Haƙƙin Mata a Papua New Guinea

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Haƙƙin Mata a Papua New Guinea

Haƙƙoƙin mata a Papua New Guinea na da matukar tauyewa saboda talauci, tashin hankali, karancin samun ilimi da kula da lafiya, da al'adun uba, musamman farautar mayu . An ba da rahoton shari'o'in cin zarafin mata a PNG, saboda yawanci saboda cin zarafin da aka yi da jinsi da aka halatta a cikin jama'a. [1] Akwai kuma rashin hidima ga matan da ke fuskantar tashin hankali. Akwai rahotannin cin zarafin da jami'an 'yan sanda suka yi, game da kama su da kuma yayin da suke hannun 'yan sanda. Waɗannan al'amuran ba su da takaddun shaida ko bincike, saboda haka, ba a cika gurfanar da masu laifi a gaban kuliya ko hukunta su ba. Gwamnatin Papua New Guinea (PNG) ta bullo da wata doka don yakar wadannan batutuwa, ko da yake ba a samu nasara ba.

PNG ita ce ta biyu mafi girman adadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a yankin Asiya Pasifik, tare da 930 cikin Guda 100,000 da ake haifuwa da ke haifar da mutuwar mata masu juna biyu. [2] Babban dalilin mutuwar mata masu juna biyu shine zubar da ciki. Zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a cikin PNG, sai dai idan rayuwar mahaifiyar tana cikin haɗari, wanda ya kai mata zuwa ɓoye, kuma sau da yawa zubar da ciki mara kyau.

Ana bin al'adun gargajiya da yawa a cikin PNG. Waɗannan sun haɗa da auren mata fiye da ɗaya, farashin amarya, da irin aikin da aka ba maza da mata. Wadannan al'adu na al'adu suna nuna zurfafan halayen ubangida wanda ke ƙarfafa rashin daidaiton matsayi na mata a wurare da yawa. Ana ci gaba da waɗannan ayyuka saboda rashin dorewar matakan da gwamnati ta ɗauka.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Cin zarafin mata[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Cin Duri da Ilimin Jima'i da Cikin Gida[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An kiyasta cewa kashi 67% na mata a PNG sun fuskanci cin zarafi a gida kuma sama da kashi 50% na mata an yi musu fyade. An ba da rahoton cewa wannan yana ƙaruwa zuwa 100% a cikin Highlands. Wani bincike da aka yi ya nuna cewa kashi 86% na mata an yi musu duka a lokacin da suke da juna biyu. [3] Bincike ya yi kiyasin cewa kashi 60 cikin 100 na maza sun shiga cikin wani gungun fyaɗe. [4] Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi a shekara ta 2014 ya nuna cewa yayin da ake shiga safarar jama'a fiye da kashi 90% na mata da 'yan mata sun fuskanci wani irin tashin hankali. [5]

Ana ba da rahoton shari'o'in cin zarafin mata a PNG. Wannan ya faru ne a wani bangare na cin zarafin jinsi da aka halasta a cikin al'umma da kuma al'adun shiru. [1] Bugu da ƙari, akwai ƙarancin sabis ga matan da ke fuskantar tashin hankali. Waɗannan sabis ɗin sun haɗa da matsuguni, ba da shawara da gidajen aminci. [6] PNG ta kuma fuskanci rahotannin cin zarafin mata da jami'an 'yan sanda suka yi. [6] Waɗannan cin zarafi sun faru a lokacin kamawa da kuma yayin da suke hannun 'yan sanda. An bayar da rahoton cewa, jami’an ‘yan sanda da maza da ake tsare da su ne suka kai wadannan hare-hare. Akwai kuma rahotannin fyaden gama-gari. [6] Waɗannan al'amuran ba su da takardu ko bincike. Don haka, ba a gurfanar da masu laifi ko kuma a hukunta su. [6]

Rahoton Amnesty International[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Amnesty International ta bayyana batun cin zarafin jinsi a cikin rahoton kare hakkin bil'adama na shekara ta 2016-2017 a Papua New Guinea. Wannan rahoto ya yi nuni da yawaitar tashe-tashen hankula da mata da kananan yara ke fuskanta. Ba kasafai ake tuhumar laifukan tashin hankali ba. [7] Har ila yau, wannan rahoto ya nuna muhimman ayyukan al'adu waɗanda ake ganin suna ci gaba da tauye haƙƙin mata. Wadannan al'adu sun hada da farashin amarya da auren mata fiye da daya . [7]

Lafiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lafiyar uwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Samun dama ga kulawar lafiya mai araha da dacewa shine batun da mata ke fuskanta a PNG, musamman ga matan da ke cikin tsibiran waje. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa tsawon rayuwar mata bai kai na maza ba. [2] Hakan na da nasaba da yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu. PNG yana da matsayi na biyu mafi girma na mutuwar mata masu juna biyu a yankin Asiya Pacific. [8] An kiyasta cewa sama da kashi 50 cikin 100 na mata ne ke haihuwa tare da taimakon cibiyar lafiya ko ƙwararrun ma’aikaci. [8] Alkaluman kididdiga sun nuna cewa kashi 930 cikin 100,000 da ake haihuwa suna haifar da mutuwar mata masu juna biyu. [2] Babban dalilin mutuwar mata masu juna biyu shine zubar da ciki. Zubar da ciki haramun ne a cikin PNG, sai dai idan rayuwar mahaifiyar tana cikin haɗari. [8] Zubar da ciki ba bisa ka'ida ba yana da hukuncin daurin shekaru 7 a gidan yari. [9] Laifin zubar da ciki ya sa mata ke neman a boye, kuma galibi zubar da cikin da bai dace ba. [9] Wadannan zubar da ciki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sukan haifar da babbar illa ga lafiya da rayuwar mata. [9] Akwai ƙarancin bayanai kan illar zubar da ciki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kan adadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a PNG. [9]

Bayanin kula da lafiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kwamitin CEDAW ya kuma tada damuwa game da bayanan kula da lafiya da ayyukan da ake samu ga mata a cikin PNG. [10] Musamman bayanin kula da lafiya na rigakafi a fagen lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa. [11] PNG kuma yana da ƙananan ƙimar amfani da rigakafin hana haihuwa wanda ke haifar da yawan masu juna biyu na samari da cututtukan da ake kamuwa da su ta hanyar jima'i. [10] Gwamnatin PNG ce ke ba da tallafi ga duniya baki ɗaya. Duk da haka, an kiyasta cewa kashi uku na mata ne kawai ke samun damar hana haihuwa. [8]

Hakanan akwai iyakantaccen sabis da ke mai da hankali kan lafiyar hankali da walwala. Musamman ga matan da ke buƙatar kulawa ta musamman. [10]

Ayyuka na al'ada[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana bin al'adun gargajiya da yawa a cikin PNG. Waɗannan sun haɗa da auren mata fiye da ɗaya, farashin amarya (dava), ayyuka masu ma'ana da aka ba maza da mata, da kuma ci gaba da al'adar cewa biyan diyya na iya haɗawa da mata. :5Wadannan ayyuka na al'adu suna nuna tushen ra'ayi mai zurfi da dabi'un ubanni. Kwamitin CEDAW ya yi tsokaci cewa, wadannan al'adu na yin barazana ga ci gaba da nuna wariya ga mata, saboda suna karfafa rashin daidaiton matsayin mata a ɓangarori da dama. [12] :5A wannan mataki waɗannan dabi'u masu ma'ana da ayyukan al'adu suna ci gaba da ci gaba saboda rashin ci gaba da aiwatar da tsari na PNG don gyara ko kawar da waɗannan ayyuka. [12]

Aure[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abubuwan al’adu dangane da aure sun hada da auren mace fiye da daya, farashin amarya da auren wuri. Ana iya yin auren dole ko kuma a shirya su. A yankunan karkara da lungu da sako na al'adun gargajiya sun kasance. Waɗannan ayyuka sun hada da aure, rabuwa, gado da zumunta. :13

Gwamnatin PNG ta sanar a ranar 22 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2016 cewa za a gabatar da gyara don sauya dokokin aure da saki na kasar. Kudirin Aure (gyara) na 2015 da na Matrimonial (Clauses) Bill 2015, mai yiyuwa ne su gyara Dokar Ma'aurata (Clauses) 1963 da Dokar Aure 1963. Waɗannan gyare-gyaren za su sanya sabon mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure ga maza da mata. [13] Waɗannan gyare-gyaren za su gabatar da tarar tsakanin K10,000[US$3200] zuwa K20,000 [US$6400] ga masu laifin da suka tilasta wa yara ƙanana aure kafin su kai shekaru 17. [13]

