Masana'antar sinadarai a kasar Sin

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Masana'antar sinadarai a kasar Sin

Masana'antar sinadarai a ƙasar Sin na dayya daga cikin manyan masana'antun ƙasar Sin.[1] Ya kai kusan dala tiriliyan 1.44 a shekarar 2014, kuma a halin yanzu kasar Sin ita ce ƙasa mafi ƙarfin tattalin arzikin masana'antar sinadarai a duniya.

Masana'antar sinadarai ita ce cibiyar tattalin arzikin kasar Sin ta zamani. Yana amfani da hanyoyi na musamman don canza tsari, abun da ke ciki ko haɗin abubuwa don samar da sababbin kayayyaki, kamar karfe, filastik, da ethyl. Masana'antar sinadarai tana ba da kayan gini don ababen more rayuwa na kasar Sin, ciki har da jirgin karkashin kasa, jirgin kasa mai sauri, da babbar hanya.[2][3]

Kafin shekarar 1978, yawancin kayayyakin kasuwancin mallakar gwamnati ne ke samar da su, kuma rabon kayayyakin da ‘yan kasuwar suka fitar ya ragu a shekarar 2002.[4]

Har ila yau, masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin tana daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da sinadarai na farko da ake sarrafawa da kuma wadanda ba a sarrafa su ba da aka yi amfani da su a cikin cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi na duniya ba bisa ka'ida ba, musamman a cikin Golden Triangle, Mexico, Latin America da Turai, tare da manyan kundin waɗannan. abubuwan da ake siyar da su ta hanyar haɓakar masana'antar sinadarai (RC) akan layi ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun da kan dandamali na B2B da gidan yanar gizo mai duhu.

Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An haifi masana'antar sinadarai ta zamani bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu wanda ya faru a cikin 1760 zuwa wani lokaci tsakanin 1820 zuwa 1840. Wannan juyin juya halin ya haɗa da canji daga hanyoyin samar da hannu zuwa injuna, hanyoyin samar da ƙarfe da sabbin masana'antar sinadarai.[5] Kafin haka, an fi samar da kayayyakin sinadarai na kasar Sin ne ta hanyar bitar hannu.

Kimiyyar likitanci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Shennong ya gwada ɗaruruwan ganye don gano ƙimar lafiyar su, kuma ya rubuta "The Divine Farmer's Herb-Root Classic". Wannan littafi ya rubuta ingancin magunguna 365 da aka samu daga tsirrai, dabbobi, da ma'adanai kuma ya ba da ƙima da ƙima. Aikin Shennong ya jagoranci hanyar zuwa likitancin kasar Sin. A daular Ming, Li Shizhen ya rubuta "Compendium of Materia Medica" wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da nau'ikan magunguna 1,800. Hakanan ya bayyana yanayi, dandano, tsari, nau'in da kuma amfani da shi wajen warkar da cututtuka sama da 1000 ganye. Ana ɗaukar littafin a matsayin aikin tunani na farko don shirye-shiryen ganye.[6] Wadannan ayyuka sun kasance masu muhimmanci ga bunkasa magungunan gargajiya na kasar Sin, kuma sun kafa harsashin kimiyyar likitancin kasar Sin na zamani.

Tu Youyou kwararre ne a fannin harhada magunguna na kasar Sin. Ta gano qinghaosu ( artemisinin ) kuma ta nemi maganin zazzabin cizon sauro. Qinghaosu ya ceci miliyoyin rayuka a Kudancin China, Amurka ta Kudu, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, da Afirka. Yana da muhimmin ci gaba a fannin likitanci a karni na karshe, kuma Tu Youyou ta sami lambar yabo ta Nobel ta 2015 a fannin ilimin halittar jiki ko magani da kuma Lasker Award a Clinical Medicine don aikinta. Ita ce mace ta farko ta kasar Sin da ta samu lambar yabo ta Nobel a fannin ilimin halittar jiki ko kuma magani. [7]

