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Hakkin wadanda aka yiwa barna

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Hakkin wadanda aka yiwa barna
hakin wnada akayiwa barns a kotu
hakin Wanda aka cuta

Haƙƙoƙin waɗanda aka azabtar, haƙƙoƙin doka ne da aka bawa waɗanda aka yi wa laifi. Waɗannan na iya haɗawa da 'yancin ramawa, haƙƙin mai ba da shawara ga wanda abin ya shafa, 'yancin kada a keɓe shi daga shari'ar aikata laifuka, da 'yancin yin magana a shari'ar aikata laifuka. [1] [2]

Amurka

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Tarihi

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A lokacin mulkin mallaka da juyin juya hali, tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka na Amurka ya kasance mai kula da wadanda aka zalunta, a yayin da ake gudanar da bincike kan laifuka da kuma gurfanar da su gaban wadanda abin ya shafa. A cikin ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20, duk da haka, an rage matsayin wanda aka azabtar a cikin shari'ar laifuka, saboda sauye-sauyen halaye a yadda ake gane laifuka; tsarin shari'ar laifuka ya zama wani kayan aiki don magance illolin zamantakewa maimakon hanyar magance cutar da mutum

Yunkurin kare hakkin wadanda aka azabtar na zamani ya fara ne a cikin 1970s, a wani bangare a matsayin martani ga hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta 1973 Linda RS v. Richard D. (410 US 614). A Linda RS, kotu ta yanke hukuncin cewa wanda ya shigar da karar ba shi da hurumin hana ofishin masu gabatar da kara daga yin amfani da dokar nuna wariya da laifin rashin biyan kudin tallafin yara. A bisa doka, kotu ta bayyana ra'ayin da ake yi a lokacin na cewa wadanda aka kashe masu zaman kansu ba su da hurumin yanke hukunci kan tsarin gurfanar da masu laifi. [3] Wannan hukuncin ya kasance alamar ruwa mai girma a cikin sauye-sauye daga tsarin da aka zalunta zuwa ga shari'ar aikata laifuka, [4] mayar da matsayin wadanda aka azabtar a cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka zuwa zama shaida ga masu gabatar da kara. [5]

The Linda R.S. ruling, notwithstanding, stated that Congress could create legislation that safeguards victims' rights and provides standing to victims where they would otherwise not have any.[6] At the same time, social consciousness about victims' rights surged. Supporters of the law and order, civil rights, and feminist movement challenged conventional views of the criminal justice system on the role of the victim. By providing educational resources and legal assistance and establishing the country's first hotlines and shelters for victims of crime, much of the movements' work later became the grassroots foundation of the modern victims' rights movement.

A cikin 1982, Kwamitin Shugaba Ronald Reagan kan wadanda aka azabtar ya fitar da rahotonsa na karshe wanda yayi cikakken bayani game da damuwar masu kare hakkin wadanda abin ya shafa, yana mai cewa "an yi watsi da wadanda ba su ji ba ba su gani ba, ba a kula da rokonsu na neman adalci ba, kuma raunukan da suka samu. - na sirri, na tunani, kudi - sun tafi ba tare da kulawa ba. " [7] Rahoton ya ƙunshi shawarwari 68 ga masu ba da sabis da jami'an gwamnati, yawancinsu an ba da su ta hanyar dokokin haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa a yau, [8] da kuma shawarwarin gyaran haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka. [9]

A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, masu fafutukar kare hakkin wadanda abin ya shafa sun sami gagarumar nasara a majalisa . A yau, yunƙurin kare hakkin waɗanda abin ya shafa na ci gaba da ƙara samun hanyoyin da abin ya shafa don aiwatar da haƙƙoƙinsu da haɓaka dokar da ta tabbatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙoƙi. [10] Kungiyoyin haƙƙin haƙƙin nan wadanda suka shafa na zamani sun hada da dokar kare 'yan ta'adda na kasa, [11] Kungiyar Kamfanin Kamfanin Kamfanin [12] da Cibiyar da Kamfanonin Kamfani ta Zamani, [2] Kungiyar Nationalungiyar Kasa [13]

Dokokin haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa

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Tun daga shekarar 1982, jihohi talatin da uku ne suka yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin su gyaran fuska domin magance ‘yancin wadanda abin ya shafa, kuma dukkan jihohin sun zartar da dokar hakkin wadanda abin ya shafa. A waccan shekarar, Majalisa ta zartar da yanki na farko na dokokin haƙƙin waɗanda aka azabtar da laifukan tarayya, Dokar Kariyar Wanda aka azabtar da Shaidu. A cikin 1984, an zartar da Dokar Laifukan Laifuka . Bayan shekaru goma, a cikin 1994, dokar cin zarafi ga mata ta zama doka. A shekara ta 2004, an zartar da dokar haƙƙin waɗanda aka azabtar da manyan laifuka, tare da baiwa waɗanda aka azabtar da su takamaiman haƙƙi guda takwas, da ba da tsayawa ga waɗanda aka azabtar don tabbatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a kotu.

Dokar tarayya

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Dokar Laifin Laifuka (VOCA)

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VOCA ta kafa Asusun Masu Laifukan Laifuka, wanda ke ba da kyauta ga shirye-shiryen diyya wanda aka azabtar, tsarin sanarwar wanda aka azabtar, da shirye-shiryen taimakon wanda aka azabtar. Ana samun kuɗin kuɗin ta hanyar kuɗin masu laifi.

