Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Alexandria
 Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Alexandria | |
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philosophical school (en)  |
Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Alexandria tana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin cibiyoyin ilimi a tarihin kiwon lafiya da aka fara a Lokacin Hellenistic a birnin Alexandria (311 BC). A wani lokaci na tarihi, a Misira, sun haɗa dukkan koyarwar likitanci daban-daban da suka samo asali a Gabas da Iskandariya (yana kama da birni na duniya), kuma sun haɗu cikin "mahimmanci mai mahimmanci na ilimi" makarantar sakandare ta Iskandariya.[1] Yayin da Makarantar Alexandria ta kara bunkasa Makarantun Kiwon Lafiya a Knossos da Knidos a tsawon lokaci sun rasa ma'anarsu da muhimmancin su.
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Birnin Girka na Iskandariya, a bakin Kogin Nilu, Alexander the Great ne ya tsara shi kuma ya kafa shi a cikin 331 BC, kuma ya mai da hankali a cikinsa kogunan al'adu daga wurare daban-daban: mysticism na Gabas da tunanin Girka, a cikin ɗakin karatu mai arziki, tare da kimanin 700,000 rubuce-rubuce (dukiyar duk ilimin ɗan adam har zuwa yau; mafi arziki a duniya). Don haka, tare da makarantu, Alexandria wani nau'in jami'a ne inda fitattun marubuta, likitoci, masana kimiyya, da masana falsafa na lokacin tarihi suka taru kuma suka yi aiki.[1]
Helenawa na dā sun yaba da Masar kuma sun ga ƙasa mai ban mamaki, mai ni'ima tare da ɓoyayyen hikima. A wani lokaci, sun haɗa dukkan koyarwar kiwon lafiya daban-daban da suka samo asali a Gabas da Alexandria (wanda ya kara kama da birni na duniya) a Misira, kuma ya haɗu da shi cikin wani nau'i mai mahimmanci na ilimi na duniya. [ana buƙatar hujja]A Alexandria, an ba da muhimmancin musamman ga nazarin magani. An yi nazarin ayyukan kiwon lafiya na Hippocrates da Aristotle kuma an tattara "Hippocratic Corpus" na farko. An gabatar da nazarin jikin mutum da tsarin nazarin gawawwakin mutane a karon farko. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja]
Ci gaban jikin mutum da ilimin lissafi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yayinda kimiyyar kiwon lafiya ta tsohuwar Girka ta shiga cikin lalacewar siyasa da koma baya - an sabunta aikin kimiyya a wannan yanki, musamman a fagen anatomy: an yi sassan da yawa akan gawawwakin har ma da vivisection akan fursunoni da ke cikin layin mutuwa.[2] Daga irin wannan aikin an rubuta rubuce-rubuce na farko masu ma'ana game da jikin mutum, saboda waɗannan sune lokuta na farko na dissection na mutum a cikin aikin likita na Girka. Kafin wannan lokacin, rarrabawar mutum ya kasance haramtacce.[3]
Masana ilimin jikin mutum da likitoci na Makarantar Alexandria sune Herophilos da Erasistratus .
Herophilos
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kodayake Herophilos ( c. 300 BC ) ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa ainihin jikin mutum, kuma mai ba da shawara ne mai mahimmanci don amfani da magunguna. Ya yi nazarin dukkan gabobin da ke cikin jiki ta hanyar dabi'a, kuma ya dauki kwakwalwa a matsayin cibiyar jijiya kuma mai dauke da ruhi.
Herophilos ba kawai masanin ilimin jikin mutum ba ne har ma yana daya daga cikin likitocin wannan makarantar. Ya kuma bayyana tsarin kwakwalwa da yawa, wanda ya kira sheaths na kwakwalwa, choroid plexus da ɗakunan kwakwalwa guda huɗu.
Erasistratus
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Erasistratus (304-250 BC), likitan Girka wanda ya girma a Antakiya, masanin ilimin jikin mutum ne na wannan lokacin, wanda ya bayyana tsarin jikin mutum da yawa. Ya kasance matashi na zamani na Herophilos kuma, tare da shi, babban wakilin Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Iskandariya.
Ya rarraba gawawwakin, masu yanke hukuncin kisa, kuma mai yiwuwa gawarwakin dabbobi masu rai, kuma ta haka ne ya ci gaba da ilimin kimiyya. Ya bayyana zuciya da bawul dinta, jijiyoyi jini da jijiyoyi, kwakwalwa da ɗakunan ta da eddies, fitowar jijiyoyin kwakwalwa, tasoshin lymphatic a cikin mesentery da hanta.
