matsala a kogin.[2]
Dangane da wannan gurbatar yanayi, masu fafutuka sun yi zanga-zangar ta hanyoyi daban-daban; misali, mawaki Pete Seeger ya kafa Hudson River Sloop Clearwater da Clearwater Festival don jawo hankali ga matsalar.[3] [4] Ƙarfafawar muhalli a duk faɗin ƙasar ya haifar da ƙaddamar da Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Tarayya a cikin shekarata 1972 da Dokar Kula da Abubuwan Guba na 1976.[5] Gwamnatin tarayya ta ayyana gurɓataccen yanki na kogin, 200 miles (320 km) tsawo, azaman wurin Superfund a cikin shekarar 1984.
An fara aiwatar da ayyukan gyare-gyare masu yawa a kan kogin a cikin shekarun 1970 tare da aiwatar da izinin zubar da ruwa da kuma rage yawan zubar da ruwa, da ayyukan kawar da ruwa, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa karni na 21. [5] Shawarwari na cin kifi sun kasance suna aiki.[6]
Nau'in gurbatar yanayi da sauran tasirin muhalli
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ma'aikatar Kula da Muhalli ta Jihar New York (NYSDEC) ta jera sassa daban-daban na Hudson a matsayin rashin ingancin ruwa saboda PCBs, cadmium, da sauran mahadi masu guba . Rarraba Kogin Hudson tare da rashin ingancin ruwa (ba lallai ba ne gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu kamar babban tushe na Hudson) sune Kogin Mohawk, Dwaas Kill, Schuyler Creek, Saw Mill River, Esopus Creek, Hoosic River, Quaker Creek, da Batten Kill . Hakanan an jera tafkuna da yawa a cikin kwandon ruwa na Hudson. Sauran wasu matsalolin gurbatar yanayi da ke shafar kogin sun hada da: zubar da ruwa na bazata, zubar da ruwa a birane, karafa masu nauyi, furuns, dioxin, magungunan kashe qwari, da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Ma'aikatu da yawa waɗanda suka taɓa yin layi a kogin Hudson sun zubar da shara da sharar masana'antu kai tsaye cikin kogin. Waɗannan masana'antun sun samar da masu canza wuta, capacitors, da injunan lantarki, waɗanda suka yi amfani da PCBs azaman dielectric da ruwa mai sanyaya. Ba a tantance wannan ƙazantar ba sai a shekarun 1970. A lokacin, manyan masana'antun da suka rage a yankin mallakar General Electric ne, wanda ya zama babban alhakin tsaftace kogin Hudson. Tsakanin kusan shekarata 1947 da 1977, GE ta saki 1,300,000 pounds (590,000 kg) na PCBs a cikin kogin. PCBs sun fito ne daga masana'antar masana'anta guda biyu na kamfanin a Hudson Falls da Fort Edward, New York . Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta hana kera PCBs a shekarata 1979. Yawancin PCBs da ke cikin kogin Monsanto Co. ne ya kera su a ƙarƙashin alamar suna Aroclor 1242 da Aroclor 1016. Ana samun mafi girman taro na PCBs a cikin Thompson Island Pool.
Wani sanannen mai gurɓatawa shine General Motors, wanda ke gudanar da Majalisar Tarrytown ta Arewa a Arewacin Tarrytown, New York (yanzu da ake kira Sleepy Hollow). 90 acres (36 ha) yana aiki daga shekarar 1896 zuwa 1996. Kamfanin ya yi amfani da kusan galan miliyan 1 na ruwa a kowace rana, wanda aka mayar da shi cikin kogin a matsayin sharar gida. Sharar masana'antar shuka (musamman chromate na gubar da sauran zane-zane, tsaftacewa, da sinadarai na siyarwa) za a kwashe kai tsaye zuwa cikin kogin. Za a sarrafa sharar gida ta hanyar sarrafa najasa na ƙauyen. A kusa da shekarata 1971, mai kula da magudanar ruwa da na ƙauyen ya ba da tabbacin cewa an wuce gona da iri, kuma shi da sauran mazauna yankin za su yi iyo a bakin rairayin bakin teku, duk da haka Dominick Pirone, masanin ilimin halittu kuma tsohon darektan kungiyar masunta na Kogin Hudson (yanzu kogin ) ya kasance. An nakalto yana cewa: "Kuna iya sanin irin kalar motocin da suke zana a ranar da aka ba su da irin kalar kogin."