Dokar Haƙƙin Masu Laifuka ta 2004

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The Crime Victims' Rights Act, wani ɓangare na Adalci ga Duk Dokar ta 2004, ta ƙididdige haƙƙoƙin da aka ba wa waɗanda aka azabtar a cikin laifuka na tarayya. Dokar ta baiwa wadanda abin ya shafa hakki masu zuwa: [14]

  1. Kariya daga wanda ake tuhuma,
  2. Sanarwa,
  3. Kada a cire shi daga shari'a,
  4. Da yake magana a gaban shari'ar laifuka,
  5. Tuntubar da lauya mai gabatar da kara,
  6. Maidawa,
  7. Abubuwan da ba su dace ba ba tare da jinkiri ba ,
  8. Mu'amala mai adalci, da mutunta mutuncin wadanda abin ya shafa da kebantattun su

Dokar jiha

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Duk jihohi sun zartar da dokar da ta kare haƙƙin waɗanda aka yi wa laifi, [15] kuma galibi sun zartar da gyare-gyaren tsarin mulki wanda ke ba da kariya ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi. [3] Wasu dokokin jihohi suna aiki ne ga waɗanda aka yi musu laifi kawai, yayin da wasu jihohin kuma suna ba da haƙƙin waɗanda aka azabtar da ƙananan laifuka . [15] Lokacin da wanda aka azabtar ya kasance ƙarami, naƙasasshe, ko mamaci, wasu jihohi suna ba da izini ga ƴan uwa su yi amfani da haƙƙi a madadin wanda aka azabtar. [15]

Dokokin gama gari sun haɗa da haƙƙoƙin zuwa: [15]

  • Magani cikin mutunci da girmamawa,
  • Bayani game da gabatar da ƙara, tayin ƙara, shari'ar kotu, da yanke hukunci,
  • Yi magana a kotu lokacin yanke hukunci.
  • Kariya,
  • Nemi diyya daga asusun haƙƙin wanda aka azabtar na jiha,
  • Maidawa daga wanda ya aikata laifin,
  • Komawar dukiya, da
  • Bayani game da shari'ar sakin fursunonin ko sakewa daga gidan yari, da kuma yin bayani ga hukumar yin afuwa,
  • Tabbatar da hakkin wanda aka azabtar.

Yawancin ofisoshin lauyoyi masu gabatar da kara suna da jami'in kare hakkin wanda aka azabtar ko kuma ma'aikata da yawa wadanda ke taimakawa wadanda aka yi wa laifi a lokacin da kuma bayan gabatar da kara.

A shekara ta 2008, Human Rights Watch ta buga wani rahoto da ya kwatanta dokokin Amurka da aka azabtar da ka'idojin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa, wanda ya gano cewa "yayin da hukunce-hukuncen Amurka, na tarayya da na jihohi, suka samu gagarumin ci gaba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, za a iya yin fiye da haka don tabbatar da hakan. cewa ana kiyaye haƙƙin waɗanda aka zalunta da halaltacciyar maslaha”. Rahoton ya ce ya kamata Amurka ta yi amfani da ka'idojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin jagora don sanar da dokokinsu da manufofinsu. Bugu da kari, yana ba da shawarar cewa Amurka ta ɗauki manufofin da ke ayyana “wanda aka azabtar” ba bisa ka’ida ba; fadada damar yin amfani da sabis na wanda aka azabtar da diyya; da "kulla da aiwatar da ka'idoji don tattarawa da adana shaidu, musamman shaidar kayan aikin fyade." Rahoton kuma ya ba da shawarar amincewa da Amurka na CEDAW da CRC.

Tarayyar Turai

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Shirin na Stockholm ya ba wa duk wanda aka samu da laifin cin zarafin jinsi, cin zarafi a cikin gida, da ta'addanci, samun kariya iri daya da wadanda aka aikata laifuka, domin ana ganin ire-iren wadannan mutanen suna da rauni musamman kuma suna bukatar tallafi da kariya ta musamman daga gwamnati, ba tare da la'akari da hakan ba. na kasarsu. Umarnin waɗanda aka azabtar da su (Directive 2012/29/EU) sun fahimci cewa akwai damuwa game da yancin motsi a cikin EU da tasirinsa ga waɗanda aka yi musu laifi, kuma sun ba da shawarar ƙarfafa haƙƙin waɗanda aka azabtar a matsayin magani. Umarnin yana buƙatar sanin waɗanda abin ya shafa kuma a kula da su cikin mutuntawa da mutuntawa, kiyaye su daga ci gaba da cin zarafi daga mai laifi ko cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka, kuma a sami tallafin da ya dace kuma a sami damar samun diyya. Ana buƙatar duk ƙasashe membobin EU, ban da Denmark, su sanya hannu da aiwatar da Umarnin

Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ce za a tantance duk wadanda abin ya shafa daban-daban domin gano raunin da ya faru. Musamman ma, matasan da aka zalunta ko da yaushe ana zaton su ne masu rauni, tare da wasu nau'o'in mutane kamar wadanda aka yi wa ta'addanci, kungiyoyin laifuka, fataucin bil'adama, cin zarafin jinsi, cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafi, da kuma wadanda ke fama da nakasa, ana lura da su a matsayin karuwa. na rauni.

Austria

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Ostiriya ta kafa kariya ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi da ke zaune a yankin EEA da kuma 'yan ƙasar Ostiriya da mazaunan dindindin. Ayyukan da aka azabtar sun haɗa da samun damar samun shawarwari na doka da wakilci kyauta, shawarwari da kuma biyan diyya ga waɗanda aka aikata laifukan da ke haifar da aƙalla watanni shida a gidan yari. Ana biyan diyya ta hanyar tarar da aka yi wa wadanda aka yanke wa hukunci, da dai sauransu.

Ko da yake Ostiriya ta kasance mai sa hannu ga umarnin waɗanda aka yi wa laifi, ba ta cika bin ƙa'idodin ba. Ɗaya daga cikin keta umarnin shine waɗanda abin ya shafa dole ne su yi magana da jami'ai a cikin Ingilishi ko Jamusanci, wanda zai iya hana haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa ba tare da taimakon ofishin jakadancin ba. Wani cin zarafi ya ƙunshi fa'idodi da yawa da ake bayarwa ga 'yan ƙasar Ostiriya kawai, gami da diyya idan ɗan ƙasa ya kasance wanda aka yi masa laifi ko da an sami rauni a wata ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda ba 'yan ƙasar EEA ba ba su cancanci samun tallafin jihohi da yawa kuma dole ne a maimakon haka su dogara da gudummawar da ake bayarwa na Weissering, wanda kuma yana ɗaukar shari'o'i bisa ga ra'ayi kuma bayan gwaji.