Kimiyyar Noma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Aikin noma na kasar Sin ya bunkasa a karni na 20, saboda amfani da magungunan kashe kwari da takin zamani. A cikin 1909, Franklin Hiram King, Farfesa na Aikin Noma na Amurka,[8][9]

ya yi rangadin kasar Sin. Littafinsa mai suna "Manoma na Karni Arba'in" ya bayyana noman kasar Sin. Wannan littafi ya zaburar da manoman kasar Sin da dama wajen gudanar da aikin noman muhalli da amfani da takin zamani. Tun daga shekarar 1978, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta kirkiro tsarin daukar nauyin samar da iyali tare da karfafa gwiwar manoma da su yi amfani da taki.[10]

Sinadarin taki na iya kara yawan abin da ake samarwa da kashi 50% zuwa 80%.[11] Masana'antar sinadarai suna samar da takin mai gina jiki wanda ya ƙunshi nitrogen, phosphorus da potassium, wanda zai iya biyan buƙatun amfanin gona daban-daban da tsarin ƙasa. A halin yanzu kasar Sin ita ce kasar da ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da takin nitrogen.

Kayayyakin sinadarai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bisa kididdigar da aka yi, a shekarar 1984, akwai kusan sinadarai miliyan 9 a duniya, wanda kusan kashi 43% na kayan aiki ne. Ko da yake adadin kayan yana da yawa, idan aka rarraba shi bisa ga tsarin sinadarai, ana iya taƙaita shi zuwa nau'i uku: kayan ƙarfe, kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba da kuma kayan haɗin gwiwa.

Ƙarfe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

ƙusoshi

Karfe wani muhimmin karfe ne a masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin. A shekarar 2016, yawan karafa na duniya a duk shekara ya kai tan miliyan 1621, daga ciki ana samar da ton miliyan 804 a kasar Sin (49.6%), ton miliyan 105 a Japan (6.5%), an samar da tan miliyan 89 a Indiya ( 5.5%), ton miliyan 79 ana samarwa a Amurka (4.9%).[12]

Yawan karafa na kasar Sin ya karu daga tan miliyan 100 a shekarar 2000 zuwa tan miliyan 250 a shekarar 2004. Ya haifar da karuwar buƙatun albarkatun ƙasa waɗanda suka zama dole don samar da ƙarfe, sun haɗa da baƙin ƙarfe na alade, ƙarfe na ƙarfe, ƙura, lemun tsami da dolomite, coke da kwal. Farashin baƙin ƙarfe ya ƙaru da sama da kashi 70 cikin 100 daga 2004 zuwa 2005. Don haka, a cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 2005, kasar Sin ta yanke shawarar takaita samar da karafa zuwa tan miliyan 400 a kowace shekara cikin shekaru biyar, domin rage karuwar farashin albarkatun kasa.[13]

Wanda ba karfe ba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 2016, China ethyl barasa da sauran kasuwannin sinadarai na yau da kullun da kayan filastik da kasuwar resins an kimanta su akan dala biliyan 137 da dala biliyan 184 bi da bi, wanda ke da ƙimar girma 9% da 10%.

Kasar Sin ita ce kasuwa mafi girma wajen samarwa da fitar da kayayyakin robobi a duniya. Babban direban wannan kasuwa shine fadada aikace-aikacen ethanol a China. Bukatar ethanol a China ya kai tan miliyan 2.3 yanzu.[14]

Kasar Sin tana da mahimmin sashin aiki, Cibiyar Chenguang, wacce ta ɓullo da adadin ci-gaba na resin epoxy, silicone Organic, kayan polymer da robobi na injiniya na musamman. Ya rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta JV tare da babban aikin polymer na DuPont, don samarwa da siyar da robar da aka riga aka gama da shi da ɗanyen roba-roba.[15] Yarjejeniyar JV ta haɗa da kafa wata masana'antar roba da aka riga aka haɗa ta zamani a Shanghai kuma ta fara aiki a cikin 2011.