Koyaya, manyan kyawawan halaye na Erasistratus suna cikin fannin ilimin lissafi. Shi ne na farko da ya bayyana ayyukan ilimin lissafi na valves na zuciya. A karkashin tasirin Democritus na atomistics da makarantar peripatetic, ya nemi ya fassara duk abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwa ta hanyar inji. A ra'ayinsa, tsarin gabobin guda uku suna wucewa kuma suna haɗuwa da dukan kwayoyin: jijiyoyi, jijiyoyi da jijiyoyi; ruwa na farko pneuma, jini na biyu, da na uku ruwa mai jijiya. Rugujewar pneuma an rage shi zuwa aikin inji na zuciya.[4]
Ya kuma yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana ka'idodin inji na numfashi da narkewa. Tsohon ya fahimci bambancin da ke tsakanin jijiyoyin motsi da na ji, kuma ya "yi" da ilmantarwa na Hippocrates, kuma ya ba da shawarar amfani da magunguna marasa ƙarfi. [ana buƙatar hujja]Erasistratus ya ki amincewa da humoral da pathology na "juices huɗu", farawa daga ra'ayin cewa cututtukan sun kasance sakamakon tarin jini (plethora) ko rashi a wasu sassan jiki, wanda ya haifar da dyscrasia humoral. A cewarsa, plethora jijiya ce cike da jini, wanda ke gudana cikin jijiyoyi kuma yana fitar da pneuma a can. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida][ana buƙatar hujja]
Kamar yadda yawancin cututtukan, Erasistratus ya yi la'akari da yawan abinci mai gina jiki, ya ba da shawarar cewa ba za a yi amfani da yawa ba game da jini a matsayin matsayi.[5]
Ci gaban tiyata da ilimin magunguna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Makarantar Alexandria tana haifar da ci gaban tiyata da ilimin magunguna. Ana shirya magunguna a can, amma a lokaci guda ana bincika guba kuma ana shirya maganin rigakafi.
Kafa makarantar kwarewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ci gaban jikin mutum a makarantar Iskandariya ya haifar da sakamakon kimiyya wanda ba koyaushe yake daidai da ra'ayoyin makarantar koyarwa ba. A mayar da martani ga dogmatism mara kyau, ya samo asali ne a cikin 3 BC a Alexandria abin da ake kira. wata makaranta ce ta kwarewa wacce ta watsar da zato, falsafar da ka'idar, tana bin gogewa kawai (empirics) a matsayin hanyar samun sabon ilimi mai kyau.
Glaucko Tarencio
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana ci gaba da makarantar kwarewa a Alexandria a layi daya. Kodayake yanayin ilmantarwa na kwarewa zai sami mahimmanci ne kawai a karni na 17 lokacin da likitoci ke ƙara neman nasara a cikin aikinsu, maimakon ilimin ka'idoji, muna samun alamun wannan koyarwar a cikin ayyukan likitocin Makarantar Alexandria. Babban wakilin sa shine likitan Glaucko Tarencio (1 BC), wanda za'a iya cewa shi ne mai gabatarwa na maganin da ya danganci shaida.
A gare shi, sakamakon ne kawai abin dogaro; wanda aka samu ta hanyar kwarewar kansa, ko kwarewar wasu likitoci, ko irin wannan kwatanci lokacin da ba shi da bayanan da za a iya kwatanta shi daga kwarewarsa ko wasu.
Daga cikin sauran manyan mutanen wannan makarantar, ya kamata mutum ya ambaci Oribasius a (karni na 6), wanda ya rubuta ayyukan da aka tattara akan magani a cikin littattafai 70 da kuma Bulus na Aegina (karni ya 7, shahararren wakilin Byzantine. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Rashin fa'idodi na makarantar kwarewa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Makarantar da ta samu kwarewa tana da lahani. Yunkurin ka'idar ya haifar da raguwa a matakin kimiyya na magani, wanda ya fara mai da hankali kan matsalolin da suka dace kawai. Haɗin tsakanin ilimin lissafi da cututtukan ya ɓace, kuma a ƙarshe, alamun waje ne kawai na cutar, alamun, suna da mahimmanci ga likita a wannan lokacin.[13]
Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Iskandariya Shugaba na Astrology na Kiwon Lafiyar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana samun farkon astrology na likita a cikin ayyukan likitoci da masana falsafa daga zamanin Girka da Iskandariya. Masana falsafa, amma sama da dukkan likitoci a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Alexandria, sun koma ga astrology kuma sun kimanta shi a matsayin ƙwarewar da ke taimaka wa mutum sosai.