Bulgaria

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Ƙoƙarin Bulgaria na karewa da tallafawa haƙƙoƙin waɗanda aka yi musu laifi ana ɗaukarsu gabaɗaya. Wadanda aka azabtar suna da damar shiga cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka a matsayin shaidu, masu tuhuma ko masu korafi, tare da taimako daga lauyan doka. Bugu da ƙari, doka ta tanadi kariya ga masu rauni (misali yara, waɗanda aka yi wa laifin jima'i) yayin gwajin shaida da tambayoyin 'yan sanda. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan na kasa da kasa da aka yi wa laifukan ya nuna cewa kashi 40% na wadanda abin ya shafa a kasar ne kawai suka gamsu da yadda ‘yan sanda ke tafiyar da al’amuransu.

Wani rahoton kwamitin game da yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata, ya yi nuni da yadda gwamnatin kasar ta saba wa yarjejeniyar, tare da yin suka kan gazawar Bulgaria wajen samar da isassun diyya ga wadanda aka yi wa fyade da kuma dogaro da ra'ayoyin jinsi a yayin da ake tsarawa. doka. Dokokin fyade na Bulgeriya ma na da cece-kuce game da yadda suke mu'amala da wadanda aka zalunta. A cikin MC da Bulgaria, ECJ ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a gurfanar da wata yarinya 'yar shekara 14 da aka yi wa fyade ba, a karkashin wata doka da ta tanadi cewa za a gurfanar da fyade ne kawai inda aka samu shaidar karfin jiki da juriya, ya keta ta. haƙƙoƙin da aka bayar a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 3 da 8. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa dole ne a yi amfani da dokokin fyade ga duk nau'ikan ayyukan jima'i da ba a yarda da su ba.

Wani kwamiti na kwanan nan na yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan matakin yaƙi da fataucin bil adama ya gano cewa babu wani baligi da aka yi fataucin bil adama da ya sami kowane irin taimako daga Gwamnatin Bulgaria.

Hakkokin wadanda aka zalunta a Croatia na ci gaba da inganta tun bayan da Croatia ta zama 'yar takarar Tarayyar Turai a shekara ta 2004. Croatia, don cika sharuddan shiga EU, ta fara sauye-sauye a tsarin shari'ar laifukansu dangane da haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa. Ɗaya daga cikin canje-canjen da gwamnati ta haifar shine ta hanyar Sashen Tallafawa ga Shaidu da Sauran Masu shiga cikin Gwajin Laifukan Yaƙi (2005). [ bayani da ake buƙata ] A matakin majalisa, Dokar Tsarin Laifuka (2008) ta ƙara haƙƙoƙin waɗanda aka azabtar da kuma gane waɗanda aka azabtar a matsayin wata ƙungiya ta daban a cikin kotu ban da rawar da suke takawa a matsayin shaida da ƙungiyar da suka ji rauni. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙi sun haɗa da haƙƙin tallafin tunani da kuma biyan diyya. Dokar Rayya ta Masu Laifuka (2008) ta ƙyale 'yan ƙasar Croatia su karɓi diyya idan sun sami mummunan rauni na mutum.

Cyprus

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Kasar Cyprus ta ba da diyya ga wadanda aka samu tashe-tashen hankula wadanda suka yi mummunar cutar da jiki ko kuma suka mutu a karkashin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan ramuwa ga wadanda aka samu da laifukan tashin hankali . Duk da haka, yawancin 'yan kasashen waje ba su cancanci wannan diyya ba.

Denmark

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Ana aiwatar da haƙƙin waɗanda aka azabtar a Denmark galibi ta hanyar dokokin cikin gida ba dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ba. [16] Denmark ba ta kasance mai sanya hannu kan kowane umarni na Tarayyar Turai kan haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa ba, kasancewar ita kaɗai ce ƙasa memba wacce ba a buƙata ta sanya hannu ko aiwatar da Dokar 2012/29/EU. [16]

Duk da haka, Denmark har yanzu tana riƙe da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun haƙƙoƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa ta hanyar dokokinta na cikin gida, tana ba da diyya ga waɗanda aka aikata laifukan da suka ji munanan raunuka ga dukkan 'yan ƙasarta da kuma 'yan ƙasashen waje da ke zaune a Denmark. [17] Ana kuma ba da diyya ga waɗanda aka kashe da aka kashe. [18] Diyya da aka bayar don kuɗin likita da asarar kuɗin shiga ba shi da iyaka. [19] Doka tana buƙatar 'yan sandan Danish su karɓi duk wani rahoton aikata laifuka ba tare da la'akari da yaren da ake amfani da su ba.

Sauran sabis na tallafi ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi a cikin Denmark sun haɗa da taimakon shari'a kyauta na hankali don laifukan tashin hankali da taimakon shari'a kyauta ta atomatik ga waɗanda aka yi wa lalata. Bugu da kari, kowane wanda aka azabtar yana da hakkin samun fassara da fassarar takaddun doka kyauta. Ana samun damar sabis na tallafin waɗanda abin ya shafa ga mazauna ko da ba a sami rahoton wani laifi ba kuma ba a gudanar da shari'ar laifi ba. A inda aka yi sulhu tsakanin mai laifi da wanda aka azabtar, tare da mai laifin ya nemi afuwa tare da sulhuntawa da wanda aka azabtar, kotu na iya zartar da hukunci mafi ƙanƙanta don samar da ƙarfafawa da rufewa wanda aka azabtar. [20] Wadanda abin ya shafa kuma na iya yanke shawarar ’yan sanda na kin gurfanar da wani mai gabatar da kara na yanki, wanda za a iya kara daukaka kararsa ga daraktan kararrakin jama’a. [20]

