Harshen Daga

Harshen Daga
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Papuan; Trans–New Guinea (en) ; Southeast Papuan (en) ; Dagan (en) ; Harshen Daga; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	dgz
Glottolog	daga1275

Daga (Dimuga, Nawp) harshen Bature ne na Papua New Guinea. Daga kusan mutane 9,000 ne ke magana tun daga shekarar 2007.^[2] Mutanen da ke magana Daga suna cikin gundumar Rabaraba da ke gundumar Milne Bay da kuma yankin Abau da ke tsakiyar gundumar Papua New Guinea.^[3]

Masu magana

Mutanen da ke jin Daga suna zaune ne a yankin Rabaraba na lardin Milne Bay a Papua New Guinea. Wannan lardin yana da kusan murabba'in 5,405.4 (14,000km ² ) mai yawan jama'a 209,054. Tattalin arzikin lardin yana tallafawa yawon shakatawa, dabino, da hakar gwal a tsibirin Misima .

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, yakin Milne Bay ya faru a lardin yana ba da wani mahimmanci.

Massim, mutanen Milne Bay, sun yi musayar al'adu tare da tsibiran da ke kusa kuma sun sami al'adu da yawa daga kusa da su ciki har da zoben Kula . Mutanen Massim suna da alaƙa da zuriyar matrilineal.^[4]

Mutanen Milne Bay yayin da suka bambanta da, har yanzu suna cikin daidaita al'ada tare da Papua New Guinea. Ƙasashe masu nisa, daji, da kuma fitattun ƙasashe na Papua New Guinea suna ɗauke da bambance-bambance masu yawa. Akwai al'adu daban-daban sama da 7000 a Papua New Guinea kodayake akwai kusan mutane miliyan 7 da ke zaune a wurin. Mutanen Papua New Guinea suna da ƙwaƙƙwaran alaƙa da kiɗan da ke da kide-kide na kai-tsaye da haɗin kai na nuna kida a cikin shekara.^[5]

Fassarar sauti

Daga yana da baƙaƙe goma sha uku da wasula biyar.^[3]

Wayoyin Wasan wasali
	Gaba	Baya
Kusa	i	u
Tsakar	e	o
Bude	ɑ

Wayoyin Consonant
	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Nasal	m	n
M	p b	t d		k g
Ƙarfafawa	v	s
Taɓa/faɗa		ɾ
Kusanci	w	( l )	j

Sauti /ɾ, v/ Hakanan na iya kewaya zuwa gefe [l, β] .

Nahawu

Morphemes

A Daga, akwai wasu ƙa'idodi na yadda ake yin morphemes. wasu sun haɗa da, ƙarshen mai tushe banda G, R, S, da W suna ƙara /a/ idan ƙari na gaba shine kari na farko na baƙar fata . Idan harafin ƙarshe na prefix ya kasance a gaban madaidaicin tushe-farkon tushe, ana canza hanyar furucin baƙon ƙarshe na prefix ɗin don ya dace da yanayin furucin baƙon farko na tushe. Lokacin da morpheme yana da lambar waya ta farko /w/ ta zo gabanin wasalin /o/ ko /u/, /w/ ya ɓace a kalma ta ƙarshe. Lokacin da kalmar wucewa ta ƙarshe da ke gabatowa da kuma waya ta farko shine duk wasikun, wasikun farko na masu zuwa / i / wanda aka bari kamar yadda yake. Ga dukkan sunaye, wasali na ƙarshe shine -e.

Ilimin Morphonology

Lokacin da baƙaƙe G, R, S, da W suka ƙare tushe ko kari suna da canjin sautin waya dangane da sautin waya mai zuwa.


Morpheme	Mai bi ta /i/ ko /e/	Mai bi ta /a/, /o/, ko /u/	Consonant ya biyo baya	Kalma ta Karshe
g	g	g	---	k
r	r	r	ra	t
s	s	t	---	t
w	v	w	wa	o

Wannan doka tana da keɓantacce ga waɗannan kalmomi guda uku:


unuG	- gaba	-en	ununegen
yagiR	- gaba	-wani	yaginegiwan
ewaS	- gaba	-en	ewanegen

Mai tushe

A cikin Daga, kalmar mai tushe ita ce sashin kalmar da ke ba da ma'ana. Haɗaɗɗen kalma mai tushe sau da yawa tushen fi'ili ne wanda ke biye da haɗin fi'ili yaw ("duba") .

wa ('say') + yaw ('see') = wayaw ('tambaya')

