Harshen Nuu-chah-nulth

Nuu-chah-nulth
	Nootka
	nuučaan̓uɫ, T̓aat̓aaqsapa
Furucci	[nuːt͡ʃaːnˀuɬ]
Asali a	Canada
Yanki	West coast of Vancouver Island, from Barkley Sound to Quatsino Sound, British Columbia
Ƙabila	7,680 Nuu-chah-nulth (2014, FPCC)
'Yan asalin magana	Samfuri:Sigfig, (2014, FPCC (280 native speakers and 665 learners in 2021 ))
Dangin harshen	Wakashan Southern Nuu-chah-nulth; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	nuk
Glottolog	nuuc1236
	Nootka is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

a.k.a. Nootka ( / ˈ n uː tkə / ), ^[4] yaren Wakashan ne a cikin Pacific Northwest of North America a yammacin gabar tsibirin Vancouver, daga Barkley Sound zuwa Quatsino Sound a British Columbia ta mutanen Nuu-chah-nulth . Nuu-chah-nulth harshe ne na Kudancin Wakashan mai alaƙa da Nitinaht da Makah

Yaren farko ne na ƴan asalin yankin Tekun Arewa maso Yamma na Pacific don samun rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubucen da ke bayyana shi. A cikin 1780s, Captains Vancouver, Quadra, da sauran masu bincike na Turai da 'yan kasuwa sun ziyarci Nootka Sound da sauran al'ummomin Nuu-chah-nulth, suna ba da rahotanni game da tafiya. Daga 1803–1805 John R. Jewitt, maƙeran ɗan ƙasar Ingila, ya kasance a hannun shugaba Maquinna a Nootka Sound . Ya yi ƙoƙari ya koyi harshen, kuma a cikin 1815 ya buga wani abin tunawa tare da taƙaitaccen ƙamus na sharuɗɗansa.

Suna

Tabbatar da kalmar "Nuu-chah-nulth", ma'ana "tare da waje [na tsibirin Vancouver]" ya samo asali daga shekarun 1970, lokacin da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na masu magana da wannan harshe suka haɗu tare, suna ƙin kalmar "Nootka" (wanda ke nufin). "ku zaga" kuma an yi kuskure an fahimci sunan wani wuri, wanda a zahiri ake kira Yuquot ). Sunan da majiyoyin farko suka ba wa wannan harshe shine Tahkaht ; An yi amfani da wannan sunan kuma don komawa ga kansu (tushen aht yana nufin "mutane"). ^[5]

Fassarar sauti

Consonants

Haɗin kai 35 na Nuu-chah-nult :

Consonants
		Bilabial	Alveolar ^{[lower-alpha 1]}			Palatal	Velar		Uvula		Farin -<br id="mwUQ"><br><br><br></br> gwal	Glottal
		Bilabial	tsakiya	sibilant	na gefe	Palatal	a fili	labbabi	a fili	labbabi	Farin -<br id="mwUQ"><br><br><br></br> gwal	Glottal
M / </br> Haɗin kai	a fili	p	t	t͡s	t͡ɬ	t͡ʃ	k	kʷ	q	qʷ		ʔ
M / </br> Haɗin kai	m	pʼ	tʼ	t͡sʼ	t͡ɬʼ	t͡ʃʼ	kʼ	kʷʼ
Mai sassautawa				s	ɬ	ʃ	x	xʷ	χ	χʷ	ħ	h
Sonorant	a fili	m	n			j		w			[ ʕ ^{[lower-alpha 2]}
Sonorant	Glottalized ^{[lower-alpha 3]}	ˀm	ˀn			ˀj		ˀw

↑ Of the alveolar consonants, nasal and laterals are apico-alveolar while the rest are denti-alveolar.
↑ The approximant /ʕ/ is more often epiglottal and functions phonologically as a stop.
↑ Glottalized sonorants (nasals and approximants) are realized as sonorants with pre-glottalization. They are arguably conceptuallySamfuri:Vague the same as ejective consonants, though a preglottalized labial nasal could be analyzed as the stop–nasal sequence /ʔm/, as a nasal preceded by a creaky voiced (glottalized) vowel, or a combination of the two.^{[Ana bukatan hujja]}

Baƙaƙen pharyngeal sun samo asali ne daga haɗuwa da sautunan uvul ; /ħ/</link> ya samo asali daga hadewar /χ/</link> da /χʷ/</link> (waɗanda a yanzu ba su da yawa) yayin da /ʕ/</link> ya fito ne daga haɗewar /qʼ/</link> da /qʷʼ/</link> (waɗanda a yanzu ba sa cikin harshen).

Wasula

Nuu-chah-nulth wasulan suna tasiri ta wurin baƙaƙen da ke kewaye da wasu baƙaƙen "baya" waɗanda ke daidaita ƙasa, ƙarin allophones na baya.

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Samfuri:Ethnologue18
↑ "Indigenous languages across Canada". Retrieved 9 June 2023.
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Nuu-chah-nulth". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
↑ Some account of the Tahkaht language, as spoken by several tribes on the western coast of Vancouver island , Hatchard and Co., London, 1868

[6] Of the alveolar consonants, nasal and laterals are apico-alveolar while the rest are denti-alveolar.

[7] The approximant /ʕ/ is more often epiglottal and functions phonologically as a stop.

[8] Glottalized sonorants (nasals and approximants) are realized as sonorants with pre-glottalization. They are arguably conceptuallySamfuri:Vague the same as ejective consonants, though a preglottalized labial nasal could be analyzed as the stop–nasal sequence /ʔm/, as a nasal preceded by a creaky voiced (glottalized) vowel, or a combination of the two.^{[Ana bukatan hujja]}

[e18-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Samfuri:Ethnologue18

[2] "Indigenous languages across Canada". Retrieved 9 June 2023.

[Glottolog-3] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Nuu-chah-nulth". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[4] Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh

[5] Some account of the Tahkaht language, as spoken by several tribes on the western coast of Vancouver island , Hatchard and Co., London, 1868

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[lower-alpha 1]

[lower-alpha 2]

[lower-alpha 3]