Estoniya

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A Estonia, kashi 43 cikin 100 ne kawai na wadanda aka samu da munanan laifuka suka gabatar da rahoton ‘yan sanda, inda kashi 17% na masu korafin suka ce sun gamsu da yadda ‘yan sanda ke kula da su. A cikin 2002, Ƙungiyar Tallafawa Masu Laifukan Laifukan Estoniya ta Estoniya ta fitar da wata takarda da ta jagoranci muhawara game da dokar da ta shafi batutuwan tallafin da abin ya shafa. Wannan a ƙarshe an tattara shi a cikin Dokar Tallafawa waɗanda aka azabtar na 2003, wanda ke nuna canji a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka na Estoniya daga adalcin ramuwa zuwa adalci mai gyarawa. Sakamakon haka, gwamnatin Estoniya ta fara ba da fifiko kan ba da taimako na zahiri da na kayan aiki ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi. Duk da haka, tallafin da abin ya shafa na jihar yana magance wasu nau'ikan laifuka ne kawai, tare da yawancin waɗanda abin ya shafa ba su da daɗi shiga. [21]

Wadanda aka yi wa manyan laifuka na tashin hankali, da masu dogaro da su, a Estonia suna da hakkin samun diyya ta jiha a karkashin Dokar Tallafawa Wanda aka azabtar. Irin wannan ramuwa yana da iyaka kuma ya haɗa da asarar kuɗi, diyya saboda mutuwa, kuɗin jana'izar, da sauran diyya. [22] [23]

Faransa

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Faransa ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan umarnin EU na masu fama da laifuka kuma tana da har zuwa Nuwamba 2015 don aiwatar da shi. Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2016, ta kasa sanar da EU manufofin da ta aiwatar. [24]

Wadanda aka aikata laifuka a Faransa suna da hakkin shiga cikin shari'a da samun lauyoyi. [25] Hakanan suna da hakkin biyan diyya, tare da wajabcin 'yan sanda su sanar da wadanda abin ya shafa hakkinsu na biyan diyya a karkashin Tsarin Adalci na Tsarin Mulki (2002). 'Yan sanda kuma na iya yin rajistar neman biyan diyya a madadin wadanda abin ya shafa don haka babu bukatar zuwa kotu. Akwai asusu na jiha don biyan diyya ga wadanda aka yi wa laifukan tashin hankali da ake kira The State Fund for the Victim of Crime. Wannan wani bangare na kudade ne daga kudade daga masu aikata laifuka. [26]

Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Faransa tana ba da wani ɓangare na tallafin Cibiyar Tallafawa da Sasanci na Ƙasa, wanda ke ba da taimako ga waɗanda abin ya shafa da masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa. [27] Kungiyar ta bukaci gwamnatin Faransa ta aiwatar da wannan umarni, inda ta ba da shawarwari bisa tantance bukatun da abin ya shafa. [28]

Jamus

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Ka'idar Tsarin Laifuka ta Jamus ta 1987 tana ba waɗanda abin ya shafa haƙƙoƙi da dama, gami da haƙƙin shiga cikin shari'a, na ɗaukaka, da kuma na diyya don hasara. Ba kamar sauran hukunce-hukuncen da yawa ba, waɗanda aka yi wa laifi a Jamus na iya shiga cikin shari'ar aikata laifuka akan wanda ake tuhuma. Ga wadanda aka azabtar da wasu laifuka na sirri, kamar cin mutunci, rauni na jiki, da lalacewar dukiya, [29] wadanda abin ya shafa suna da damar shiga wani mai gabatar da kara mai zaman kansa kai tsaye wanda zai wakilci bukatunsu a gaban shari'a. Wadanda abin ya shafa kuma suna da hakkin shigar da wakilin doka don tabbatar da bukatunsu lokacin, alal misali, ana tambayar su a matsayin shaida. [30]

Girka

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Ana iya ba wa waɗanda aka zalunta laifuffuka a Girka ƙarin haƙƙoƙi, tallafi da kariya a takamaiman yanayi, gami da abubuwan cin zarafin jima'i da kuma inda wanda aka zalunta yake ƙarami. Babu wariya ta ayyukan tallafi ga baki. [31] Kasashen waje da abin ya shafa suna da damar yin fassara yayin da suke ba da shaida ga 'yan sanda. [31]

An soki kasar Girka saboda rashin kiyaye hakkin tsirarun wadanda abin ya shafa dangane da laifukan kiyayya. Domin shigar da ƙarar laifin ƙiyayya, doka ta yanzu tana buƙatar biyan kuɗi, ta hana waɗanda abin ya shafa rahoton laifuka. Wannan rashi ya ta'azzara saboda rashin kariya ga bakin hauren da ba su da takardun izini da ke fuskantar laifukan ƙiyayya. Kotun kare hakkin bil'adama ta Turai ta kuma yi Allah wadai da kasar Girka sau 11 saboda yadda 'yan sanda suka yi amfani da makamai ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma rashin gudanar da bincike mai inganci, inda 'yan ci-rani ko kuma 'yan tsiraru ke fama da su a cikin goma daga cikin wadannan al'amura. [32]

Kasar Girka na daya daga cikin kasashe 16 da ke fuskantar shari'ar cin zarafi saboda rashin sadarwa da umarnin wadanda aka ci zarafinsu na EU. [33]

Ga wadanda aka samu tashe-tashen hankula a cikin gida da wasu laifuffuka kamar cin zarafin yara, idan wanda ya aikata laifin bai da hanyar da za a biya diyya ba, ko kuma idan wanda ya aikata laifin ya kasance ba a san sunansa ba, jihar Girka, a ƙarƙashin Dokar Rayya ta 2004/80/EC ta wajaba ta ba da diyya. ga wadanda aka aikata da gangan laifuffukan tashin hankali. [34] Diyya da wanda ya aikata laifin ko kuma jihar Girka ta bayar dole ne ya rufe asarar kuɗi da ke da alaƙa da lalacewa ta jiki sakamakon mummunan laifi; wannan ya haɗa da kuɗaɗen likita, asarar kuɗin shiga da farashin jana'izar, amma ba lalacewar tunani da rauni ba. [34] Wadanda aka aikata laifuka a Girka suna da kwanaki biyar don ba da rahoton laifin; idan ba a ba da rahoton laifin a cikin wannan lokacin ba, waɗanda abin ya shafa ba su cancanci diyya ba. [34] Hukumar Kula da Rayya ta Hellenic tana aiwatar da da'awar diyya. [35]

