Harshen Soddo
| Soddo | |
|---|---|
| Kəstane | |
| Yanki | Gurage Zone, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region |
| Ƙabila | Soddo |
'Yan asalin magana | (Samfuri:Sigfig cited 1994 census)[1] |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
gru |
| Glottolog |
kist1241[2] |
Soddo (autonym kəstane "Kirista"; wanda a da ake kira Aymälläl a cikin kafofin Yamma, bayan wani yare na musamman) yaren Gurage ne wanda mutane miliyan kwata ke magana a kudu maso gabashin Habasha . Harshen Semitic na Habasha ne na dangin Gurage na Arewa. Masu jin harshenta, ’ yan kabilar Soddo Gurage (Kistane), galibi suna zaune ne a gundumar Soddo da ke yankin Gurage .[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>
Fassarar sauti
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Consonants
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||
| Tsaya / </br> Haɗin kai |
voiceless | (p) | t | t Ƙ | k | (ʔ) |
| voiced | b | d | dʒ | g | ||
| ejective | (p') | t' | Ƙaddamarwa | ku | ||
| Ƙarfafawa | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | h | |
| voiced | z | ʒ | ||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Na gefe | l | |||||
| Kusanci | j | w | ||||
- [ʔ] yawanci ana jin sa lokacin da yake tsakanin wasulan, ko kuma a cikin ma'auni-farko kafin wasali.
- Ana iya jin sauti /p, pʼ, tsʼ/ a cikin kalmomin aro.
- Sauti /k, ɡ, kʼ/ kuma na iya samun allophone ɗin labialized [kʷ, ɡʷ, kʼʷ].
- /b/ kuma za a iya ji shi azaman muryoyin murɗaɗi [β] lokacin da ke cikin tsaka-tsaki.
- /m/ ana iya jin kamar [ɱ] lokacin kafin /f/, da /n/ kamar [ŋ] lokacin kafin /k/.
Wasula
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Gaba | Tsakiya | Baya | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kusa | i | ɨ | ku |
| Tsakar | e | ə | o |
| Bude | a |
Nahawu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Suna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kamar yadda a yawancin harsunan Habasha, masu cancantar suna gabaɗaya suna bin suna.
Tabbataccen labarin an bayyana shi da kari -i, misali: goš "yaro" > goš-i "yaro"; ätit "'yar'uwa" > ätiti "'yar'uwar"; bayyočč "children" > bayyočč-i . Idan sunan ya ƙare a -a ko -ä, yawanci yakan rasa wannan wasali idan -i aka sakawa: angačča "cat" > angačč-i "cat". Sunan da ke ƙarewa a -i yawanci yana zama ɗaya: abi "(the) father, proprietor". Sunan da ke ƙarewa a -e, -o, -u yana ƙara y a gabanin kari: ge "gida" > geʸi "gidan"; wälläho "makwabci" > wällähoʸi "makwabci". Idan suna yana da qualifier, ana amfani da labarin tare da kashi na farko: maläk' ge "babban gida" > maläk'-i ge "babban gida"; yä-šum-i ge "gidan jami'in" (lit. "na hukuma-gida"); yä-mät't'-i məss "mutumin da ya zo" (lit. "wanda-zo-mutumin").
Babu ainihin labarin da ba a taɓa gani ba, ko da yake ana iya bayyana rashin iyaka ta hanyar gabatar da kalmar attə ko k'una, ma'ana "ɗaya".
Sunaye suna da jinsi biyu, na miji da na mata, waɗanda ke shafar concord verb .
Sunayen da suke tabbatattu abubuwa ( kai tsaye ko kaikaice ) duka biyun suna da alamar yä- ko nä- : misali yä-geʸi ažo "ya ga gidan"; yä-zämmihʷan abännət "ya ba ɗan'uwansa" (lit. "ga ɗan'uwansa ya ba shi"). Hakanan za'a iya yiwa abubuwa kai tsaye alama ta ƙara ƙarin karin magana a cikin fi'ili: misali yabiddi täšakkunnət "Na tambayi mahaifina" (lit. "babana-obj. I-tambaye shi".)
Sunan da aka mallaka yana da alamar prefix yä-, kuma mai shi yana gaba da wanda aka mallaka: yä-šum-i ge "gidan hukuma" (lit. "of-official-the house"). Idan mabuɗin suna yana da prefixed a kansa, wannan yä- an cire shi: babiddi färäz maimakon * bä-yä-abiddi färäz don "a kan dokin ubana".
Sunan mai suna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sunan mai suna na sirri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]| Turanci | Tsayayyen tsari | M kariminci </br> (babban sunaye-karshe) |
M kariminci </br> (wali-karshen sunaye) |
|---|---|---|---|
| I | dadi | -dadi | -ddi |
| ka (m. sg.) | dah da | - da | - da |
| ka (f. sg.) | d'aš | -da | -da |
| shi | ku | -äw, -kʷan | -w, -h'an |
| ta | ku | - ku | -hi |
| mu | ina | -əñna | - ci |
| ka (m. pl.) | dahəm | - zama | - zama |
| ka (f. pl.) | dahma | -dahma | -dahma |
| su (m.) | kənnəm | - kənnəm | - hənnəm |
| su (f.) | kənnəma | - kənnəm | - hənnəm |
Mallaka kuma za a iya samun ta ta hanyar ƙara yä- zuwa karin magana da ke tsaye, misali: yädähəm t'əb "dangin ku".
Ana samar da karin magana mai ma'ana ta äras-, gubba-, k'um- tare da mallake suffixes, misali ädi äras-əddi mät'afi t'afkunnət "Ni kaina na rubuta littafin".
Mai nuna magana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Proximal: zi "wannan, waɗannan"; zini "wannan". Misali: zi məss "wannan mutumin", zi məšt "wannan matar", zi säbočč "waɗannan maza".
Distal: za "wato, wadancan, wancan, wadancan"; zani "wato can". Eg tə-za məss goy mat't'ahi "Na zo da wannan mutumin".
Sunan mai tambaya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ma "wa?" ( mutum kafin copula ): man mät't'a? "waye yazo?"
- yace "wane?"
- mən "mene?"; tace "why?"
- yita, yittat "wanne?" Eg yitta bayy mät'am "wane yaro ya zo?"
- yittani "wanne?"
Sunan mai iyaka mara iyaka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- (yähonä) säb "wani, wani"
- mannəm (säb) "kowa (one)" ("babu kowa" tare da mummunan aiki)
- attəm "kowa" (="no one, nothing" with negative verb); attəmu "no one" (as pronoun)
- lela (säb) "sauran"
- yäk'irrä k'äy "sauran" (lit. "sauran abu")
- da "wani lokaci"
- ləyyu "daban"
- k'una, zam, zəɗ'ə "same"
- äbälo (f. äbälit ) "so-da-so"
- " kamar "
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Samfuri:Ethnologue18
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Kistane". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.