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Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Peru

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Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Peru
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A cikin Peru, ana kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Peru ya jaddada muhimmancin jihar don kiyaye mutuncin dukkan bil'adama. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙunshi batutuwa waɗanda ke haɓaka 'yancin yancin kai, daidaito da rashin nuna bambanci, da rayuwa. Tun daga ƙarshen rikicin cikin gida a Peru wanda ya faru daga shekara ta 1980-2000, ƙasar ta yi aiki don haɗa ƙa'idodin jin kai da matsayi cikin dokar ƙasa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai wasu lokuta na musamman na haƙƙoƙin da aka ƙalubalanci. Rahoton Kare Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam na shekara ta 2014 na Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya bayyana yadda ko da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya kare waɗannan ‘yancin ɗan Adam, ana ci gaba da cin zarafi da yawa duk da waɗannan dokoki. Duk da ci gaban da ƙasar ta samu tun bayan 'yan tawayen Maoist, har yanzu ana ganin matsaloli da dama da ke nuna yadda ake ci gaba da zama saniyar ware da matsugunin waɗanda suka sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula na rikicin ƙasar ta Peru. [1] A shekara ta 2001, an kafa kwamitin gaskiya da sulhu don magance cin zarafi da aka yi a lokacin wannan rikici. [2]

Fage

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A cikin shekara ta 1980s, shekaru goma na cin zarafi na tsare-tsare na haƙƙin ɗan adam ya faru a cikin Peru a cikin yaƙi da ta'addanci, wanda ƙungiyoyin ƴan daba irin su Shining Path da Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Army ke adawa da gwamnatin Peruvian. Sama da mutane 600,000 ne suka rasa matsugunansu sakamakon rikicin na kai tsaye, yayin da wasu da dama suka bace. Dangane da sake fasalin ƙasa da haƙƙoƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi, rikici a maimakon haka ya haifar da ƙarin take haƙƙin ɗan adam. [1] Yayin da adawa ke karuwa ga gwamnatin Fujimori, haka tashe-tashen hankula. :24Duk da haka, duka jami'an tsaro na Peruvian da kuma 'yan tawaye ne ke da alhakin karuwar take hakkin bil'adama a tsawon lokacin tashin hankali. [3] :29An kiyasta cewa fiye da mutanen Peru 27,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon wannan cin zarafi na cin zarafin bil adama a bangarorin biyu na rikici. [3] :21Dubban tashe-tashen hankula da kashe-kashe da azabtarwa an yi su ne a kan jami'an gwamnati, da kuma fararen hula, a tsawon lokacin da ake tada kayar baya. [3] :29Hanyar Shining ta kasance sananne ne da kai hari ga shugabannin gwamnati, shugabannin al'umma, 'yan ƙungiyar kwadago, tsirarun kabilu, ma'aikatan addini, masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama, da masu yawon buɗe ido na ƙasashen waje. [3] :30Mafi yawan waɗanda suka jikkata fararen hula ne, lamarin da ya sa rikicin cikin gida na Peru ya kasance mafi muni a tarihinsa.

A farkon ƙarni, Alberto Fujimori ya yi murabus daga Fadar Shugaban ƙasa, kuma tashin hankalin ya tsaya. Yayin da ƙasar ta fara farfaɗo wa daga rikice-rikice na shekarun da suka gabata, shirye-shirye kamar Hukumar Gaskiya da sasantawa sun fito, suna ba da shawarar matakan biyan diyya ga ɗaiɗaikun mutane da al'ummomi a fannoni kamar "lafiyar tunani da ta jiki, ilimi, tallafin tattalin arziki da kuma samar da takaddun shaida., ba tare da la'akari da abubuwan da suka faru na kudi ba. Hukumar ta yi aiki don duba gurfanar da tsoffin jami'an tsaron kasar ta Peru saboda aikata wadannan laifukan take hakkin dan adam shekaru da dama. Duk da haka, duk da waɗannan motsi don inganta yanayin 'yancin ɗan adam a Peru da kuma yarda da sakamakon rikice-rikice na cikin gida a kan takamaiman al'ummomi, waɗannan al'ummomi suna ci gaba da yin hijira, suna tabbatar da cewa matakan aiwatarwa ba su faruwa a daidai lokacin da za a iya samun nasara mai dorewa. [1]

