Ilimi a Switzerland

Ilimi a Switzerland
education in country or region (en)
Bayanai
Bangare na	education in Europe (en)
Facet of (en)	Karantarwa
Ƙasa	Switzerland
Rukunin da yake danganta	Category:Switzerland education-related lists (en)
Wuri
46°47′55″N 8°13′55″E

sarin ilimi a Switzerland ya bambanta sosai, saboda tsarin mulkin Switzerland ya ba da ikon tsarin makarantu musamman ga kananan hukumomi . Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Switzerland ya kafa ginshiki, wato makarantar firamare wajibi ne ga kowane yaro kuma yana da kyauta a makarantun jiha da kuma cewa kungiyar za ta iya tafiyar da jami'o'i ko tallafawa.

Matsakaicin shekarun makarantar firamare shine kusan shekaru shida a duk cantons amma Obwalden, inda yake shekaru biyar da watanni uku. Bayan makarantun firamare, ɗaliban sun rabu bisa ga iyawarsu da kuma niyyarsu ta hanyar sana'a. Kusan kashi 25% na duk ɗalibai suna zuwa ƙananan makarantun sakandare da manyan makarantu, yawanci bayan shekaru 12 na makaranta gabaɗaya zuwa matura da aka sani na tarayya ko Baccalaureate na ilimi wanda ke ba da damar shiga duk jami'o'i.</link> rabu biyu ko fiye da nau'in makaranta, dangane da canton, sun bambanta a cikin ma'auni tsakanin ilimin ka'idar da aiki. Wajibi ne ga dukkan yara su halarci makaranta akalla shekaru 9.

An ba da kyaututtukan Nobel da yawa ga masana kimiyyar Switzerland. Kwanan nan Vladimir Prelog, Heinrich Rohrer, Richard Ernst, Edmond Fischer, Rolf Zinkernagel, Didier Queloz, Michel Mayor, Kurt Wüthrich, da Jacques Dubochet sun sami lambobin yabo na nobel a cikin ilimin kimiyya. Gabaɗaya, 113 waɗanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel sun tsaya dangane da Switzerland kuma an ba da lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel sau tara ga ƙungiyoyin da ke zaune a Switzerland. Geneva ta karbi bakuncin dakin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar lissafi mafi girma a duniya, CERN . Sauran mahimman cibiyoyin bincike sune Cibiyar Empa da Paul Scherrer waɗanda ke cikin yankin ETH.

Makarantun Firamare

Tsarin makarantar wajibi yakan haɗa da ilimin firamare ( Primarschule a Jamusanci, école primaire a Faransanci, scuola primaria / elementare a cikin Italiyanci da scola primara a cikin Romansh ) da karatun sakandare I ( Sekundarschule ko Sekundarstufe I a cikin Jamusanci, na biyu na cikin Faransanci da scuola secondaria / kafofin watsa labarai a cikin Italiyanci da scola secundar a cikin Romansh). Kafin haka, yara gabaɗaya suna zuwa Kindergarten, tare da shekara ɗaya ko biyu ana buƙata a yawancin cantons. A cikin Canton na Ticino, akwai zaɓi na zaɓi, shekara ta uku don yara masu shekaru uku. A wasu canton da ke magana da Jamusanci makarantar kindergarten da shekara ɗaya ko biyu na farko ana iya haɗa su zuwa Grundstufe ko Basisstufe inda ake koyar da su tare a aji ɗaya. A cikin harshen faransanci ana haɗa kindergarten na canton zuwa zagaye na shekaru huɗu na farko ko zagaye na 1 wanda ke biye da shi na shekara huɗu na primaire 2 ko zagaye na 2 wanda ya kammala makarantar firamare.

Matsakaicin shekarun makarantar firamare shine kusan shekaru shida a duk cantons amma Obwalden, inda yake shekaru biyar da watanni uku. Cantons Thurgau da Nidwalden suna ba yara 'yan shekaru biyar damar fara makarantar firamare a lokuta na musamman. Makarantar firamare tana ci gaba har zuwa aji huɗu, biyar ko shida, ya danganta da makaranta/kanton. Kowane yaro zai iya shiga makaranta idan ya zaɓa, amma an raba ɗalibai dangane da ko suna jin Faransanci, Jamusanci ko Italiyanci.

A kusan shekaru 11-12, dangane da wane canton a Switzerland yaron ya tafi makaranta, ana iya yin jarrabawar tantancewa don yanke shawarar yadda za a raba ɗaliban makarantar sakandare. Wasu Kanton suna da tsarin jarabawa a zangon karatu na biyu na shekarar karshe ta makarantar firamare, wasu canton na da jarrabawar zangon karatu na biyu da ci gaba da tantancewa a zangon farko da na biyu. A wasu lokuta, iyaye ko masu kula da yaron kuma ana tambayar su shawarwarin su (duba Alamar C da ke ƙasa) tare da kimanta kansa da yaron yayi. Shawarar iyaye a hade tare da tantance kan yara ana kiranta alamar ta uku (Indicator C) don tantance ɗalibi, na farko shine tantancewar malami (Mai nuna A), na biyu sakamakon jarabawar (Mai nuna B) da aka gudanar a farkon zangon farko. Ma'auni na hudu shine jarrabawar karshe da ake yi a tsakiyar semester na biyu na makarantar firamare (yawanci ana yi kafin hutun Easter).