Tare da duk bambance-bambance tsakanin astrology da magani, waɗanda a zahiri ƙwarewa ne - fasaha (kuma magani a zahiri har zuwa karni na 19, kodayake irin wannan ƙuduri har yanzu yana da zafi a yau), akwai mahimman haɗin kai. Dukkanin darussan sun dogara ne akan lura da gogewa kuma sun haɗa da bangarorin ka'idoji da na aiki. Idan muka yi la'akari da gaskiyar cewa astrology shine reshe na duba, to a bayyane yake cewa aƙalla wani ɓangare na magani, watau tsinkaya, na iya danganta da astrology. Koyaya, idan muka dubi tarihin magani kuma muka fara daga maganin Girka, za mu ga cewa bisa ga kafofin da yawa, astrology a duk tarihin magani ya riga ya zama wani muhimmin bangare na Hippocrates (wanda ya mutunta ka'idojin astrological da yawa). [14]
Matsayin astrology a cikin magani an nuna shi ta hanyar babban rukuni na matani a cikin abin da ake kira. sanannen Hermeticism, nassi da aka danganta ga mashahuran Masarawa Neheps da Petoziris da Hermes Trismegistos (wanda aka dauka a matsayin mai kula da ilimin taurari da alchemy), wanda aka rubuta tun farkon 3 BC, inda aka gano alaƙar tsakanin ilimin taurari le magani. A cikin ayyukansu galibi matani ne waɗanda ke nazarin fannin botany, mineralogy, amma kuma magani da astrology na likita. A cikin waɗannan, wasu tsire-tsire na magani da ma'adanai, da kuma sassan jikin mutum, suna da alaƙa da Alamun zodiac, tare da taurari da matsayinsu, da dai sauransu. A cikin waɗannan litattafan astrological-alchemical-magical, ainihin zaton shine rubutun game da haɗin gwiwar dukkan sassan sararin samaniya, rubutun game da aikin dokokin tausayi da ƙiyayya.
Ilimin taurari yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin magani, ba kawai a hango yanayin cutar ba, har ma a cikin maganin su. Har ila yau, an jaddada alaƙar da ke tsakanin astrology da magani a cikin ayyukan Claudius Ptolemy (karni na 2), musamman a cikin waɗanda astrology, kamar su "Quadripartitum da Centiloquium", ayyukan da likitoci suka yi amfani da su, waɗanda kuma sun kasance a ƙarƙashin sunan Kαρπος , kuma waɗanda aka danganta su kuma an sake su a duk lokacin Tsakiyar Tsakiya da Renaissance (daga baya, duk da haka, wannan halayen ya zama ba daidai ba).
Rashin muhimmancin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tare da sauyawa na Masar zuwa matsayin lardin Romawa da faduwar Iskandariya cikin hannun Rashidun Caliphate (641 AD), Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Iskandariya a hankali ta rasa muhimmancin, yayin da zamanin zinariya na magani a Turai ke tasowa.
JBayanan da aka ambat
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 History & Society: School of Alexandria Encyklopedia Britannica
- ↑ García Font, Juan. Historia de la ciencia , Danae, Barcelona, 1974.
- ↑ Longrigg, James (December 1988). "Anatomy in Alexandria in the Third Century B.C." The British Journal for the History of Science. 21 (4): 455–488.
- ↑ Lloyd, G. E. R. (1975). 'A Note on the Erasistratus of Ceos' . Journal of Hellenic Studies 95: 172–175. doi: 10.2307 / 630879.
- ↑ Medical Encyclopedia (1970) Zagreb: JLZ.SV.1: 313; 555-6.
- ↑ Grmek MD, Glesinger L, Dragic M, Pintar I, Levental Z, Dragic Đ.History of medicine In: Šerger A, editor Medical encyclopedia.Volume V. Zagreb: Yugoslavian lexicographic institute; 1970.p. 354-94.
- ↑ Tomic-Karović K. Snake as a cultural-historical phenomenon. LijecVjesn 1952; 74 (3-6): 72-9.
- ↑ Ignjatovic M. Beginnings of Medicine, Surgery, and War Surgery In the Prehistoric and Old Age Serbia. Vojnosanit Pregl 2003; 60 (1): 105–10.
- ↑ Gleisinger L. History of Medicine. Zagreb: School Book; 1978.
- ↑ Surgery Treatment of wounds Review of the development of surgery through history [editorial]. In: Šerger A, editor .Medicalencyclopedia. Volume III. Zagreb: Yugoslav Lexicographic Product; (1968). pp. 670-4.
- ↑ Cvetković, J. Medical corps service. In: Gazevic N, editor.Military encyclopedia. Volume VIII. 2nd ed. Belgrade: Editorial War Encyclopedias; (1974). pp. 343-57.
- ↑ Levi I. Hospital. In: Gažević N, editor. Military encyclopedia.Volume I. 2nd ed. Belgrade: Editorial Board of the Military Encyclopedia; (1970). pp. 682-4.
- ↑ V. Stojevic, History of Medicine. Belgrade-Zagreb: Medicalbook; 1962.
- ↑ Flashar, H., Antiquities of the Medizin , Darmstadt, 1971