Harshen Kxʼa

Kxʼa
Ju–ǂHoan
Geographic distribution	Angola, Namibia, and Botswana
Linguistic classification	One of the world's primary language families (Khoisan is a term of convenience)
Subdivisions	ǃKung (Juu) ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan)
Glottolog	kxaa1236
Kx'a Languages in Orange

Harsunan Kxʼa / ˈkɑː / KAH, wanda kuma ake kira Ju–ǂHoan /ˌ dʒ uː ˈ h oʊ æn / joo-HOH -an, dangin harshe ne da aka kafa a cikin 2010 suna danganta yaren ǂʼAmkoe (ǂHoan) tare da ǃKung (Juu). ) cluster yare, dangantakar da aka yi zargin shekaru goma. Tare da harsunan Tuu da harsunan Khoe, suna ɗaya daga cikin iyalai guda uku na harsunan da suka fito daga kudancin Afirka, waɗanda ke da kamanceceniya da nau'in yanayi saboda tasirin yanki .

Harsuna

• Amkoe ( moribund )
• ǃKung (kuma ǃXun ko Ju, tsohon Khoisan na Arewa ; tarin yare)

ǂʼAmkoe an riga an haɗa shi tare da harsunan Tuu, watakila saboda ruɗewa da sunan yare ǂHȍȁn, amma abin da kawai suke da shi shine fasalin nau'in rubutu irin su danna bilabial .

Honken & Heine (2010) ya ƙirƙira kalmar Kxʼa ga iyali a matsayin maye gurbin juzu'in da ba za a iya samu ba Ju–ǂHoan (a sauƙaƙe rikice da yaren Juǀʼhoan ), bayan kalmar [ kxʼà ]</link> 'ƙasa, ƙasa', wanda rassa biyu na iyali ke rabawa, kodayake har ma da harsunan maƙwabta kamar Kwadi .

Sake ginawa

Honken & Heine (2010) sake gina wurare shida na danna articulation don Proto-Kxʼa: wuraren coronal biyar da ke faruwa a Tsakiyar ǃKung, tare da dannawar bilabial na ǂʼAmkoe. Sun bayyana cewa dannawar bibial na kakannin sun zama hakori a cikin ǃKung. Duk da haka, Starostin (2003) yayi jayayya cewa dannawar bibial ci gaba ne na biyu a cikin ǂʼAmkoe. Ya buga kalmomin ǂʼAmkoe don 'ɗaya' da 'biyu', /ŋ͡ʘũ/</link> da /ʘoa/</link> , inda babu wani harshe na Khoisan da ke da baƙar magana kowane iri a cikin kalmominsa na waɗannan lambobin. Sands (2014) ya lura cewa ǂʼAmkoe bilabial dannawa yayi daidai da duk wuraren dannawa a cikin ǃKung ban da palatal. Ta ƙaddamar da cewa waɗannan suna nuna danna labialized a cikin Proto-Kxʼa: *ǀʷ *ǃʷ *‼ʷ *ǁʷ *ǀʷ *ǃʷ *‼ʷ *ǁʷ</link> . Waɗannan sun zama bilabial a cikin ǂʼAmkoe, yayin da kawai alamun labialization a cikin ǃKung sune diphthongs. Misali, daga Proto-Kxʼa *‼ ʷ, shine 'wutsiya' a cikin ǂHoan /ʘχúì/</link> , Juǀʼhoan /ǃxúi/</link> da Ekoka /ǁxóe/</link> (daga Proto-Ju *‼xoe: dannawa retroflex hade da alveolars a cikin Kudancin ǃKung, tare da laterals a Arewacin ǃKung, kuma kawai ya kasance retroflex a tsakiyar ǃKung.) Rashin **ǂʷ</link> ba abin mamaki ba ne, idan aka yi la'akari da ƙarancin ɗan adam na labiovelarized palatals crosslinguistically.