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peruvian yana magana akan batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam daga labarinsa na farko. Ya bayyana a cikin talifi biyu na farko cewa kowane ɗan adam yana da hakkin a mutunta shi da mutuncinsa, da rayuwarsa, daidaitonsa, da ’yancinsa dabam-dabam da suka shafi ra’ayi da tsaro. [4] Waɗannan “babban haƙƙoƙin mutum” an keɓe su a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, kuma suna aiki azaman hanyar doka don haƙƙin ɗan adam. Duk da haka, duk da wannan takarda ta doka da kuma ci gaban rikice-rikice na cikin gida, ƙasar na ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubale wajen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Har ila yau, Peru tana da alaƙa da Yarjejeniya ta Amirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, wanda ya sa ta kasance ƙarƙashin Hukumar Inter-Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Inter-Amurka . [2]

Girmama mutunci

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Labari na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peruvian ya bayyana cewa kowane mutum yana da 'yancin "rayuwa, asalinsa na tunaninsa na yau da kullun, da amincinsa na zahiri, da ci gabansa da jin daɗinsa kyauta." [4] Martha Nussbaum ta tattauna mahimmancin mutuncin jiki a cikin littafinta na Ƙirƙirar Ƙira . A hanyoyi da yawa, wannan ya haɗa da 'yancin sarrafa jikinka, da 'yancin kasancewa amintacce cikin koshin lafiya. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peruvian yana kiyaye waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Dangane da haƙƙin ma'aikata da na kiwon lafiya, Tsarin Mulki ya tattauna batun daidaitaccen dama ba tare da nuna bambanci ga duk 'yan ƙasar Peruvian ba. [4]

A cikin Yarjejeniyar Ci Gaban Ciniki tsakanin Amurka da Peru, " Dokar aiki " an ayyana shi azaman waɗancan haƙƙoƙin ma'aikata waɗanda aka amince da su a duniya. Waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun haɗa da "'yancin yin tarayya, amincewa da ingantaccen haƙƙin ciniki na gama gari, kawar da duk wani nau'i na tilastawa aiki, kawar da aikin yara masu tasiri, haramcin mafi munin nau'i na aikin yara, da sauran kariyar aiki. ga yara da yara ƙanana, kawar da nuna bambanci game da aiki da sana'a; da sharuɗɗan aiki masu dacewa dangane da mafi ƙarancin albashi, sa'o'i na aiki, da lafiyar sana'a da lafiya." [5]

A Peru, an shirya ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata cikin 'yanci. Koyaya, dole ne su bi wasu ƙa'idodi da buƙatun da aka tsara a cikin dokar. [6] Ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta samo asali ne tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ma'aikata na Peruvian a shekara ta 1964. Ayyukan ƙungiyar sun ƙaru a cikin shekarun soja, suna gabatar da Dokar Gyaran Masana'antu, wanda hakan ya haifar da raguwar ayyukan yi na yau da kullum. [7] Sakamakon rikicin makami da aka yi a kasar Peru a farkon shekarun 1980, koma bayan tattalin arziki ya karu, tare da kawar da iko daga kungiyoyin kwadago. [7] Kusan ƙarshen ƙarni, yajin aiki da yawa sun faru a ko'ina cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da 'yan adawa na adawa da sake zaɓen Fujimori. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan zanga-zangar na daga cikin ƙungiyoyin fafutukar tabbatar da dimokraɗiyya da suka yi nasara a Peru.