Mayya farauta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kisan matsafa wani lamari ne da ke ci gaba da faruwa a PNG, musamman a tsaunuka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa kashe-kashen matsafa 200 na faruwa a duk shekara. Gwamnati ta fahimci duka "farin sihiri", wanda ya shafi warkarwa da haihuwa, da sihiri. Bokanci ko "sihiri baƙar fata" yana da hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 2 a gidan yari. Kashe-kashen bokaye yakan faru ne ta hanyar gungun maza kuma galibi al'umma suna da hannu a ciki. [14] Ana zargin mata da ‘yan mata da aikata maita. Sau da yawa mutanen da aka yi wa hari su ne mata matasa masu rauni, ko kuma gwauraye marasa ’ya’ya maza. [15]

A shekara ta 2014, an tuhumi mutane 122 bayan mutuwar fiye da mutane bakwai da ake zargi da yin sihiri. [16]

Kwamitin CEDAW ya bayyana yadda ake samun karuwar rahotannin azabtarwa da kashe-kashen mata da ‘yan mata da ake zargi da maita. Wadannan mata da 'yan mata an bayyana su a matsayin wadanda suka kasance masu rauni a cikin al'umma, musamman ma tsofaffin mata ba tare da 'ya'ya maza ba. Kwamitin ya kuma nuna damuwa game da rashin samun bayanai kan wannan al'ada. Don fahimtar wannan lamarin da kyau bincike, ana buƙatar gabatar da kara da hukunce-hukuncen waɗannan lamuran. [1]

Leniata Legacy[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin mata Leniata Legacy an kafa ta ne sakamakon kisan gillar da aka yi wa Kepari Leniata a cikin 2013. An azabtar da Leniata a bainar jama'a tare da kona shi har lahira bayan an zarge shi da yin sihiri.

Shiga Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

PNG ya zama memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekara ta 1975. A cikin 1995 PNG ta amince da CEDAW ba tare da ajiyar wuri ba. Duk da amincewa da CEDAW, PNG har yanzu bai sanya shi cikin dokar cikin gida na PNG ba. Don haka, ba ta da matsayin dokar cikin gida a ƙarƙashin waccan Dokar ta Majalisa ko Tsarin Mulki. A cikin shekara ta 2010 kammala lura da kwamitin a kan kawar da nuna bambanci ga mata mayar da hankali a kan PNG, kwamitin ya bukaci PNG da cikakken shigar da CEDAW a cikin gida doka tsarin. Kwamitin ya kuma damu da wayar da kan mazauna PNG dangane da Yarjejeniyar. Wannan damuwa ta taso saboda ba a fassara Yarjejeniyar zuwa manyan harsunan zamantakewa na PNG ba. :3

Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shirin raya kasashe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) yana aiki tare da tawagar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da jinsi don taimakawa wajen bunkasa manufofin daidaita jinsi da karfafa mata a Papua New Guinea. UNDP tana da muhimman fannoni guda uku: 1) Tallafawa mata ta yadda za su iya shiga da wakilci wajen yanke shawara, a matakin kasa da na kasa; 2) Ba da tallafi ga shirye-shiryen da ke magance cin zarafi na jinsi; 3)Don inganta tattalin arzikin mata.

Matan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sakamakon cin zarafi da ake yi wa mata, Tsarin Dabarun Mata na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ya mai da hankali kan PNG a matsayin kasa mai fifiko. [17] Mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suna mai da hankali kan rikice-rikicen da suka danganci jinsi a PNG, rawar da mata za su taka a ci gaban siyasa, hanyoyin daidaita tsakanin hukumomi, karfafa tattalin arzikin mata da ciyar da ajandar daidaiton jinsi. [17] Daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan "PNG National Public Service Male Advocacy Network for Women's Human Rights da Kawar da duk wani nau'i na cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata" ita ce Jane Kesno .

