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Ja turan Gudanar da cututtukan kwarin noma

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Ja turan Gudanar da cututtukan kwarin noma
Shirye-shiryen gwaji na "Push-pull" a harabar ICIPE a Mbita, Kenya. (Hagu: Masara tare da Desmodium spp. intercropping. Dama: Masara monoculture tare da cutar Striga ).

Fasahar Push – Pull dabara ce ta shiga tsakani don sarrafa kwari na noma ta hanyar amfani da tsire-tsire masu “turawa” da tarko tsire-tsire “ja” . [1] Misali, amfanin gonakin hatsi kamar masara ko dawa galibi ana kamuwa da su ta hanyar borkono . Ciyawa da aka dasa a kusa da kewayen amfanin gona suna jawo hankalin kwari da tarko, yayin da wasu tsire-tsire, kamar Desmodium, da aka dasa a tsakanin layuka na masara, suna korar kwari da sarrafa tsire-tsire Striga . An haɓaka fasahar Push-pull a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Duniya da Ilimin Halitta (ICIPE) a Kenya tare da haɗin gwiwar Rothamsted Research, UK. [2] da abokan hulda na kasa. An koyar da wannan fasaha ga ƙananan manoma ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar jami'o'i, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin bincike na kasa. [3]

Yadda tura – ja ke aiki

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Fasahar turawa ta ƙunshe da amfani da abubuwan haɓaka ɗabi'a don sarrafa rarrabuwa da ɗimbin ƙwari da kwari masu fa'ida don sarrafa kwarorin stemborer. Ya dogara ne akan fahimtar cikin ilimin halittar jiki , tsire-tsire na musanyayyaki, kuma ya ƙunshi cunkoson kwayar cuta kamar intermodium ) [4] (turawa), tare da kyan gani shukar tarko irin su Napier grass (jiye) da aka dasa a matsayin amfanin gona mai iyaka a kusa da wannan intercrop. Ana korar mata daga babban amfanin gona kuma a lokaci guda suna sha'awar shukar tarko.

Turawa

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Flowering Desmodium spp.
"Tura": Silverleaf Desmodium ( D. uncinatum ) a cikin fure

“Turawa” a cikin tsarin da ake yi tsakanin tsire-tsire ne ke samar da tsire-tsire waɗanda ke fitar da sinadarai masu canzawa ( kairomones ) waɗanda ke korar asu masu ƙwanƙwasa kuma suna kore su daga babban amfanin gona (masara ko dawa). Mafi yawan nau'in tsire-tsire da aka fi amfani da su sune legumes na jinsin Desmodium (misali silverleaf Desmodium, D. uncinatum, da greenleaf Desmodium, D. intortum ). Ana shuka Desmodium a tsakanin layuka na masara ko dawa, inda suke fitar da sinadarai masu lalacewa (kamar (E) -β- ocimene da (E) -4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene) waɗanda ke kore asu mai tushe. Hakanan ana samar da waɗannan sinadarai a cikin ciyawa irin su masara lokacin da kwari suka lalata su, wanda zai iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa suke tunkuda masu tsini. [1] [5] Kasancewar tsire-tsire mai ƙarancin girma, Desmodium baya tsoma baki tare da haɓakar amfanin gona, amma yana iya hana ciyawa kuma yana taimakawa haɓaka ingancin ƙasa ta hanyar haɓaka abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa, daidaita nitrogen, da daidaita ƙasa daga zaizawar ƙasa. Hakanan yana aiki azaman abincin dabba mai gina jiki sosai kuma yana danne ciyawar striga ta hanyar allelopathic. Wani tsire-tsire da ke nuna kyawawan kaddarorin masu hanawa shine ciyawar molasses ( Meninis minutiflora ), abincin dabba mai gina jiki tare da kaddarorin kaska da kaddarorin tsutsa parasitoid masu ban sha'awa. [5]

Jawo

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"Jawo": Tsagewar ciyawa ta siginar ( Brachiaria brizantha ) da aka dasa a gefen filin turawa a Kenya