Tsakanin shekara ta 1995 zuwa shekara ta 2003, gwamnatin Peruvian ta ba da taken mallakar gidaje na birni kusan miliyan 1.2. Waɗannan taken ƙasar sun yi tasiri ga sakamakon tattalin arziki ga mutanen Peru. Shirin ba da taken gwamnati, ba kamar sauran shirye-shiryen jin daɗin jama'a ba, ya taimaka wajen haɓaka guraben aikin yi a Peru, wanda ya kawo ƙarin mutane cikin ma'aikata. [8]

Game da aikin yara, yaran Peruvian suna ci gaba da tsunduma cikin masana'antu. Gwamnatin Peruvian ta kafa dokoki don aikin yara. Matsakaicin shekarun aiki a Peru yana da shekaru 14, da kuma shekaru 18 lokacin shiga cikin ayyukan haɗari. [9] A cikin shekara t 2014, kusan kashi 68% na ma'aikatan yara a ƙarƙashin shekarun aiki na doka suna aiki a yankunan karkara akan gonaki, yayin da 31% na ma'aikatan yara suka yi aiki a sashin sabis na birni a cikin ayyuka masu haɗari da yawa. [9] Yawancin lokaci, waɗannan yaran da ke cikin wuraren aiki suna rayuwa ne a cikin matalauta, al'ummomin ƴan asalin waɗanda ke dogaro da aikin yara don tsira. Yaran da ke rayuwa cikin matsanancin talauci sun fi yin karatu da aiki lokaci guda sau huɗu fiye da yaran da ba su da talauci. Dukansu hukumomin tilasta bin doka da oda a Peru sun yi aiki don yaƙar aikin yara ta hanyar ba da shawarar nau'ikan ayyukan gwamnati don kawar da shi gaba ɗaya, kamar faɗaɗa damar samun ilimi da shirye-shiryen zamantakewa. [9]

Haƙƙoƙin lafiya

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Yankuna daban-daban na Peru suna da mazauna waɗanda ke fuskantar bambance-bambancen matakan wariya da talauci. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna haɓaka bambance-bambance a cikin cututtukan cututtuka da adadin mace-mace, da cututtukan da za a iya rigakafin su, a tsakanin matalauta, ƴan asalin ƙasar. Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, Peru tana da adadin mace-macen jarirai a kashi 17 cikin 1,000 da aka haihu, kuma adadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu na 98 cikin 100,000 masu rai. Kodayake yawancin ci gaba a fannin kiwon lafiya sun faru a cikin Peru tun lokacin da aka kawo ƙarshen yaƙi da ta'addanci, tsarin kiwon lafiya bai karbi cikakkun haƙƙoƙi daidai ba ga dukan 'yan kasar Peru. [10] Dangane da ƙabilanci, kabilanci, da jinsi, har yanzu akwai bambance-bambance a bayyane a cikin ayyukan kiwon lafiya. [10] Duk da cewa shirin kiwon lafiya na kasar Peru ya bayyana kudurinsa na samar da damammaki ga duniya, har yanzu kasar na shan wahala wajen samar da ingantacciyar hanyar kula da lafiya ga dukkan 'yan ƙasar.

Gidan karkara a cikin tsaunukan Peru.

A cikin shekara ta 2002, an ƙirƙiri hanyar sadarwar jama'a mai suna ForoSalud don aiki azaman sarari don yin tattaunawa game da lafiya. Ta hanyar haɗa ƙungiyoyin membobi 80 a duk faɗin Peru, shirin yana da nufin haɓaka sabbin manufofin kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka shafi inganci da haɓaka ayyukan kiwon lafiya. [10] Manufar hanyar sadarwar ita ce ta samar da cikakkiyar lafiya a matsayin haƙƙin duniya ga mazauna Peru. [10] Domin a cim ma hakan, ƙungiyar ta yi aiki don haɓaka ingantaccen sabis na kiwon lafiya don isa ga waɗanda ke rayuwa cikin talauci da keɓewa daga al'ummar Peruvian mafi girma. [10] An kiyasta cewa 40% na yawan jama'ar Peruvian ba su da damar yin amfani da kiwon lafiya da kuma manyan ayyukan kiwon lafiya. ForoSalud ya ba da fifikon shiga harkar lafiya tsakanin ƴan ƙasa don yin tasiri ga manyan yanke shawara na kiwon lafiya a matakin ƙasa da na yanki. [10] Shawarwarinsu yana haɓaka ƙarin "hanyar ƙasa don shiga," suna ƙoƙari don " haɓaka lissafin jami'an gwamnati don duka nasarori da gazawar manufofin kiwon lafiya." [11]