Wannan yana aiki tare da duk tushen fi'ili kuma yana canza ma'anar tushe gaba ɗaya. Tushen fi'ili da aka samo asali na fi'ili ne mai tushe wanda ke bin ɗayan prefixes huɗu, wa-, to-, en-, da a-. Ana amfani da waɗannan prefixes don rarraba tushen fi'ili don gano wani abu ko rukuni na abu. Prefix wa- akan tushe na fi'ili ya sa tushen fi'ili ya shafi batu guda kawai. Gabatarwar zuwa- yana nufin cewa za a canza fi'ili don haɗawa da bugun batu guda ɗaya. Prefix yana nufin aikin da fi'ili ya nuna an canza shi don dacewa da aikin da ya ƙunshi mannewa cikin abu. A prefix a- kuma yana daidaita tushen fi'ili don haɗawa da cizo. Tushen fi’ili da aka samo asali, kalmomi ne waɗanda aka ƙirƙira su ta hanyar amfani da tushe mai siffa da fa’ida don ƙirƙirar fi’ili daga sifa. Misali, kalmar tama ('madaidaici') wanda ke biye da verbalization -am yana haifar da sakamakon kalmar tamanam ('daidai'). Akwai kuma tushen fi'ili wanda aka samo asali kamar sifa-samfurin fi'ili mai tushe yana amfani da furuci da tushe don ƙirƙirar fi'ili daga suna. Misalin wannan shine lokacin da kalmar da ta gabata ('bawa') tare da verbalization -at ta zama agat ('taimako'). Wannan ra’ayi na samun kalmomi daga wasu tushe na wasu rarrabuwa kuma ya ratsa zuwa sunaye da sifofi, inda Daga yana da tushen fi’ili wanda ya samo asali ne daga fi’ili wanda ake iya nada fi’ili da kari-at ya zama suna. Ko da yake masu tushe suna ba da ma'ana ga kalmar, kalmar ba ta cika sai da kari.

Kalmomi

A cikin Daga, kamar sauran harsunan suna da nau'ikan nau'ikan kalmomi daban-daban. Clitics in Daga wani rabe-rabe ne na kalma wanda sai a sake kasasa shi zuwa karin azuzuwan guda 3, ana amfani da clitics na wurin da aka bayyana wurin da sunan suna, da mahimmin clitics wadanda su ne kalma ta karshe a cikin wani bayani mai ma'ana ko kuma nade-nade . Ana amfani da clause clitics don kammala jumla ta amfani da suffixes na likita na homophuous. Matsakaicin matsayi rabe-rabe ne na kalmomin da suka yi kama da yadda ake amfani da su kamar na clitic wanda a ciki ake amfani da su don alamar wuri, rakiya, kwatanta, da ginin lokaci. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da matsayi tare da alamomi don ba da wuri ko nuna rakiya tare da mutum.

Alamar mutum
	Singluar	Jam'i
1	-ma	- nu
2	-ga	- iya
3	#	-mu

Kalmomi

Dogayen kalmomi ba a saba gani ba a Daga.

A cikin Daga, akwai masu haɓakawa guda biyu, di waɗanda ake amfani da su tare da kowace jumla don ƙara haɓakawa, kuma ana amfani da iire bayan suna, sifa, da matsayi don ƙara ƙayyadaddun bayanai. Ana amfani da haɗe-haɗe don haɗa jimloli, jumloli, da jimloli. Abubuwan haɗin gwiwar da ke yin waɗannan abubuwa ana iya ɗaukar su daban-daban.

haɗin gwiwa
Jumla	Magana	Na ɗan lokaci	Turanci
ge	e/si/di		kuma
tafi/o	tafi/o		ko
	menan/gapan/anega		saboda haka
	iwa		saboda
	go/e		amma
	mini/map		kamar
	anega		haka nan
		boge	nan da nan
		gatawan	daga baya
		amba	sannan
		evi	daga baya

Masu tambayoyi

Daga yana amfani da ya azaman prefix don misalta tagmeme mara kyau na jimlolin fi’ili na yau da kullun, kuma a kan nuna mummunan tagmeme na taƙaitawa, jimla, tattaunawa, amsawa, ko tambayoyi. Tambayoyi a Daga ana kwatanta su ta hanyar tsawo na harafin ƙarshe tare da kalmar farko don fara magana:

Masu tambayoyi
dime	me yasa
dim	me
aiki	wanda
anina	yaya
andi	yaushe
amba	ina
animpo	guda nawa
da	Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya

Lambobi

Tushen lambobi a Daga ana ƙirƙira su ta amfani da tsari mara kyau. Daga kawai yana da lambobi 1, 2, 3, 4, da 10 kuma yana amfani da al'ada na amfani da sassan jiki don wakiltar lambobi. Misali, kalmar nani ('hannu') tana nufin biyar kuma kalmar apen ('man') tana nufin 20 yana kirga duk yatsu da yatsun da ke haɗe da wannan mahallin. Waɗannan kalmomi tare da kalmar yamu ('wasu') suna haifar da jimlolin da ke kwatanta lambobi.

Lambobi da Jumlolin Lambobi
Lamba	Daga	Turanci
1	da	daya
2	de	biyu
3	yampo	uku
4	degde	hudu
10	aonugaet	goma
	iravi	duka
	aruga	da yawa
	da de	kadan (daya ko biyu)

Nassoshi

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Daga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ "Daga". Ethnologue (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-15.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Murane, Elizabeth (1974). Daga Grammar. University of Oklahoma: Benjamin F, Ulson. pp. 1–20.
↑ "Milne Bay Province" (PDF). pcabii.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
↑ "Papua New Guinea Culture: An Introduction to Ancient Traditions". Zegrahm Expeditions (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-16.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Daga". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] "Daga". Ethnologue (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-15.

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Murane, Elizabeth (1974). Daga Grammar. University of Oklahoma: Benjamin F, Ulson. pp. 1–20.

[4] "Milne Bay Province" (PDF). pcabii.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-11-20. Retrieved 2018-11-19.

[5] "Papua New Guinea Culture: An Introduction to Ancient Traditions". Zegrahm Expeditions (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-11-16.

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