Hungary

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Har sai da aka gabatar da sabuwar doka a cikin 2013, ba a rarraba tashin hankalin cikin gida a matsayin wani laifi dabam da sauran nau'ikan hari, wanda ke nufin cewa wadanda rikicin cikin gida ya shafa a Hungary ana samun hakkinsu iri daya da sauran wadanda aka kai hari. A cewar Human Rights Watch, 'yan sanda a Hungary sun yi watsi da raunin da aka samu a cikin mummunan tashin hankali na gida, a wasu lokuta suna ƙin gabatar da masu cin zarafi a gaban kuliya. [36] A cikin shari'ar ECtHR Kalucza v. Hungary 2012, mai nema ya yi korafin cewa hukumomin Hungary sun kasa kare cin zarafinta daga mijinta a gidanta. ECthHR ta kammala cewa an keta Mataki na 8 (ba da hakkin mutunta rayuwar sirri da ta iyali). [37] Canje-canje na doka da aka yi a cikin 2013 sun sanya hukunci mai tsauri akan masu aikata laifukan cikin gida tare da sanya hanu a kan masu gabatar da kara, ba wanda aka azabtar ba, don ci gaba da shari'a. [36]

Italiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana tsare hakkin wadanda aka azabtar a cikin kundin tsarin hukunta laifuka, wanda ya bayyana cewa a lokacin da ake tuhuma da yanke hukunci, wadanda aka azabtar suna da hakkin a sanar da su ci gaban shari'a kuma suna iya samar da shaida a kowane mataki na shari'a. Wadanda aka zalunta kuma suna da hakkin yin adawa da alkali a hukuncin da suka yanke kan bukatar sallamar kuma suna iya shigar da nasu lauya idan ya cancanta. [38] Wadanda aka azabtar da suka mutu sakamakon wani laifi na iya samun hakkinsu na kusa da wanda aka azabtar. [39] Wadanda abin ya shafa suna da hakkin samun diyya dangane da yanayi da girman laifin. Musamman wadanda abin ya shafa za a iya ba da taimakon shari'a kyauta. Hukumomin taimakon wadanda abin ya shafa na iya raka wadanda abin ya shafa a gwaji tare da yardarsu. [38]

Ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke fama da rauni a Italiya ita ce yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 16. Wasu daga cikin ƙalubalen da yara ke fuskanta a Italiya sun haɗa da yin aiki da yara, tilastawa shiga cikin manyan laifuka da kuma zama 'yan gudun hijira bayan sun tsere daga ƙasarsu. [40] Yara da abin ya shafa suna da wasu haƙƙoƙin da aka bayyana a sarari a cikin Tsarin Laifin Italiya; alal misali, yaron da aka yi lalata da shi za a taimaka a duk lokacin da ake gudanar da laifuka, [41] kuma binciken binciken yaron dole ne shugaban tambayoyi ya gudanar da shi kuma wani dangi ko masanin ilimin halayyar yara ya taimaka masa. [42] Duk da haka, tsarin shari'ar laifuka na Italiya ba shi da albarkatun tallafi mai gudana don kare hakkin yara.

Lithuania

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lithuania tana da hanyoyin ƙasa da yawa da suka shafi haƙƙoƙi da tallafi ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi. Ma'aikatar shari'a, ma'aikatar harkokin waje, da kuma 'yan sanda na ma'aikatar cikin gida kowannensu yana ba da sabis na ba da agajin doka kuma sun kafa matakan kariya ga wadanda aka aikata laifuka. [43]

Lithuania ta ba da damar biyan diyya na son rai ga wadanda aka aikata laifuka, wanda, idan ba a yi ba, yana ba wanda aka azabtar damar kawo karar farar hula a kan mai laifin. Idan mai laifin ba zai iya ba da diyya ga wanda aka azabtar ba, jihar za ta ba da diyya a madadin.

Akwai ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa da ke aiki a cikin Lithuania waɗanda ke ba da kayan aiki da tallafi ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Kula da Laifukan Laifuka na Lithuania, Caritas Lithuania, Cibiyar Tallafawa Mutum da Ya Bace, Cibiyar Tallafawa Jama'a da Ilimin halin ɗabi'a ta Klaipeda, Gidan Yara, da Ƙungiyar Hijira ta Duniya. [43]

Latvia

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Latvia tushe ne na Tier 2 kuma ƙasar da ake fataucin mutanen da aka yi safarar su don yin lalata da su da kuma aikin tilastawa. [44] Don kiyaye haƙƙin waɗanda ke fama da fataucin mutane, gwamnatin Latvia ta ƙara samun damar samun kariyar da gwamnati ke bayarwa, gami da baiwa waɗanda ke fama da fataucin wurin zama na wucin gadi don musanya shiga cikin tsarin shari'a kan masu safarar mutane. [44] [45] A cikin wannan lokacin bincike, ana ba wa waɗanda abin ya shafa tallafin taimako. [46] Wadanda abin ya shafa da ba su cika ka'idojin cancanta ba ana tura su zuwa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don taimako. [44] Bugu da ƙari, waɗanda abin ya shafa waɗanda ƙila sun shiga ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba sakamakon fataucin su na iya guje wa gurfanar da su. [44] [46] Har ila yau, gwamnatin Latvia tana tabbatar da kyautata zamantakewar mutanen da aka yi musu fataucin mutane. [47]

Luxembourg

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Luxembourg tana da ingantaccen shiri na ayyukan tallafawa waɗanda abin ya shafa ta hanyar Sabis na Tallafi na Jiha (ɓangare na Ma'aikatar Shari'a). Yana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe biyar na EU waɗanda ma'aikatar shari'a ke da alhakin rarraba waɗannan ayyuka. [31] Har ila yau, jihar na hada kai da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ciki har da ta hanyar samar da tallafin kudi, don taimakawa wajen inganta harkokin shari'a da kuma daidaitawa a matakin farko. [48] Misali, daya daga cikin irin wannan kungiyar, Matan da ke cikin damuwa, tana aiki don samarwa mata, 'ya'yansu da kananan 'yan mata ingantaccen kariya daga tashin hankali ta hanyar mafaka da cibiyoyin bayanai. [49] Ta hanyar wannan tsari, Luxembourg ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe tara kawai na EU don cika shawarar Majalisar Turai na cibiyar ba da shawara ɗaya ga mata 50,000. [48]