Wani rukuni na ƙungiyoyi, CARE -Peru da Likitoci don 'Yancin Ɗan Adam, duk sun goyi bayan kulawa da kulawa da kiyaye haƙƙin lafiya da samun dama a cikin Peru. A yau, CARE tana aiki don tsara shirye-shiryen su a kusa da jama'a masu wariya da marasa galihu kamar mata, ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin da mazauna karkara, don taimaka musu su aiwatar da haƙƙoƙin su a matsayinsu na ƴan ƙasar Peru. A Peru, CARE ta mai da hankali kan lafiyar mata, yin aiki don rage yawan mace-macen jarirai da mata masu juna biyu, da abinci mai gina jiki, inganta samar da abinci da ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa don inganta lafiya da jin daɗin jama'ar Peru masu rauni. Duk haɗin gwiwar da ke cikin Peru suna aiki don taimakawa waɗannan al'ummomi masu rauni su kasance mafi kyawun matsayi don ba da shawara ga canje-canje a cikin al'ummominsu a cikin ƙarin yanayin sabis na kiwon lafiya na ƙasa. [11]

A ranar 19 ga Yuni na shekara ta, 2020, asusun fansho na jama'a na Sweden AP7 ya sanya sunayen kamfanoni uku da suka haɗa da kamfanin Koriya ta Kudu SK Holdings, Kamfanin Cannabinoid na Kanada Cronos Group da kuma kamfanin lantarki na Masar Elsewedy Electric bisa zargin cin zarafin ɗan adam a Peru.

'Yancin jama'a

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Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma kare yancin walwala daban-daban, wanda ke ba da ƴancin kai. Ilimi da yancin addini su ne muhimman yancin da ke cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Peru. [4] Ilimi shine ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma a cikin Peru, kowane mutum yana da damar samun ilimi ba tare da wariya ba. Hakazalika, 'yancin yin addini haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda Peru ta amince da shi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulkinsu, yana hana nuna wariya ga bambance-bambancen addini.

Haƙƙoƙin ilimi

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Kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Peru ya bayyana cewa makarantun firamare da sakandare na duniya ne ga wadanda ke tsakanin shekaru 6-16, kuma kyauta ta hanyar matakin sakandare. Duk da haka, a aikace, ilimi kyauta ba ya samuwa a Peru sakamakon kudade na ƙungiyoyi na iyaye, gudanarwa, da kuma yawancin kayan ilimi, yana da wuya ga jama'a masu rauni su sami damar samun ingantaccen ilimi. [12] Talakawa, ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a ƙasar Peru sun yi ƙoƙarin samun ingantaccen ilimi, sakamakon samun dama da harshe. Ta hanyar samfura kamar Ilimin Al'adu Bi-lingual, Peru ta yi aiki don haɓaka ilimi a tsakanin 'yan asalin ƙasar a duk faɗin ƙasar. [13] Koyaya, jinsi, ƙabila, wurin zama, da na yare duk suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan halarta, suna ƙarfafa buƙatar ƙarin shirye-shiryen kula da yara da ilimi.

Akwai iyakoki da yawa a cikin sashin ilimi a cikin Peru waɗanda ba sa daidaita tsarin a duk duniya. A yankunan karkara, gaba daya daliban sun kasance manyan shekaru a shirye-shiryen yara na yara, wanda hakan ke nuna cewa daliban karkara ba sa samun kwakkwaran tsarin ilimi da takwarorinsu ke yi a birane. Ko da yake ci gaban shigar mata cikin makarantu ya sami ci gaba sosai sakamakon ma'aikatar ilimi, ci gaban shigar 'yan asalin ƙasar ta Peru a fannin ilimi ya ragu. [14] Ɗaliban ƴan asalin ƙasar sun yi imanin cewa tsarin ilimi da ake da su a ƙasar Peru ya tilasta musu su "haɗu da al'adu masu rinjaye," saboda an ƙarfafa su su watsar da tufafin gargajiya da yare na gida. [14] A cikin shekara ta 1972, Manufofin Ilimi na Ƙasa na Ilimin Bilingual sun yi aiki don haɓaka aiwatar da ilimin harsuna biyu a cikin yankunan Peru inda ba a jin Mutanen Espanya. Ko da yake ilimin harsuna biyu ya fara haɗawa da ɗalibai daga yankuna daban-daban kuma daga harsuna daban-daban, iya karatu da iya magana a cikin Mutanen Espanya har yanzu yana da mahimmanci don shiga cikin al'ummar Peruvian. [14]