Abun haɗaka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abubuwan da aka haɗa sabbin kayan gini ne. Yana da alaƙa da haɗuwa da ƙarfin ƙarfi, ƙarfin ƙarfi da juriya na lalata akan kayan ƙarfe. Ya ƙunshi kayan matrix kamar guduro na roba, ƙarfe ko yumbu, da kayan ƙarfafawa wanda ya ƙunshi zaruruwan inorganic ko na halitta. Akwai nau'i-nau'i iri-iri da kayan ƙarfafawa ta yadda za a iya yin zaɓi mai dacewa don samar da nau'i-nau'i daban-daban tare da aiki mai gamsarwa, wanda ke da fa'ida ga kayan sinadarai.

Sinochem da Cibiyar Masana'antu ta Shanghai sun kafa dakin gwaje-gwaje don kayan haɗin gwiwa. Bangarorin biyu za su bunkasa fasaha tare, da canza sakamakon da kuma amfani da su a cikin masana'antar fiber carbon da resins na warkarwa, don haɓaka fasahohi da samfuran kayan haɗin gwiwar manyan ayyuka da sauƙaƙe masana'antu da tallata su. A halin yanzu, wannan dakin gwaje-gwaje ya ƙaddamar da wani aiki don yin bincike da haɓaka kayan haɗin fiber na carbon fiber maras feshi. Da farko, za a yi amfani da wannan kayan zuwa sababbin motocin makamashi, wanda ba zai iya rage nauyin motoci kawai ba amma kuma ya rage farashin yin amfani da kayan haɗin gwiwa tare da inganta ingantaccen samarwa.[16]

Kamfanoni[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ƙasar Sin tana da kamfani wanda shi ne manyan kamfanonin sinadarai 3 a duk duniya. Wato Sinopec. Yana da dala biliyan 43.8 a cikin siyar da sinadarai a cikin 2015.[17]

Ginin Sinopec

Jerin manyan kamfanonin sinadarai 20 na kasar Sin ta hanyar canji a cikin 2018 ya nuna a kasa.

A'a. Kamfanoni
1 SINOPEC
2 Kamfanin China National Petroleum Corporation
3 Kudin hannun jari China National Offshore Oil Corporation
4 Abubuwan da aka bayar na China Zhonghua Group Co., Ltd. LTD
5 Kudin hannun jari China National Chemical Corporation
6 Abubuwan da aka bayar na Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum Co., Ltd. LTD
7 Abubuwan da aka bayar na Henan Energy Chemical Group Co., Ltd. LTD
8 China Pingmei abin da Energy Chemical Industry Group Limited ya biya
9 Kudin hannun jari Zhejiang Rongsheng Holding Group Co., Ltd. LTD
10 Kamfanin Zhejiang Hengyi Group Co., Ltd. LTD
11 Abubuwan da aka bayar na Shandong Dongming Petrochemical Group Co., Ltd. LTD
12 Wanda Holding Group Co., Ltd. LTD
13 Kamfanin Lihua Yi Group Co., Ltd. LTD
14 Abubuwan da aka bayar na Jiangyin Chengxing Industrial Group Co., Ltd. LTD
15 Abubuwan da aka bayar na Yuntianhua Group Co., Ltd. LTD
16 Kamfanin Shanghai Huayi
17 Abubuwan da aka bayar na China Chemical Engineering Co., Ltd. LTD
18 Abubuwan da aka bayar na Yangquan Coal Chemical Industry Group Co., Ltd. LTD
19 Abubuwan da aka bayar na Shandong Jingbo Holding Co., Ltd. LTD
20 Abubuwan da aka bayar na Shandong Haike Chemical Group Co., Ltd. LTD

Kamfanonin kasar Sin sun yi shirin shiga bangaren sana'o'i na kasuwa, kuma tuni wasu daga cikinsu suka zama daya daga cikin 'yan wasa a kasuwar, kamar Zhejiang NHU, mai samar da bitamin; Yantai Wanhua, mai yin isocyanates; da Bairun, shugaba a kasuwar kamshi da kamshi na kasar Sin.[18]

Halin ci gaba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dubawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Darajar kasuwar sinadarai ta kasar Sin ta karu a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. A cikin 2015, yana wakiltar kusan 30% na sinadarai da ake buƙata a duk faɗin duniya. [19]

Bukatar da kasar Sin ta samu na masana'antar sinadarai ya ragu daga adadin lambobi biyu a cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata, amma har yanzu tana da karuwar kashi 60% na bukatun duniya daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2020.