Ilimi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abubuwan al'adu da halayen gargajiya galibi suna zama shinge ga mata da 'yan mata masu kokarin samun ilimi. Ana yawan cin zarafi da cin zarafi da 'yan mata ke fuskanta a wuraren ilimi. Wadanda suka aikata laifin sun hada da malamai maza. Wadannan hare-haren da suka hada da fitar da su saboda juna biyu, sun haifar da raguwar adadin 'yan mata idan aka kwatanta da maza. Hakanan akwai ƙarancin bayanai game da adadin waɗanda suka daina karatu, yawan karatun karatu da ƙimar karatun ilimi. Wannan rashin bayanan yana sa haɗar nazarin kwatanta ƙalubale. :9

A cikin 2002, PNG ta ƙaddamar da daidaiton jinsi a cikin Manufar Ilimi. Manufar wannan manufar ita ce magance tazarar jinsi da ke faruwa a kowane mataki na ilimi. Bayan wannan shine 2005, PNG ta ƙaddamar da shirin ilimi na shekaru 10. Har yanzu akwai rashin gaskiya game da kasafin kudin bangarorin ilimi. :9

Kwamitin CEDAW ya bayyana ilimi a matsayin ginshiki don ci gaban 'yan mata da mata. An gano takaita samun ilimi a matsayin wani shingen cin gajiyar ‘yancin ‘yan mata da mata. :9

Samun damar yin adalci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

PNG tana aiki da tsarin jam'i na doka. Doka ta al'ada tana ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki da ka'idar doka. PNG ba ta da ingantaccen tsari don magance korafe-korafen da suka taso daga tsarin doka. Haka kuma akwai gazawa wajen adana bayanan korafe-korafen da mata suka shigar da sakamakonsu. Bugu da ƙari, ana ba da uzuri na gargajiya a matsayin nau'i na ƙuduri don laifukan da aka aikata. Har yanzu ana yin wannan al'adar a yanayin kotunan ƙauye. [6]

Doka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekara ta 2013 an gabatar da Dokar Kariyar Iyali. [18] Wannan Dokar ta haramta tashin hankalin gida. Rashin karya wannan Dokar na iya haifar da tarar har zuwa k5,000 (US $1,650) da kuma daurin shekaru 2 a gidan yari. [19] Tun bayan gabatar da wannan kudiri babu wani mataki da gwamnatin PNG ta dauka, kuma har yanzu yawan tashin hankalin bai canza ba. Duk da cewa an zartar da dokar kare dangi a shekarar 2013, har yanzu ba a aiwatar da shi ba. [8]

A cikin shekara ta 2014 an gabatar da gyara ga PNG Code Criminal Code. Dokar Laifukan (gyara) ta 2014 ta haramta kashe-kashe da tashin hankali masu alaka da sihiri. [19] Manufar wannan doka ita ce kare mata da ake zargi da sihiri. [19]

PNG a baya ta shirya Dokar Daidaita da Haɗin Kai. Wannan ƙuduri na nufin ƙara yawan wakilcin mata a majalisar dokokin kasar ta hanyar samun kujeru 22 da aka ware wa mata. Koyaya, wannan Ƙudirin ya gaza zartarwa a cikin shekara ta 2012 kuma har yanzu ba a sake duba shi ba. :8

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Hakkin Dan Adam a Papua New Guinea

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 [1], Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Forty-sixth session, 12–30 July 2010, at 6
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 [2], Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Forty-sixth session, 12–30 July 2010, at 10
  3. ↑ [3] Archived 2015-08-27 at the Wayback Machine, Stop Violence Child Fund Australia, at 5.
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto
  5. ↑ [4], www.asiapacific.unwomen.org.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 [5], Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Forty-sixth session, 12–30 July 2010, at 7
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto4
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 [6], Human Rights Watch World Report 2017.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 [7], Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Forty-sixth session, 12–30 July 2010, at 10
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 [8], Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Forty-sixth session, 12–30 July 2010, at 11
  11. ↑ [9], Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Forty-sixth session, 12–30 July 2010, at 11
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named ohchr
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 [10], Papua New Guinea: Changes to Marriage Laws to be Introduced.
  14. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named auto11
  15. ↑ [11], Human Rights Watch, Papua New Guinea.
  16. ↑ [12], www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/papua-new-guinea/report-papua-new-guinea/
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 [13], www.asiapacific.unwomen.org.
  18. ↑ [14], Family Protection Bill 2013.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 [15] Archived 2017-10-16 at the Wayback Machine, National Report submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 16/21* at 6

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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