Hanyar ta ta'allaka ne da haɗe-haɗen amfanin gona da za a dasa a kusa da tsakanin masara ko dawa. Dukansu ciyawa na gida da na daji na iya taimakawa wajen kare amfanin gona ta hanyar jawowa da kuma kama masu tsinke . Ana shuka ciyawa ne a kan iyakar da ke kusa da gonakin masara da dawa inda asu manya masu mamaye su ke sha'awar sinadarai da ciyawa ke fitarwa. Maimakon saukowa akan shukar masara ko dawa, kwarin suna kai wa ga abin da ya fi ɗanɗano abinci. Waɗannan ciyawa suna ba da "jawo" a cikin dabarun "push-pull". Suna kuma zama mafaka ga maƙiyan ƙorafi. Kyakkyawan amfanin gona na tarko sun haɗa da sanannun ciyawa irin su Napier grass ( Pennisetum purpureum ), ciyawa na sigina ( Brachiaria brizantha ), da ciyawa Sudan ( Sorghum vulgare sudanense ). Ciyawa na Napier yana samar da matakan da suka fi girma na mahalli masu ban sha'awa ( koren ganye maras tabbas ), alamun da matan gravid stemborer ke amfani da su don gano tsire-tsire, fiye da masara ko dawa. Hakanan ana samun karuwar kusan ninki 100 a cikin jimlar waɗannan mahadi da aka samar a farkon sa'a na dare ta hanyar ciyawa na Napier (scotophase), lokacin da asu mai tushe ke neman tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire don yin ƙwai, yana haifar da fifikon oviposition. [6] Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin tsutsa mai tushe, kimanin kashi 80%, ba sa rayuwa, kamar yadda Napier grass tissues ke samar da ruwan 'ya'yan itace don mayar da martani ga ciyar da tsutsa, wanda ke kama su, wanda ya haifar da mutuwar kimanin 80% na larvae. [3]

Damuwar Striga

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Striga hermonthica yana girma a gonar masara a Kenya.

Har ila yau, Desmodium yana sarrafa ciyawa, Striga, wanda ke haifar da karuwar yawan amfanin gona na kimanin tan 2/hectare (0.9 short ton a kowace kadada) a kowace kakar noman.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">abubuwan da ake buƙata</span> ] Baya ga fa'idodin da aka samu daga haɓakar haɓakar nitrogen da gasa don haske, an gano cewa D. uncinatum yana hana haɓakar striga ta hanyar allelopathy . [7] Ana tsammanin waɗannan tasirin suna da alaƙa da isoflavanones da aka samar a cikin tushen Desmodium, wanda zai iya haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin striga ko hana haɓakar seedling, dangane da tsarin su. Tare, waɗannan tasirin suna haifar da sabon abu da aka sani da "haɗuwar suicidal", don haka rage bankin iri na striga a cikin ƙasa. [3] Sauran nau'in Desmodium kuma an kimanta su kuma suna da irin wannan tasirin akan masu tsini da ciyawar striga kuma a halin yanzu ana amfani da su azaman tsaka-tsaki a cikin masara, dawa da gero. [8]

Inganta ingancin ƙasa

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Desmodium kuma yana haɓaka ingancin ƙasa ta hanyar haɓaka ƙwayoyin ƙasa, abubuwan da ke cikin nitrogen, da ɗimbin halittu na ƙasa, tare da kiyaye danshi, daidaita yanayin ƙasa da hana zaizayar ƙasa. [3] [9] [10] [11]

Tattalin arzikin noma tura-ja

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Aikin noma na turawa yana haifar da sakamako mai fa'ida na tattalin arziƙi akan matakin ɗaiɗaikun masu karamin karfi da manoma ta hanyar manyan hanyoyin samun kudin shiga da ke fitowa daga siyar da rarar hatsi, iri desmodium, fodder, da madara. [3] Nazarin tattalin arziki ya ƙididdige yawan kuɗin da aka samu kan saka hannun jari na hanyoyin ja-in-ja don manoma ya haura 2.2 idan aka kwatanta da 1.8 don amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, da .8 na monocrop. </link>[ <span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (April 2019)">mai ban mamaki</span> – tattaunawa ] [12] Ko da yake farashin farawa na fasahar turawa ya bambanta sosai saboda bukatun aiki don shuka desmodium da ciyawa Napier da sayan waɗannan tsaba, farashin ya ragu sosai a cikin shekaru masu girma. [12] An kuma ga fasahar Push-pull don taimakawa wajen bunkasa tattalin arzikin cikin gida. [3] Domin kuwa wadannan manoman sun fi samun kudin shiga, suna iya kashe kudi a cikin tattalin arzikin yankinsu wanda hakan ke kara inganta rayuwa da walwalar al’umma gaba daya. [3]