Wani bincike na shekarar 2008 ya nuna cewa Mercury a cikin kifi na Hudson River na kowa, ciki har da bass bass, yellow perch, bigmouth bass, smallmouth bass da carp, sun ƙi sosai a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata. An fitar da sakamakon ne daga babban bayanan bincike na mercury na kifin kifin da NYSDEC ta tara kuma aka tattara a tsawon tsawon Hudson, daga ruwan birnin New York zuwa magudanar ruwa na Adirondack. Binciken ya nuna cewa yanayin ya yi daidai da farfadowar da kogin Hudson ya samu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, a matsayin martani ga kokarin kungiyoyin fafutuka, jami'an gwamnati da masana'antu ta hanyar hada kai don taimakawa wajen tsaftace tsarin kogin.
A shekara ta 1991, ɗanyen zebra, nau'in cin zarafi, ya fara bayyana a cikin kogin Hudson, wanda ya haifar da kusan bacewa na 'ya'yan itacen pearly na asali.
A cikin shekarata 2010, NYSDEC ta ƙaddara cewa Cibiyar Makamashi ta Indiya, cibiyar makamashin nukiliya a Buchanan, ta keta Dokar Ruwa mai Tsafta saboda yawan janyewar ruwa daga Hudson, wanda ke kashe miliyoyin kifaye da sauran kwayoyin ruwa a kowace shekara. Jihar ta bukaci Entergy, ma'aikacin shuka, ya maye gurbin fuskar kifin ta da hasumiya mai sanyaya don rage tasirin muhalli. A cikin shekarata 2017 Jihar New York da Entergy sun cimma yarjejeniya cewa tashar Indiya za ta rufe a shekarata 2021. Kamfanin ya daina samar da makamashi na dindindin a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, shekarar 2021.
Tasiri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]PCBs sun haifar da gurɓataccen kifaye mai yawa a cikin kogin kuma a fili sun haifar da canjin juyin halitta cikin sauri a cikin tomcod na Atlantic, wanda bayan kimanin shekaru 50 na fallasa ya haifar da canjin amino acid guda biyu a cikin kwayar halittar AHR2, wanda ya sa mai karɓa ya ɗaure da rauni tare da PCBs. fiye da al'ada. [7] Maye gurbin baya hana tomcods tara PCBs a jikinsu da wuce su zuwa bass mai ratsin da duk abin da ke cinye su. Wannan tsarin watsa gurɓata zuwa ga manyan halittu kuma ana kiransa da biomagnification . Kuma Suma sinadarai masu guba sun taru a cikin magudanar ruwa da suka sauka zuwa gindin kogin.
A cikin shekarata 1976 NYSDEC ta haramta duk wani kamun kifi a Upper Hudson saboda matsalolin lafiya da PCBs. Hakanan ya ba da shawarwari masu taƙaita cin kifin da aka kama tsakanin 20 miles (32 km) dogon yanki na Kogin Hudson daga Hudson Falls zuwa Troy .
Shawarwarin Kifin da Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Jihar New York (DOH) ta bayar na ci gaba da aiki har zuwa Janairu 2021. DOH ya ba da shawarar cin kifin da aka kama daga Dam ɗin Kudancin Glens zuwa Dam ɗin Tarayya a Troy. Mata ‘yan kasa da shekara 50 da yara ‘yan kasa da shekara 15 ba a ba su shawarar su ci duk wani kifin da aka kama a kudu da Dam din Palmer Falls da ke Koranti, yayin da wasu kuma ake shawartar su ci a ko’ina daga abinci daya zuwa hudu a kowane wata na kifin Hudson River, dangane da nau’in da wurin da aka kama. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ambaci mercury, PCBs, dioxin, da cadmium a matsayin sinadarai da ke tasiri kifaye a waɗannan wuraren.
Ana tunanin PCBs ne ke da alhakin matsalolin kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka haɗa da cututtuka na jijiyoyin jini, ƙananan IQ da ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ɗan gajeren lokaci (ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya), rushewar hormonal, tsarin garkuwar jiki, ciwon daji, ciwon fata, cutar Parkinson, ADHD, cututtukan zuciya, da ciwon sukari. Gurɓatar PCB a cikin mutane na iya fitowa daga shan gurɓataccen ruwa, sha ta cikin fata, cin gurɓataccen rayuwar ruwa, da/ko shakar PCBs marasa ƙarfi. Cutar da PCB yana da haɗari musamman ga mata masu juna biyu da masu shayarwa. Kuma Lalacewar na iya kaiwa tayin kuma yana iya haifar da lahani na haihuwa. Cutar da nono kuma na iya yin illa ga yaro a kaikaice.
Tsaftacewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekarata 1966, Pete Seeger da Toshi Seeger sun kafa Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, ƙungiyar ilimin muhalli da kuma ainihin jirgin ruwa ( sloop ), wanda ke inganta fahimtar kogin da tarihinsa. Clearwater ya sami karbuwa na ƙasa don gwagwarmayar da ta fara a cikin shekarar 1970s don tilasta tsabtace gurɓataccen PCB na Hudson wanda GE da sauran kamfanoni suka haifar. [8] Sauran takamaiman matsalolin ruwan ruwa na Hudson waɗanda Clearwater ke damun su shine matsin lamba na ci gaba a cikin rabin rabin kwarin Hudson, ruwan kwarin kwari, gefen ruwa na Manhattan yamma, injinan nukiliya na Indiya, da New York / New Jersey Harbor dredge zubar zubar.
A cikin shekarata 1972 Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa kuma ta kafa tsarin ba da izinin fitarwa na ƙasa baki ɗaya don duk ruwan saman. Ana buƙatar duk masu sallamar majiyar kogin Hudson don samun izini daga NYSDEC. Hane-hane a cikin waɗannan izini ya haifar da raguwa gaba ɗaya a cikin lodin gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa kogin, yayin da masana'antu, masana'antar wutar lantarki da ƙananan hukumomi suka girka ko inganta tsarin sarrafa ruwan sha ko kuma yin wasu gyare-gyaren shuka don rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa. Daga cikin fitattun masana'antar gyaran magudanar ruwa har da kammala aikin kula da ruwan sha ta Arewa da ke Manhattan, inda ake fitar da galan miliyan 150 a kowace rana na najasar da ba a kula da su ba zuwa kogin har sai da shukar ta bude a shekarar 1986. Koyaya, gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu kamar PCBs da karafa masu nauyi, waɗanda aka fitar kafin aiwatar da sabbin buƙatun izini, sun kasance a cikin ruwan kogin.
A cikin shekarata 1980, Consolidated Edison (Con Ed) ya amince ya watsar da yakinsa na shekaru 17 don gina kayan aikin samar da wutar lantarki a kan Storm King Mountain, bayan ƙalubalen doka ta ƙungiyar muhalli mai zaman kanta Scenic Hudson . [9] Ayyukan ƙungiyoyin ƴan ƙasa waɗanda suka haifar da shawarar Con Ed sun haifar da ƙirƙirar Riverkeeper, ƙungiyar kare muhalli mai zaman kanta wacce ta girma a cikin ƙungiyar laima ta duniya, Ƙungiyar Waterkeeper Alliance .
Daga cikin yunƙurin farko na tsaftace kogin Hudson na sama shine cirewa a cikin 1977-78 na 180,000 cubic yards (140,000 m3) na gurbataccen ruwan kogin kusa da Fort Edward. A cikin 1984, EPA ta ayyana 200 miles (320 km) shimfidar kogin, daga Hudson Falls zuwa Birnin New York, don zama wurin Superfund da ke buƙatar tsaftacewa. Ana ɗaukar wannan wuri mai haɗari a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin al'umma. Yawancin shirye-shirye suna nufin rage gurɓatar PCB. A cikin 1991, an sami ƙarin gurɓatar PCB a Bakers Falls, kusa da tsohuwar masana'antar GE Hudson Falls, kuma an fara shirin gyarawa. A cikin Agusta Na shekarar 1995, mai 40 miles (64 km) isar Hudson na sama an sake buɗe shi don kamun kifi, amma akan kama-da-saki kawai. An kammala cire gurɓataccen ƙasa daga tsibirin Rogers a cikin Disamba shekarata 1999.
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A cikin shekarata 2001, bayan nazarin shekaru goma na gurɓatar PCB a cikin Kogin Hudson, EPA ta ba da shawarar wani shiri don tsabtace kogin ta hanyar zurfafa sama da 100,000 pounds (45,000 kg) na PCB. Mafi munin wuraren PCB ana niyya don gyarawa ta hanyar cirewa da zubar da fiye da yadi cubic miliyan 2.6 na gurɓataccen ruwa. Aikin hako shi ne mafi tsananin yunƙurin muhalli da aka taɓa kawowa don tsaftace kogi, kuma zai ci GE kusan dala 460,000,000. General Electric ya ɗauki matsayin cewa yaƙe kogin zai haifar da PCBs. A cikin 2002, EPA ta umurci GE don tsaftace 40 miles (64 km) shimfidar kogin Hudson da ya gurbace. EPA ta kuma sanar da cewa ƙarin 2,650,000 cubic yards (2,030,000 m3) na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin kogin Hudson na sama za a cire.