Haƙƙoƙin addini

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Cathedral na Roman Katolika na Trujillo a Peru.

Kundin tsarin mulki, tare da dokoki da manufofi masu yawa, suna kare yancin yin addini. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin da ba na Katolika ba sun ci gaba da kokawa don samun yanci iri ɗaya da aka ba wa waɗanda suke Katolika . Ƙungiyoyin addinan da ba na Katolika ba sun kasa samun wasu fa'idodin da aka bayar ga waɗanda ke cikin Cocin Katolika, kuma akai-akai suna fuskantar cin zarafi na al'umma sakamakon alaƙar addininsu da imaninsu. [15] A cikin Mataki na ashirin da 50 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, ya ce jihar "tana ba da gudummawar ta" ga Cocin Katolika da kuma "mai" ga sauran addinai.

Kusan kashi 81% na al'ummar Peruvian Roman Katolika ne, 13% na Furotesta, da 3% na sauran addinai. Ƙungiyoyin addinai marasa rinjaye sun soki dokokin 'yancin addini, suna masu ikirarin cewa ba su magance matsalar rashin daidaito ba, kuma suna iya zama masu wariya da kuma saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. [15] Yawancin mutanen Peruvian suna ci gaba da fuskantar matsaloli tare da ƙungiyoyin addinan Kirista waɗanda ke dora al'adunsu ga waɗanda suke da bangaskiya da salon rayuwa daban-daban. Koyaya, Peru ta ɗauki matakai da yawa don kafa ƙarin haƙƙoƙin doka ga ƙungiyoyin addinai da yawa. Ta hanyar ci gaban Ofishin Harkokin Addini, Peru ta yi aiki don magance matsalolin da ke da alaka da addini. [16] Ƙungiyoyi marasa rinjaye da yawa sun ce sun ji daɗin gyare-gyaren da gwamnati ta yi a shekara ta 2011 da shekara ta 2016 don rage son kai ga Cocin Katolika da kuma sassauta buƙatun rajistar ƙungiyoyi. [17] Duk da cewa har yanzu akwai rashin daidaito da za a magance idan ana batun 'yancin addini, [16]

Cin zarafi

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Domin kare wariya daga faruwa a cikin Peru, akwai batutuwa da yawa na Kundin Tsarin Mulki waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan mata da ƴan asalin ƙasar. Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙarfafa daidaito ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, harshe, asali, ko launin fata ba. [4] Hakanan ya fayyace cewa bai kamata mutane su kasance waɗanda abin ya shafa na ɗabi'a, na hankali, ko ta jiki ba. Ana kiyaye iyaye mata a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki don yancin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, ɗan da ba a haifa ba abu ne mai haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka (Sashe na 2.1). [4]

Mata da haƙƙin haifuwa

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Peru babbar ƙasa ce ta Katolika, tana ba da batutuwan jima'i da lafiyar haihuwa musamman mahimmanci. A Peru, uwa ita ce "ginshiƙan rukunin iyali" kuma "Ƙungiyar iyali ita ce ginshiƙin al'umma." Duk da haka, ko da yake Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya goyi bayan daidaiton jinsi, mata a Peru ba su da damar samun daidaitattun albarkatu ko iko. A duk lokacin mulkin Fujimori, an tilasta wa mata yin biyayya ga manufofin yawan jama'a, yana iyakance 'yancin haihuwa na mace. [18] Kididdigar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Peru suna cikin mafi muni yayin la'akari da daidaito ta fuskar jinsi da mazauni. Ko da yake yawancin cin zarafi sun faru a ƙarƙashin Fujimori, lokacin da Alejandro Toledo ya karbi mulki, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta hana yin amfani da maganin hana haihuwa, da kuma ƙara yawan sakamakon zubar da ciki. [19] An gano manufofi da yawa don nuna wariya ga mata kan batutuwan haihuwa, ɗaukar mata (musamman matalauta, matan karkara) a matsayin "abubuwan manufa maimakon a matsayin mutanen da ke da hakki kuma suna da damar shiga cikin yanke shawara, shirye-shirye, da manufofin da suka shafi lafiyarsu duk darajar." [19]