Babban abokan adawar tattalin arziki ga irin waɗannan hanyoyin sune manyan kamfanoni na duniya kamar Monsanto da sauransu waɗanda ke samar da kayan aiki na lokaci-lokaci irin su magungunan kashe qwari, takin zamani da iri mai girma waɗanda ke buƙatar irin waɗannan abubuwan. [3]

Bayan da aka gudanar da bincike kan abubuwan da ake tantance yawan amfanin gona na masara, an gano cewa an samu karuwar noman masara da kashi 61.9 cikin 100 tare da karin kashi 15.3 cikin 100 na farashin noman masara da kuma karin kashi 38.6 cikin 100 a matsakaicin kudin shigar da ake samu daga masara. [13]

A cikin gidajen da aka fara amfani da fasahar tura turawa a Kenya, an danganta karuwar kuɗin da ake samu na tattalin arziƙi da ƙarin ilimi na shekaru, haɓaka damar zuwa cibiyoyin karkara, da halartar manyan ranakun filin idan aka kwatanta da gidajen da ba su yi amfani da fasahar ba. . [13] Bugu da kari, idan aka ci gaba da amfani da fasahar a halin yanzu na kashi 14.4 cikin 100, ana iya sa ran raguwar mutane 75,077 da ake ganin matalauta ne a cikin halin da tattalin arzikin kasar ke ci gaba da kasancewa a rufe, kuma ana sa ran mutane 76,504 za a yi la'akari da matalauta idan tattalin arzikin kasar ya kasance. sun bude. [13]

Yarda da al'adu na aikin noma na turawa

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Domin an samar da fasahar tura turawa musamman a wajen yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara—inda hukumomin kasa da kasa a yau suke da burin bunkasa tasirinta—rashin amincewa da farko aka fuskanta. [14] Wannan rashin amincewa ya kara ruruwa ne saboda zargin da ake yi na cikin gida cewa jami'an waje suna da boyayyun manufofin son kai. [14] A cikin alakar da ake samar da albarkatun aiwatar da sabbin fasahohi a waje, manoma kan ji cewa dole ne kawai su bi umarnin da aka ba su; duk da haka, an yi ƙoƙari a Habasha don ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar manoma tare da haɓaka fasahar turawa da kuma sa aikin ya kasance da haɗin kai da kuma cike wannan gibi. [14] Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, fasahar turawa ta yi kama da hanyoyin haɗaɗɗiyar al'ada wanda ya taimaka masa samun karbuwar al'umma.

An kuma fi ganin fasahar tura turawa a matsayin abin karbuwa a al'adance da kuma dacewa saboda yadda take ba da matsayin gargajiya ga maza da mata a aikin noma. [14] Saboda fasahar ture-gurbin na iya dacewa da tsarin iyali na yanzu, aikin ba ya buƙatar sake fasalin abubuwan da ke akwai. [14] Domin ci gaba da aiwatar da fasahohin turawa, manoma sun taka rawar gani da tasiri wajen yanke shawarar yadda za a aiwatar da fasahar yadda za ta dace da bukatunsu da kuma daidaita al'adun gargajiya. [14] Alal misali, manoman yankin sun gwammace su haƙa layin da za a shuka iri a ciki ta hanyar amfani da garmar sa. [14] Gabaɗaya, ta hanyar haɓaka jagorancin haɗin kai na manoma na cikin gida, ana sa ran samun ɗorewa na irin waɗannan ayyukan. [14]

Tarihi

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An haɓaka fasahar Push-pull a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Duniya da Ilimin Halitta (ICIPE) a Kenya tare da haɗin gwiwar Rothamsted Research, UK. [2] da abokan tarayya a cikin 1990s. [15] Bincike da bunƙasa dabarun turawa sun sami tallafi daga wasu abokan haɗin gwiwa da suka haɗa da gidauniyar Gatsby Charitable Foundation ta Burtaniya, Gidauniyar Rockefeller, Ma'aikatar Raya Ƙasa ta Burtaniya, da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya na UNEP, da sauransu. [3]