GE ya fara ayyukan zubar da ruwa don tsaftace PCBs a ranar 15 ga Mayu, a shekarata 2009. An kammala wannan matakin (Mataki na ɗaya) na tsaftacewa a cikin Oktoba a shekarata 2009, kuma yana da alhakin cire kusan 300,000 cubic yards (230,000 m3) na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa, wanda ya fi adadin da aka yi niyya. Fiye da jiragen ruwa 620 da ke cike da ruwa an kwashe su zuwa wurin sarrafawa da ke kan tashar Champlain, kuma sama da motocin dogo 80 ne suka yi jigilar daskararru zuwa wani wurin sharar gida a Andrews, Texas. Haƙiƙanin iyaka na Mataki na ɗaya ya kasance kusan 100,000 cubic yards (76,000 m3) fiye da yadda aka tsara, kuma za a faɗaɗa mataki na biyu a sakamakon haka. Mataki na biyu na aikin tsaftacewa, wanda GE ke jagoranta kuma EPA ke sa ido, ya fara ne a watan Yuni Shekarata 2011, wanda aka yi niyya kusan 2,400,000 cubic yards (1,800,000 m3) na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwan PCB daga wani yanki mai nisan mil arba'in na Kogin Upper Hudson. Mataki na biyu na tsaftacewa zai ɗauki kimanin shekaru 5 zuwa 7 don kammalawa. A cikin shekarata 2010, General Electric ya yarda ya ba da kuɗi da gudanar da yaƙin neman zaɓe na biyu a Kogin Upper Hudson tsakanin Fort Edward da Troy. EPA ne ke kula da waɗannan ayyukan. [5]
Duk da cewa an yi tafiyar hawainiya, kungiyoyin fafutukar kare muhalli sun tuntubi jama'a kan yanayin gurbatar kogin. Scenic Hudson, Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, Hudson Riverkeeper, da Hukumar Tsaro ta Albarkatun Kasa sun ci gaba da matsawa don ƙarin aiki daga General Electric. Bayan mutuwar Seeger a shekara ta 2014, mai kula da yankin EPA Judith A. Enck ya bayyana cewa "aikin ban mamaki" na Seeger da kungiyar Clearwater sun taimaka wajen tsaftace kogin Hudson.
Inganta ingancin ruwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin shekarata 2016, an hango wani kifin kifin kifi yana ninkaya a kogin Hudson a yammacin titin 63rd a Manhattan. Daga baya Whales sun zama abin gani gama gari a cikin kogin. Bayyanar karuwar ziyarar whale yana da alaƙa da wasu haɗe-haɗe na tsaftacewa da kuma kiyaye namun daji waɗanda ke haifar da masaukin baki ga whale. Kuma An hango Whales har zuwa gadar George Washington. Jami’ai daga hukumomin tarayya da na jihohi sun gargadi masu amfani da jiragen ruwa da su nisanta kafa 100 (m 30) daga whale don gujewa rauni ko haifar da damuwa.[ana buƙatar hujja]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Hudson River Cleanup". Hudson River PCBs Superfund Site. New York, NY: US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2020-08-25.
- ↑ Rice, Ross (2010-06-10). "Where Have All The Flowers Gone: A Talk With Pete Seeger About His Singalong Memoir" (PDF). Roll Magazine. Vol. 35. Highmount, NY. pp. 8–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24.
- ↑ "A Brief History of the Clean Water Act". Now: Troubled Waters. Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Retrieved 2021-01-22.
- ↑ Schierow, Linda-Jo (July 28, 2009). The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA): Implementation and New Challenges (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 2018-09-03.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Frequently Asked Questions". Hudson River PCBs Superfund Site. EPA. 2020-06-23.
- ↑ "Hudson River & Tributaries Region Fish Advisories". New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH). November 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedscidai11 - ↑ Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, Beacon, NY. "History." Accessed 2010-10-05.
- ↑ Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY. "The Scenic Hudson Decision." Marist Environmental History Project. Accessed 2010-10-05.