Ya zuwa karshen watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2011, akwai kamfanoni 24,125 sama da girman da aka kayyade a cikin masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin, jimlar kudin da aka fitar ya kai yuan triliyan 6.0, wanda ya karu da kashi 35.2 cikin dari a duk shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 58.61% na jimilar. ƙimar fitarwa na dukan masana'antu. A cikin watanni 11 na farko na shekarar 2011, an zuba jarin tsayayyen kadarorin da aka zuba a masana'antar sinadarai ya kai yuan biliyan 861.721, wanda ya karu da kashi 26.9 cikin dari a duk shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 5.5 bisa madaidaicin matsakaicin masana'antu, wanda ya kai kashi 70.12%. A cikin watanni 10 na farko na shekarar 2011, jimilar ribar da masana'antar kemikal ta samu ya kai yuan biliyan 320.88, wanda ya kai kashi 44.4 bisa dari a duk shekara, wanda ya kai kashi 47.1% na yawan ribar da masana'antu ke samu. Ana sa ran darajar fitar da masana'antar sinadarai a kowace shekara zai kai yuan tiriliyan 6.58, wanda zai karu da kashi 32 cikin 100 a duk shekara, kuma jimilar ribar ta kai yuan biliyan 350, wanda ya karu da kashi 35%. A cikin 2011, ƙarin darajar masana'antar sinadarai ta karu da kashi 14.8% a duk shekara, kuma yawan ci gaban ya ragu da kashi 1% kowace shekara.

Jerin manyan samfuran masana'antar sinadarai ta China a cikin 2011 ya nuna a ƙasa.[20]

Kayayyaki Fitowa (Ton miliyan) Ƙara ƙima
Ethylene 15.28 7.40%
Filastik 47.98 9.30%
roba roba 3.49 13.10%
Zaruruwan roba 30.96 13.90%
Caustic soda 24.66 15.20%
Soda ash 22.03 13.40%
roba taki 60.27 12.10%
Maganin kashe qwari 2.65 21.40%
Calcium carbide 17.38 22.30%

Manufar manufofin gwamnati[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta tsara manufofin warware matsalar rashin aikin yi, da bunkasa tattalin arziki, domin fuskantar karuwar yawan jama'a. Manufofin gwamnati da manufofin gwamnati sun ci gaba yayin da aka bude tattalin arzikin a shekarar 1978. Ana iya raba shi zuwa lokuta uku:

1978-1990: An bude kasuwar kasar Sin ga duniya a shekarar 1978, kuma gwamnati ta san mahimmancin masana'antar sinadarai, don haka ta ba da damar zuba jari kai tsaye daga kasashen waje shiga cikin gida amma sarrafa sosai. A halin da ake ciki, bukatun sinadarai na cikin gida na kasar Sin ya karu, don haka yawancin kamfanoni sun yanke shawarar zuba jari a cikin kayayyakin noma.

1990-2000: An ba wa 'yan ƙasa damar shiga kasuwannin kasar Sin, don shiga cikin samar da sinadarai tare da kamfanonin kasar Sin.

2000-2011: Ba za a iyakance zuba jari kai tsaye na waje a wannan lokacin ba, yayin da al'ummomin kasa da kasa ke karuwa saboda kasar Sin ta zama babbar mai fitar da sinadarai a duniya.

gurbacewar muhalli[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masana'antar sinadarai ta kasar Sin ta samu bunkasuwa cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata, daga koma bayan tattalin arziki zuwa mafi girman tattalin arzikin masana'antun sarrafa sinadarai, masu amfani da albarkatun kasa da makamashi. Wannan sauyi ya taimaka wa daruruwan miliyoyin Sinawa daga kangin talauci amma ya gurbata iska da ruwan kasar Sin a lokaci guda.

Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta yi kokarin yaki da gurbatar yanayi. An hana buhunan siyayya na filastik kyauta a cikin 2008. Samar da buhunan robobi na haifar da almubazzaranci na albarkatu da makamashi da gurbacewar muhalli saboda ba za a iya sake yin amfani da su ba.[21]

Masana'antun sinadarai a kasar Sin sun fara bincike da bunkasa fasahohin kore bisa shawarar gwamnati kamar amfani da madadin mai don samar da sinadarai. Wasu masana'antu suna amfani da carbon dioxide da wasu na halitta don samar da samfuran masana'antu, mai da sauran abubuwa. Misali, wani kamfani na ƙwararrun sinadarai mai suna Elevance Renewable Sciences yana samar da abubuwan wanke -wanke sosai ta hanyar amfani da koren fasaha metathesis, wanda ke rage yawan kuzari da rage gurɓata yanayi.[22]

Nassoshi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ "International Council of Chemical Association – China" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2019-06-05. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  2. ↑ "Mexican Cartels - the Asian Connection" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-08-30.
  3. ↑ "Asia's multi-billion dollar methamphetamine cartels are using creative chemistry to outfox police, experts say" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-08-30.
  4. ↑ "LETHAL EXCHANGE: SYNTHETIC DRUG NETWORKS IN THE DIGITAL ERA" (PDF) (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-03-01.
  5. ↑ Landes, David S. (1969). The unbound Prometheus: technological change and industrial development in Western Europe from 1750 to the present. London: Cambridge U.P. ISBN 052107200X. OCLC 10414.
  6. ↑ Landes, David S. (1969). The unbound Prometheus: technological change and industrial development in Western Europe from 1750 to the present. London: Cambridge U.P. ISBN 052107200X. OCLC 10414.
  7. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  8. ↑ "Organic Food and Farming in China: Top-down and Bottom-up Ecological Initiatives, 1st Edition (Hardback) - Routledge". Routledge.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-06-06.
  9. ↑ "OECD Review of Agricultural Policies - China - OECD". www.oecd.org. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
  10. ↑ "Fertilizer and plant nutrients". 50 Breakthroughs (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  11. ↑ Smil, Vaclav. (2013). Making the Modern World : Materials and Dematerialization. Wiley. ISBN 978-1299966413. OCLC 859835742.
  12. ↑ Lazonby, John. "Steel". www.essentialchemicalindustry.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-05-26.
  13. ↑ Hays, Jeffrey. "STEEL, CHEMICALS AND HEAVY INDUSTRIES IN CHINA | Facts and Details". factsanddetails.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-05-26.
  14. ↑ Ramesh. "Investing in China? Fast Growth Predicted in the Chemical Industry". blog.marketresearch.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-05-26.
  15. ↑ "China's Chemical Industry: The new forces driving change" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-28.
  16. ↑ FRPTITAN. "Sinochem-Shanghai Chemical Industry Institute Composites Laboratory Unveiled China Composite Materials Development Speed". FRP roofing sheet,flat panel making machine manufacturer (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2019-05-28.
  17. ↑ "2018中国石油和化工企业500强榜单新鲜出炉，中石化登顶！_发展". www.sohu.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-05-27.
  18. ↑ "What's next for international chemical companies in China? | McKinsey". www.mckinsey.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2019-05-26.
  19. ↑ "China's Chemical Industry: Flying Blind?". Archived from the original on 2013-10-19.
  20. ↑ "2012-2015年中国化工行业投资战略分析及深度研究咨询报告_中国产业信息网". www.chyxx.com. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
  21. ↑ Shane, Daniel (2017-11-27). "China takes economic hit as environment nears 'point of no return'". CNNMoney. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
  22. ↑ "China bans free plastic shopping bags". The New York Times (in Turanci). 2008-01-09. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-06-06.
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