Sakamakon wariyar da al'umma ke nunawa da fassarar al'ada game da rawar mata a gida, mata suna yaki da talauci da rashin aikin yi a Peru. A tsawon mulkin Fujimori, Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta tabbatar da kauracewa da kuma matsayin mata na gargajiya a matsayin mata masu biyayya da uwaye. A fannin ilimi, mata a yankunan karkara ba su da ilimi (33.7%) idan aka kwatanta da maza (10.9%). [18] Yawancin matan da ke cikin waɗannan al'ummomin karkara ba su da hanyar zirga-zirga, wanda hakan ya sa tafiya ta zama hanya daya tilo don isa wuraren kiwon lafiya. Waɗannan wuraren yawanci ba su isa ba kuma ba sa samar da ayyuka masu dacewa na al'ada ga waɗanda ba Mutanen Espanya ba, suna sa sababbi ko mata masu ciki ba sa son neman kulawar gaggawa ta haihuwa . [20] Tushen don Haɓaka Gudanar da Gaggawa na Gaggawa na Mata (FEMME) wani aiki ne da CARE ta kafa don mai da hankali kan kulawar gaggawa ta gaggawa ta gaggawa da ta rasa a Peru. [20] Ta hanyar ba da kulawa mai mahimmanci ga yawan jama'a, wannan tsarin ya taimaka canza tsarin kiwon lafiya zuwa cibiyoyin aiki don ba da kulawar gaggawa. [20]

Batutuwan jima'i da haifuwa sun kasance batutuwan siyasa shekaru da yawa a Peru. Manufofin da aka ƙirƙira akan jikin mata, jima'i, da iya haifuwa sun yi daidai da muradun ƙasa da sauran hukumomi masu ƙarfi, kamar Cocin Katolika da ƙungiyoyin mazan jiya. Ta hanyar sauye-sauyen iko tsakanin jiga-jigan siyasa, Cocin Katolika, da masu ra'ayin mata, an yi muhawara kan batutuwan hana haihuwa da haifuwa. [21] A cikin 2004, tare da fitowar ForoSalud, Ƙungiyar Sa ido kan Haƙƙin Jima'i da Haihuwa ta buɗe hanya don zaɓi na kyauta a Peru. [21] Ko da yake an sami ci gaba da yawa bayan mulkin Fujimori, muhawara kan 'yancin jima'i da haihuwa ba su da mahimmanci ga jam'iyyun siyasa, [21]

Haƙƙoƙin jima'i

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ko da yake an kare haƙƙin jima'i a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Mulki, zamantakewa, an cire mutane da yawa lokacin da suka bayyana a matsayin jinsi daban. An halatta luwadi da madigo a cikin shekara ta 1924 Penal Code a Peru, amma har yanzu ana kyamar zamantakewa. [21] Fassarar liwadi sun bambanta a tsakanin sassa daban-daban a Peru. A cikin sassan zamani, ayyukan jima'i ne tsakanin mutane biyu masu jinsi ɗaya; a cikin sassan gargajiya, yana wakiltar ɗaukar ka'idodin jima'i na sabanin jinsi; a cikin kafofin watsa labaru, liwadi ya haɗa da masu wucewa da "mata" maza; kuma a kafafen yada labarai, ana ɗaukar luwaɗi da madigo ba daidai ba ne kuma ana danganta shi da munanan halaye kamar shan muggan ƙwayoyi . [21] Sai da aka gabatar da Movimiento Homosexual de Lima (MHOL) a farkon shekara ta 1980s aka fara gwagwarmayar LGBT a Peru. [21] Tare da bullar cutar HIV/AIDS, yunƙurin LGBT ya ƙara fitowa fili, wanda ya ƙaru da kuɗaɗe na duniya don cutar HIV/AIDS a cikin al'ummomin gay . [21] An hukunta luwadi da madigo a cikin Peru, kuma a shekara ta 2011, an yi amfani da dokokin nuna wariyar jinsi.