Wadanda aka yi wa laifi za su iya kai rahoton laifin ga 'yan sanda ko kai tsaye ga mai gabatar da kara na gwamnati. [50] Dole ne a gabatar da rahotanni a cikin ɗayan yarukan hukuma na Luxembourg: Luxembourgish, Faransanci da Jamusanci. Akwai mai fassara, kyauta, ga mutanen da ba sa jin waɗannan harsuna. Ana amfani da lokacin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin doka don bayar da rahoto. Wadanda abin ya shafa za su iya shiga cikin tsarin ta yin aiki a matsayin shaidu da bayar da shaida, tare da sabis na fassarar kyauta da wadanda abin ya shafa suna da damar samun wakilcin lauyoyi. Dole ne 'yan sanda su yi wani kwas na tilas a kan ilimin halin da ake ciki kuma suna wajaba su sanar da wadanda abin ya shafa hakkinsu na samun taimako, diyya, taimakon shari'a, da bayanai game da shari'arsu. Idan har shari'a ba ta kai ga kotu ba, dole ne a bayar da dalilan wannan sakamakon domin a taimaka wa wanda aka azabtar ya yanke shawarar ko zai daukaka kara kan wannan hukuncin. [31]

Luxembourg tana ba da diyya ga wadanda abin ya shafa da suka ji rauni ta jiki daga aikata laifuka. Ana biyan diyya ne kawai a lokuttan da wadanda abin ya shafa suka kasa samun isasshiyar diyya daga inshora, tsaro na zamantakewa ko kuma daga wanda ya yi laifi. A cikin 2012, an biya fiye da Yuro 405,000 a matsayin diyya, wanda ya zarce adadin da aka tsara na 350,000. Dole ne a fara buƙatar biyan diyya a cikin shekaru biyu na wani laifi da ya faru kuma a aika da shi ga ma'aikatar shari'a. Kwamitin da alkali ya kafa, babban ma'aikacin ministan shari'a da kuma lauya za su hadu a cikin mai nema don tantance idan takardar ta yi nasara. Matsakaicin adadin da za a iya bayarwa kamar na 2009 shine Yuro 63.000. Ta hanyar ɗaukaka ƙara, ana iya gabatar da ƙarar shari'a a kan Jiha a gaban' kotun shari'a' na Luxembourg ko Diekirch. [51]

Luxembourg tana da Doka guda ɗaya na 2012/29/EU da ke buɗe shari'ar cin zarafi a kanta. [33]

Malta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 2015, tsohon ministan shari'a na Malta Chris Said ya fitar da wani rahoto da ke sukar yanayin 'yancin wadanda abin ya shafa a Malta, yana mai jaddada bukatar kara yawan albarkatun da aka ba ofishin agajin shari'a da kuma ofishin don fadada tanadi ga wadanda abin ya shafa. [52] Bayan fitar da rahoton, Malta ta gabatar da Dokar Laifuka (2015) a ranar 2 ga Afrilu na wannan shekarar. [52] Dokar na nufin baiwa wadanda abin ya shafa damar surutu mai girma, tare da ba da damar yin sulhu tsakanin wanda aka azabtar da mai laifi. [53]

A cewar Roberta Lepre, darektan Tallafin Malta wanda aka azabtar, dokar ta mai da hankali kan faɗaɗa bayanai, tallafi, da kariya ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. [52] Dangane da bayanai, waɗanda abin ya shafa yanzu suna da haƙƙin sauƙi don samun cikakkun bayanai game da hanyoyin aikata laifuka masu dacewa, sabis na tallafi, sabis na taimakon shari'a kyauta, hanyoyin samun ramuwa, da yadda ake samun sabis ɗin fassara. [54] Wadanda abin ya shafa kuma suna da hakkin samun amincewar wani korafi da kuma ci gaba da bayani game da lamarin. [54] Bugu da ƙari, idan 'yan sanda ba su gurfanar da wanda ake tuhuma ba, wanda aka azabtar yana da damar a sanar da shi shawarar a rubuce. [54] Idan ya zo ga tallafi, waɗanda abin ya shafa suna samun damar yin amfani da sabis na tallafi kyauta biyo bayan buƙatu da kimanta haɗarin. [54] Ayyukan tallafi sun haɗa da shawarwari da bayanai kan yadda za a hana ƙarin haɗarin cin zarafi. [54] Hakanan wajibi ne hukumomin da abin ya shafa su sanar da wadanda abin ya shafa hanyoyin da za a iya kare su, kamar neman odar kariya. [54]

Netherlands

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1987, an yi wani sabon gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa wanda aka azabtar a cikin Netherlands, inda za a yi la'akari da bukatun wanda aka azabtar a duk matakai na tsarin shari'ar laifuka, kuma inda aka amince da hakkokin wadanda aka azabtar a cikin doka. Abubuwa daban-daban na tsari suna ba da izinin diyya wanda aka azabtar. [55] Idan wadanda aka yi wa laifi suna ganin an yi musu rashin adalci kuma ba a aiwatar da dokokin da suka shafi wadanda abin ya shafa ba, za su iya gabatar da kara ga Ombudsman. Don ƙarin tallafin wanda aka azabtar, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai daban-daban suna aiki a cikin Netherlands a matakin gida kuma suna kula da waɗanda aka aikata laifuka ta hanyar ba da tallafi na tunani, shawarwari masu amfani da shawarwarin shari'a. Ana ganin misalin wannan tallafin a cikin hukumar Slachtofferhulp na ƙasar baki ɗaya gwamnati ce ke ba da tallafi ga waɗanda abin ya shafa a takamaiman ƙungiyoyi da waɗanda aka yi wa laifi gabaɗaya.