Fatan noma na turawa a gaba

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Wannan dabarar ta dogara ne akan amfani da tsire-tsire da ake samu a cikin gida, ba kayan aikin masana'antu masu tsada ba, don haka ya sa ya fi dacewa da tattalin arziki da kuma dacewa da al'adu kamar yadda wannan hanya ta hanyoyi da yawa ta yi kama da al'adun gargajiya na Afirka na yin cuɗanya. [3] Don haka, ana tsammanin wannan hanyar za ta zama sanannen mafita ga matsalar karancin abinci a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Duk da yake wannan dabarar ba ta da amfani sosai, tana da ƙarin ilimi. [3] Don haka ne aka kaddamar da kamfen na kafafen yada labarai, an gudanar da tarukan jama’a, an ba da bugu da kari, da kuma samar da shirye-shiryen makarantun filayen noma da manoma domin a shawo kan matsalolin ilimi wajen aiwatar da fasahohin turawa. [3] Hanyoyi mafi inganci, masu tasiri, da kuma tsadar kuɗi na watsa bayanai da ƙarfafa manoma don yin amfani da hanyoyin ja da baya an gano cewa ranakun gona ne (wanda ya kai kusan 26.8% karuwa a ɗauka), makarantun gonaki (22.2% damar karkatar da su). shawarar manoma), da malaman manoma (damar shawo kan manoma 18.1 bisa 100 don yin amfani da fasahar). [12] Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa sama da kashi 80% na manoman da ke shiga ranakun gonaki suna amfani da fasahar a ƙasarsu. [12]

Wani matakin da aka ɗauka don haɓaka ƙimar karɓar fasahar turawa shine rarraba tsaba na desmodium da sauran abubuwan da ake buƙata don fara wannan aikin. [12] An samu damar rarraba iri da sauran abubuwan da ake bukata ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da kamfanonin iri da kungiyoyin manoma na cikin gida. [12] Domin yakar matsalar karancin iri da tsadar irin noman desmodium da ke dakile yaduwar fasahohin turawa, an kaddamar da ayyukan noman iri da dama tare da karfafa gwiwar kungiyoyin manoma da su rika yada iri da kansu. [12] A sakamakon wadannan matakan, an kara habaka kasuwar irir desmodium kuma irir ta samu sauki ga kananan manoma da ke neman aiwatar da hanyoyin tsukewa a gonakinsu. [12]


A Kenya, Tanzaniya, da Uganda kadai, ƙananan manoma 68,800 ne suka karɓi fasahar turawa; duk da haka, waɗannan lambobi na iya zama mafi girma a gaskiya saboda gibi a cikin rahoto. [12] Domin kuwa wadannan yankuna a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na fama da matsalar noman noman da ba za a iya dogaro da su ba, sakamakon cizon sauro da striga, rashin haihuwa na kasa, da rashin dorewar kayan kiwon dabbobi, ana sa ran karin karin manoma masu karamin karfi za su dauki matakin magance wadannan matsalolin. nan gaba a adadin karɓuwa na shekara-shekara na 30% da yuwuwar ƙimar tallafi na shekara-shekara na 50% saboda ƙaƙƙarfan kamfen na ilimi da aka ƙaddamar. [12]

  • Maize push-pull farm at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, showing intercrop Desmodium spp.
    gonakin tura masara a ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya, yana nuna intercropDesmodiumspp.
  • Maize push-pull farm showing intercrop Desmodium and trap crop at ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya
    gonakin tura masara yana nunaDesmodiumintercrop da amfanin gona a ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya,
  • Sorghum push-pull farm showing trap crop Brachiaria (ICIPE, Mbita Point, Kenya)
    Gonar tura dawa tana nuna tarkon amfani gonaBrachiaria(ICIPE, Mbit Point, Kenya)

Duba kuma

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  • Kwarin kwayoyin halitta
  • Hanyoyin al'adu
  • Noma mai dorewa
  • Jerin batutuwan noma masu dorewa
  • Ecotechnology
  • Jerin tsire-tsire na abokin tarayya
  • Jerin ciyawa masu amfani
  • Jerin tsire-tsire masu hana kwari