Lokacin da cutar kanjamau ta bulla a cikin shekara ta 1980s, kafofin watsa labarai sun yada firgita game da cutar da asalinta a cikin "fasikancin jima'i" a cikin al'ummomin gay. An danganta kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a Peru da ɗan luwaɗi ko ɗabi'a . A Peru a yau, kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ya ta'allaka ne a tsakanin yawancin mazan Peru marasa galihu waɗanda suka yi jima'i da jima'i. An gano cewa a cikin wannan yawan jama'a, akwai ƙarancin ilimi kuma ko da mutanen Peruvian sun san haɗarin su na kamuwa da cutar HIV, ba za su iya gwadawa da samun maganin hana haihuwa ba. [22] Koyaya, haɓaka amintaccen jima'i da rigakafin hana haihuwa a cikin cutar HIV/AIDS da haɓaka jigogi masu kyau na LGBT ya ƙara wayar da kan jama'a da daidaita ra'ayin bambancin jima'i a cikin Peru.

Haqqoqin ‘yan qasar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mutumin ɗan asalin ƙasar Peru.

Ko da yake Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ƙayyadad da daidaito ga ƙabilanci, ƴan asalin ƙasar Peru na ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin da aka ware a cikin ƙasar. A cikin shekara ta 2014, ƴan asalin ƙasar sun ƙunshi kusan kashi 45% na yawan jama'ar Peruvian. Waɗanda ’yan asali ke magana da Quechua, Aymara, ko kuma wasu yarukan ’yan asali. A cikin Peru, "dala na zamantakewa" yana sanya 'ya'yan Turai masu jin Mutanen Espanya a saman, sannan mesitizos (mafi yawancin Mutanen Espanya), cholos ('yan asalin Mutanen Espanya), kuma a ƙarshe, masu magana da harshe guda ɗaya. [23] Sakamakon yaƙi da ta'addanci, an tumɓuke ƙungiyoyin ƴan asalin ƙasar da yawa, an ware su, an kuma kashe su, aka kawar da su daga al'ummar Peruvian.

Ana gane duk harsuna a cikin Peru, amma ana fahimtar harsunan ƴan asalin a matsayin ƙananan matsayi. Domin Peru galibi ƙasa ce ta Mutanen Espanya, don zama mai ba da shawara a cikin al'umma da shiga, dole ne mutum ya fahimta da jin Mutanen Espanya. Dangane da ilimi, ɗaliban ƴan asalin harshe ɗaya kokawa a cikin shirye-shiryen koyarwa na Mutanen Espanya. Hakazalika, yawancin ƴan asalin ƙasar suna zaune ne a yankunan karkara, wanda hakan ya sa samun albarkatu ya zama babbar matsala ga ɗaiɗaikun al'ummomin. [23] Sabili da haka, a cikin Peru, 'yan asalin ƙasar suna cikin matsala idan aka zo ga ma'aikata, ilimi, da samun lafiya, suna sanya su ƙasa da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a a cikin Peru.

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Tsarin Mulki na Peru
  • Hakkin LGBT a Peru
  • Hukuncin babban laifi a Peru
  • Fataucin mutane a Peru
  • Mata a Peru
  • 'Yan asalin ƙasar Peru

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :1
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :0
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Peru Constitution of 1993 with Amendments through 2009.
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :5
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :6
  8. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :7
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :8
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :9
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :11
  12. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :12
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :14
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :13
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :15
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :16
  17. ↑ International Religious Freedom Report 2017 § Peru, US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :17
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :20
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :19
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :18
  22. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :21
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :22
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