Poland

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masu fafutukar kare hakkin bil adama sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsarin shari'ar laifuka na ƙasar Poland ya kasa taimaka wa waɗanda rikicin cikin gida ya rutsa da su yadda ya kamata kuma baya ɗaukar shari'o'insu da muhimmanci. Yawancin masu aikata ta'addanci a cikin gida a Poland kawai suna samun hukuncin dakatarwa ne kawai, tare da abokan zamansu mata galibi suna dogara da su na kuɗi kuma suna ci gaba da zama tare da su. [56] Domin inganta haƙƙin waɗanda rikicin cikin gida ya rutsa da su a Poland, an ƙaddamar da shirin Blue Card a matsayin wata hanya ta daidaita hulɗar 'yan sanda da mutanen da ke da hannu a cikin rikicin cikin gida. [57] Wannan shirin yana bawa waɗanda ke fama da tashin hankalin gida damar samun shawarwari, tallafi da diyya. [58] A cikin 2000 Ma'aikatar Shari'a a Poland ta ƙaddamar da Makon Tallafawa waɗanda abin ya shafa, wanda aka yi wahayi daga ranar waɗanda aka yi wa laifi na duniya. [58]

A cikin 2012, umarnin Ma'aikatar Shari'a ya haɓaka tsarin tallafi ga waɗanda abin ya shafa. Wadanda abin ya shafa yanzu suna da haƙƙin wasu farashin sabis na kiwon lafiya, samfuran likita, karatun sakandare ko na sana'a, masauki na wucin gadi, da sauran wurare. Duk da haka, wasu sun nuna cewa aiwatar da shirin ya kasance ba daidai ba kuma ba a tallafa masa ba. [57]

Portugal

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A Portugal, duk waɗanda aka yi wa laifi suna da haƙƙin gaggawa guda shida: bayanai, karɓar korafin sanarwa, fassarar, diyya don shiga cikin tsari da kuma biyan kuɗi, diyya daga wanda ya aikata laifin, da diyya daga jihar. [59] A lokacin shari'ar shari'a, wanda aka azabtar a Portugal zai iya ɗaukar matsayi guda biyu: a matsayin mataimaki, inda suke ba da haɗin kai tare da mai gabatar da kara a cikin shari'ar, [60] ko a matsayin ƙungiya ta farar hula, inda suke aiki kawai don ba da shaida don tallafawa da'awar diyya. . [61] Gwamnatin Portuguese tana ba da hanyoyi da dama na taimako da tallafi ga wadanda aka yi wa laifi, ciki har da Hukumar Kare Yara da Matasa a Hadarin, Babban Darakta na Harkokin Jama'a, Ƙungiyar Portuguese don Tallafawa wanda aka azabtar, Hukumar Daidaitawa da Gabatar da Wariyar launin fata, da kuma Bude Taga. [62]

Romania

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana ba da shawarwari ga waɗanda aka yi ƙoƙarin kisan kai, kisan kai, hari da sauran munanan laifuka. Ana ba da shawarwari kyauta har zuwa watanni 3 ga manya, da watanni 6 ga waɗanda abin ya shafa a ƙasa da 18. [63] Bayan aikace-aikacen, ana ba da taimakon shari'a kyauta ga nau'ikan waɗanda abin ya shafa. Abubuwan da suka dace wajen ba da taimako sun haɗa da girman laifin da aka aikata da kuma buƙatun abin wanda aka azabtar. [63] Kafin fara Dokar 211/2004, lokacin da wanda ya aikata wani laifi ya kasance ba a sani ba, ya warware, ko ya ɓace, wanda aka azabtar bai sami diyya ba. A halin yanzu, akan aikace-aikacen, ana iya ba wanda aka azabtar da shi diyya ta kuɗi don manyan laifukan tashin hankali da jima'i. [64]

Haihuwar Hukumar Kare Iyali ta ƙasa ta ƙara tallafi ga waɗanda rikicin cikin gida ya rutsa da su, yana taimakawa wajen kafa matsuguni ga waɗanda rikicin cikin gida ya rutsa da su, cibiyoyin warkarwa ga waɗanda tashin hankali ya rutsa da su, da cibiyoyin taimako ga masu tada zaune tsaye. [65]

Slovakia

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Slovakia wata ƙasa ce da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban da aka yi niyya, musamman mata matasa da maza, naƙasassu, marasa ilimi da marasa aikin yi, ke fuskantar ƙagaggun ƙwararrun guraben ayyukan yi na ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke cikin ainihin tsare-tsaren fataucin mutane. [66] Yawancin 'yan Slovakian sun ƙare ana jigilar su zuwa ƙasashen fataucin masu himma kamar, Jamus, Austria, UK, Ireland, Switzerland da Poland. [66] Slovakia kuma tana da gidaje da dama da aka yi safarar su daga Bulgaria, Romania, Vietnam, Ukraine da Moldova. [66] Shirin Kasa na 2011 don Yaki da Fataucin Bil Adama na tsawon shekaru 2011-2014 ya ba da fifiko kan tabbatar da isasshen tallafi da kulawa ga wadanda abin ya shafa, gami da wadanda ke samun cikakkiyar kulawa da shirye-shiryen komawa kasarsu ta asali. [67]

Slovenia

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Slovenia tana tsara haƙƙoƙin waɗanda aka yi wa laifi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsarin Laifuka, Dokar Kariya ta Shaidu, Dokar Laifin Laifin Laifin, da ƙudurin Hanawa da Yaƙi da Laifi. Wadanda abin ya shafa a Slovenia suna da hakkin a saurare su yayin shari'a, ba da shaida, gabatar da tambayoyi ga shaidu da ƙwararrun da abin ya shafa, sanin haƙƙinsu, bincika shaidar kayan da aka kawo, da karɓar taimako daga mai fassara. A wasu laifuffuka, kamar cin zarafin yara, rashin kula da yara, da fataucin mutane, ana buƙatar wanda aka ji rauni ya kasance yana da takamaiman ikon kula da haƙƙoƙinsa, kuma wasu sharuɗɗa sun shafi hanyoyin bincike, kamar hana wanda ya aikata laifin kasancewa a ciki. dakin shari'a a daidai lokacin da wanda aka azabtar yayin shari'a.