makarantar Sakandare

A ƙarshen makarantar firamare (ko a farkon makarantar sakandare), an raba ɗalibai (duba Alamar C na Friborg a ƙarƙashin Makarantar Firamare) gwargwadon iyawarsu da niyyar aikinsu a sassa da yawa (sau uku) na tsawon 2- Shekaru 3 ( Sekundarschule ) a cikin ko dai sashin sakandare na gaba, Gaba ɗaya, ko Sashe na asali (ana iya kiran Basic Realschule a Jamusanci ko Classe d'exigence de base a Faransanci). Daliban da ke neman aikin ilimi sun shiga Mittelschule (wanda kuma ake kira Gymnasium, ko Kantonsschule, makarantar jama'a ta Canton / Jiha) don shirya don ƙarin karatu da Matura (wanda aka saba samu bayan shekaru 12 ko 13 na makaranta yawanci a shekarun haihuwa). 18 ko 19). Daliban da ke da niyyar ci gaba da sana'a ko sana'a sun cika ƙarin shekaru uku zuwa huɗu kafin su shiga Ilimin Sana'a waɗanda dokokin tarayya suka tsara kuma sun dogara ne akan haɗin gwiwar kasuwancin masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke ba da matsayi na ilimi da makarantun jama'a waɗanda ke ba da darussan makaranta na wajibi waɗanda suka dace da kan. - ilimi aiki. Wannan abin da ake kira "tsarin dual" mai raba ilimi da koyar da sana'o'i yana da ci gaba a tsarin ilimi mai zurfi. Yayin da horon ilimi ke kaiwa ga matura da shiga kyauta zuwa jami'o'i, nasarar kammala karatun sana'a yana ba da damar samun damar zuwa matakin na uku na ilimi mai amfani, Höhere Fachschule (Schweiz) . Idan ban da horar da sana'a da Berufsmaturitätsschule ya kammala za a iya ziyarci Fachhochschule maimakon. Maimakon gabatar da kwanan nan hanya ce ta uku, ta tsakiya ta hanyar Fachmittelschule wanda ke kaiwa ga samun dama kai tsaye zuwa Fachhochschule bayan nasarar kammala karatun Fachmatura . A wasu cantons, ɗalibai masu Fachmatura suma na iya samun damar zuwa jami'o'i bayan ƙarin shekara mai nasara. A cikin kimanta ilimin kimiyya na PISA, ɗalibai masu shekaru 15 a Switzerland sun sami matsakaicin matsakaici na 16th na 16 na ƙasashe 57.

A ƙaramin matakin na biyu, akwai nau'ikan koyarwa daban-daban da ƙirar makaranta waɗanda ƙila za su wanzu. Wasu gundumomi suna ayyana takamaiman samfuri, yayin da wasu ke ba wa kowane gundumomi damar tantance ƙirar da za su bi.

Samfurin rabe rabe

An keɓe ɗalibai zuwa nau'ikan makarantu daban-daban, gwargwadon matakan aikinsu. Tsarin ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idar daidaitaccen iyawa tsakanin ɗalibai. Gabaɗaya, kowane nau'in makaranta yana da nasa tsarin koyarwa, kayan koyarwa, malamai da, a wasu lokuta, nau'ikan darussa. Gabaɗaya, akwai nau'ikan makaranta 2 zuwa 3 (4 a cikin ƴan tsiraru na canton), sunayensu sun bambanta. A cikin tsari tare da nau'ikan makaranta guda 2, an bambanta tsakanin ƙungiyar da ke tushen aiki a matakin asali (tare da mafi ƙarancin buƙatu), da ƙungiyar tushen aiki a matakin ci gaba. A cikin tsari tare da nau'ikan makaranta 3, akwai ƙungiyar da ta dogara da aiki a matakin asali, ƙungiyar da ta dace a matakin matsakaici da ƙungiyar tushen aiki a matakin ci gaba. Abubuwan buƙatun ƙungiyar masu yin aiki a matakin ci gaba sune mafi buƙata kuma wannan nau'in makaranta gabaɗaya yana shirya ɗalibai don canja wurin zuwa makarantun matura.

Makarantar gaba da Sakandare

Ilimin manyan makarantu ya dogara da ilimin da aka zaɓa a makarantar sakandare. Ga daliban da ke da matura, jami'a ita ce ta fi kowa. Ɗaliban da suka halarci makarantar sakandare ta sana'a za su ƙara Fachhochschule ko Höhere Fachschule a cikin tsarin karatun su.

Akwai jami'o'i 14 na jama'a da na jama'a a Switzerland, 10 daga cikinsu ana kiyaye su a matakin canton kuma yawanci suna ba da darussan da ba na fasaha ba. Daga cikin cibiyoyi 4 da suka rage, 2 suna karkashin kungiyar Swiss Confederation kuma ana kiranta da "Cibiyoyin Fasaha na Tarayya ta Switzerland".