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cook, Samantha M.; Khan, Zeyaur R.; Pickett, John A. (2007). "The use of push-pull strategies in integrated pest management". Annual Review of Entomology. 52: 375–400. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091407. PMID 16968206. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "cook2007" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 www.rothamsted.ac.uk
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Khan, Zeyaur; Midega, Charles; Pittchar, Jimmy; Pickett, John; Bruce, Toby (February 2011). "Push-pull technology: a conservation agriculture approach for integrated management of insect pests, weeds and soil health in Africa". International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 9 (1): 162–170. doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0558. ISSN 1473-5903. S2CID 153717937. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Glover et al., "Plant perennials to save Africa's soils", Nature 489, 359–361 (20 September 2012)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Khan, Z. R.; Ampong-Nyarko, K.; Chiliswa, P.; Hassanali, A.; Kimani, S.; Lwande, W.; Overholt, W. A.; Overholt, W. A.; Picketta, J. A.; Smart, L. E.; Woodcock, C. M. (August 1997). "Intercropping increases parasitism of pests". Nature. 388 (6643): 631–632. Bibcode:1997Natur.388..631K. doi:10.1038/41681. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4410767.
  6. ↑ Chamberlain, K.; Khan, Z. R.; Pickett, J. A.; Toshova, T.; Wadhams, L. J. (2006-03-01). "Diel Periodicity in the Production of Green Leaf Volatiles by Wild and Cultivated Host Plants of Stemborer Moths, Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 32 (3): 565–577. doi:10.1007/s10886-005-9016-5. ISSN 1573-1561. PMID 16572298. S2CID 2023126. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  7. ↑ Khan, Zeyaur R.; Hassanali, Ahmed; Overholt, William; Khamis, Tsanuo M.; Hooper, Antony M.; Pickett, John A.; Wadhams, Lester J.; Woodcock, Christine M. (2002-09-01). "Control of Witchweed Striga hermonthica by Intercropping with Desmodium spp., and the Mechanism Defined as Allelopathic". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 28 (9): 1871–1885. doi:10.1023/A:1020525521180. ISSN 1573-1561. PMID 12449513. S2CID 21834435. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  8. ↑ Khan, Z.R.; Midega, C.A.O.; Bruce, T.J.A.; Hooper, A.M.; Pickett, J.A. (2010). "Exploiting phytochemicals for developing a 'push–pull' crop protection strategy for cereal farmers in Africa". Journal of Experimental Botany. 61 (15): 4185–4196. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq229. PMID 20670998.
  9. ↑ Mutyambai, Daniel M.; Bass, Ethan; Luttermoser, Tim; Poveda, Katja; Midega, Charles A. O.; Khan, Zeyaur R.; Kessler, André (2019). "More Than "Push" and "Pull"? Plant-Soil Feedbacks of Maize Companion Cropping Increase Chemical Plant Defenses Against Herbivores". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 7. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00217. ISSN 2296-701X.
  10. ↑ Drinkwater, Laurie E.; Midega, Charles A. O.; Awuor, Rachel; Nyagol, Dickens; Khan, Zeyaur R. (2021-10-15). "Perennial legume intercrops provide multiple belowground ecosystem services in smallholder farming systems". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 320: 107566. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2021.107566. ISSN 0167-8809.
  11. ↑ Ndayisaba, Pierre Celestin; Kuyah, Shem; Midega, Charles Aura Odhiambo; Mwangi, Peter Njoroge; Khan, Zeyaur Rahman (2022-01-02). "Push-pull technology improves carbon stocks in rainfed smallholder agriculture in Western Kenya". Carbon Management. 13 (1): 127–141. doi:10.1080/17583004.2022.2035823. ISSN 1758-3004. S2CID 247202273 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  12. ↑ 12.00 12.01 12.02 12.03 12.04 12.05 12.06 12.07 12.08 12.09 Khan, Zeyaur (2014). "Achieving food security for one million sub-Saharan African poor through push–pull innovation by 2020" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions. 369 (1639). doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0284. PMC 3928888. PMID 24535391 – via Royal Society Publishing. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Kassie, Menale (Spring 2018). "Push–pull farming system in Kenya: Implications for economic and social welfare". Land Use Policy. 77: 186–198. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.041. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 Mbeche Nyang’au, Isaac (Summer 2018). "Transdisciplinary Research: Collaborative Leadership and Empowerment Towards Sustainability of Push–Pull Technology". Sustainability. 10 (7): 2378. doi:10.3390/su10072378. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ Khan, Z. R., J. A. Pickett, J. van den Berg, L. J. Wadhams, and C. M. Woodcock. 2000. Exploiting chemical ecology and species diversity: stem borer and striga control for maize and sorghum in Africa. Pest Management Science 56:957–962.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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