Idan yayin shari'ar aikata laifuka, lafiyar jikin wanda aka azabtar da danginsu na cikin haɗari, suna da haƙƙin kariya. Sashin Kariya na Mutanan da ke Kashe Kashewa yana sa ido musamman akan kariyar shedu a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kariyar Shaidu. Ƙungiyar kuma tana hulɗa da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don ba da taimako na tunani da shari'a ga mutane masu kariya. Ƙungiyar kuma tana ba da wasu matakai daban-daban yayin gudanar da shari'a, misali samar da shaida ta hanyar taron bidiyo. 

Spain

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wadanda aka aikata laifuka a Spain suna da hanyoyi da yawa da za su iya neman diyya ko taimako na diyya da suka sha. [68] Ma’aikatar shari’a [69] ita ce hukumar da ke kula da bayar da diyya ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Har ila yau, tana da alhakin ba da agajin shari'a na jihohi, kuma tana da wani sashe na daban na kare waɗanda aka yi wa laifukan da suka shafi ta'addanci. [70] Bayan Ma'aikatar Shari'a, wasu kungiyoyi suna ba da agaji ga wadanda abin ya shafa, kamar Ofishin Taimakon Masu Laifuka na Barcelona, Ƙungiyar Masu Ta'addanci, Ƙungiyar 11-M na wadanda ke fama da ta'addanci da Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa. [70] A cikin shari'ar mai laifi a Spain, wanda aka azabtar na iya zaɓar shiga cikin shari'ar ko kuma a matsayinta na '' ususación su ƙarin 'yanci [68] A cikin yanayi na musamman, wanda aka azabtar zai iya neman diyya ta gaggawa kafin a kammala shari'ar, saboda yanayin kuɗin su, bisa ga shawarar hukuma. [71]

An kafa dokoki daban-daban masu kare haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa daga tsakiyar 1980 zuwa gaba a Sweden. A cikin 1988, Sweden ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Turai game da biyan diyya ga waɗanda aka azabtar da laifuffuka na tashin hankali kuma ta zartar da Dokar hana Ziyarar Ziyara kan Shawarwari ga Jam'iyyar da suka ji rauni a 1988. A halin yanzu, masu ba da shawara kan shari'a na iya wakilta waɗanda aka azabtar da su a duk lokacin aikin shari'a a ƙarƙashin tanadin dokar ta ƙarshe. Asusun wanda aka azabtar da laifi, wanda aka kafa tare da Hukumar Tallafawa Masu Laifin Laifin Laifin, yana ba da damar samar da diyya na jihohi da tallafin tattalin arziki don bincike, ilimi da tallafi kan wadanda aka yi wa laifi.

Wadanda aka azabtar da laifuka sun zama nau'in alhakin alhakin ayyukan zamantakewa na Sweden a cikin 2001 ta hanyar Dokar Sabis na Jama'a. Duk da cewa ba a haƙiƙa ƙarfafa haƙƙoƙin waɗanda aka yi wa laifi a cikin doka ba, ya zama tsarin sake fasalin Dokar Sabis na Jama'a ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi. [72] Yawancin Sweden suna wajaba su ba da sasantawa, dangane da ka'idodin adalci na maidowa, ga masu laifi a ƙasa da shekaru 21, tare da manufar rage lamuran sake maimaitawa. Sasanci ɗaya ne daga cikin tsare-tsare da dama da ake samu ga mai gabatar da ƙara, kuma ana iya yin sulhu a matsayin hukunci mai sauƙi ga mai laifi. Wasu sun soki hanyar shiga tsakani, suna masu cewa sasanci na iya kara keta mutunci da jin dadin wanda aka azabtar. [73]

Kasashen Turai da ba na EU ba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1974, an kafa ƙungiyar agajin wanda aka azabtar a Bristol, da nufin ba da taimako da tallafi ga waɗanda aka yi wa laifi a matakin gida da na ƙasa. Masu aikin sa kai da aka horar da su suna ba da tallafi na sirri, na sirri, na zahiri da na tausayawa ga mutanen da laifi ya shafa a Ingila da Wales. Ƙungiyoyin agaji suna ba da tallafi ga kusan mutane miliyan ɗaya waɗanda aka yi wa laifi a kowace shekara. Mutane na iya neman taimako na zahiri ko na motsin rai, misali, tabbatar da gidansu bayan an yi sata, neman diyya daga Hukumar Kula da Raunukan Laifuka, sake dawo da su, ko neman shawara ta hanyar GP.

Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1985, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da Sanarwar Babban Ka'idodin Adalci ga wadanda aka azabtar da Laifuka da Zagin Wuta, [74] wanda ke fayyace mafi kyawun ayyuka na kasa da kasa don kula da wadanda ke fama da aikata laifuka. Rahoton ya amince da wajibcin mai laifin da ya rataya a wuyansa na yin adalci ga wanda aka azabtar, ya kuma yarda cewa wadanda abin ya shafa na da hakkin yin adalci da kuma samun hanyoyin yin adalci, kuma gaba daya ya ja hankali kan bukatar hakkin wadanda abin ya shafa a cikin tsarin shari’ar aikata laifuka. [75]

Nassoshi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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  60. ↑ "Victim". infovitimas.pt. Archived from the original on 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
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  64. ↑ Ministry of Justice of Romania, '27th Conference of European Ministers of Justice. Victims: Place, Rights and Assistance', Yerevan, 2006, p.3
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  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 "Human Trafficking in Slovakia".
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  71. ↑ "Victim Compensation Programs: Spain". www.ncjrs.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-05-25. Retrieved 2016-07-13.
  72. ↑ Ljungwald, Carina. "The Emergence of the Crime Victim in the Swedish Social Services Act". Stockholm Studies in Social Work. 28. Archived from the original on 2015-07-09. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
  73. ↑ Jacobsson, Maritha; Wahlin, Lottie; Andersson, Tommy (2012). "Victimoffender mediation in Sweden: Is the victim better off?". International Review of Victimology. 18 (3): 229–249. doi:10.1177/0269758012446985. S2CID 146551513.
  74. ↑ "A/RES/40/34. Declaration of basic principles of justice for victims of crime and abuse of power". Un.org. 1985-11-29. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  75. ↑ National Crime Victim Law Institute (NCVLI) (2011-09-23). "This Month in Rights: Victims' Rights are Human Rights: News". Law.lclark.edu. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
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