Industrial Revolution
 Industrial Revolution | |
|---|---|
historical period (en)  | |
 | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
economic development (en) |
| Mabiyi |
Industrious Revolution (en) |
| Ta biyo baya |
Second Industrial Revolution (en) |
| Ƙasa da aka fara |
Kingdom of Great Britain (en) |
| Lokacin farawa | 1760 |
| Lokacin gamawa | 1820 |
| Yana haddasa |
economic growth (en) , canjin yanayi, aikin yara, laborer (en) da Luddite movement (en) |
| Has characteristic (en) |
industrialization (en) , technological transition (en) da mechanization (en) |
Industrial Revolution shine sauyi zuwa sabbin hanyoyin masana'antu a Burtaniya, nahiyar Turai, da Amurka, wanda ya faru a cikin kusan 1760 zuwa kusan 1820-1840. Wannan canji ya haɗa da tafiya daga hand production methods zuwa injuna, sabbin masana'antun sinadarai da hanyoyin samar da ƙarfe, haɓaka amfani da wutar lantarki da water power, haɓaka kayan aikin injin da haɓaka tsarin masana'anta. Abubuwan da aka fitar sun karu sosai, kuma sakamakon haka ya kasance hauhawar yawan jama'a da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba da kuma yawan karuwar jama'a. Textiles sune manyan masana'antu na industrial Revolution ta fuskar aiki, ƙimar kayan sarrafawa da jarin jari. Har ila yau, masana'antar textiles ita ce ta farko da ta fara amfani da hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na zamani. :40
Industrial Revolution ya fara ne a Burtaniya, kuma yawancin sabbin fasahohin fasaha da na gine-gine sun fito ne daga Birtaniyya. [1] A tsakiyar karni na 18, Biritaniya ita ce babbar kasa ta kasuwanci a duniya, tana sarrafa daular ciniki ta duniya tare da mazauna Arewacin Amurka da Caribbean. Biritaniya tana da manyan sojoji da siyasa a yankin Indiya; musamman tare da Mughal Bengal na masana'antu, ta hanyar ayyukan Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya. Haɓaka kasuwanci da haɓakar kasuwanci na daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka haifar da Industrial Revolution :15
Industrial Revolution ya yi wani babban sauyi a tarihi. Kwatankwacin yadda ɗan adam ya karɓi aikin gona kawai game da ci gaban abin duniya, [2] Industrial Revolution ya yi tasiri ta wata hanya kusan kowane bangare na rayuwar yau da kullun. Musamman, matsakaitan kudin shiga da yawan jama'a sun fara nuna ci gaban da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba. Wasu masana tattalin arziki sun ce muhimmin tasirin Industrial Revolution shi ne yadda yanayin rayuwa ga al'ummar yammacin duniya ya fara karuwa akai-akai a karon farko a tarihi, ko da yake wasu sun ce bai fara samun gyaruwa mai ma'ana ba sai a karshen karni na 19 da na 20. [3] GDP ga kowa da kowa ya kasance mai karko sosai kafin industrial Revolution da bullowar tattalin arzikin jari-hujja na zamani, yayin da Industarial Revolution ya fara a zamanin ci gaban tattalin arzikin kowane mutum a cikin tattalin arzikin jari-hujja. Masana tarihin tattalin arziki sun yarda cewa farkon industrial Revolution shine abu mafi mahimmanci a tarihin ɗan adam tun lokacin da aka yi kiwon dabbobi da tsirrai.
Har yanzu ana ta muhawara a tsakanin masana tarihi dangane da madaidaicin farawa da ƙarshen Industrial revolution kamar yadda ake tafka muhawara a kan sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Eric Hobsbawm ya yi imanin cewa Industrial revolution ya fara a Biritaniya a cikin shekarar 1780s kuma ba a ji shi sosai ba har zuwa 1830s ko 1840s, yayin da TS Ashton ya ɗauka cewa ya faru kusan tsakanin 1760 da 1830. An fara haɓaka masana'antu cikin sauri a Biritaniya, farawa da injin injina a cikin shekarar 1780s, tare da haɓakar haɓakar ƙarfin tururi da samar da ƙarfe da ke faruwa bayan 1800. Samar da textiles da injina ya bazu daga Burtaniya zuwa nahiyar Turai da Amurka a farkon karni na 19, tare da muhimman cibiyoyin textiles da karfe da Coal da suka kunno kai a Belgium da Amurka sannan daga baya textiles a Faransa.
koma bayan tattalin arziki ya faru ne daga karshen shekarun 1830 zuwa farkon shekarun 1840 lokacin da farkon industrial Revolution , irin su kadi da saƙa, ya ragu kuma kasuwanninsu suka girma. Ƙirƙirar sabbin abubuwa da aka haɓaka a ƙarshen lokacin, kamar haɓaka ɗaukar jiragen sama, kwale-kwalen tuƙi da tuƙi da narkewar ƙarfe mai zafi. Sabbin fasahohi, irin su telegraph na lantarki, wanda aka ƙaddamar da shi sosai a cikin shekarar 1840s da 1850s, ba su da ƙarfin isa don fitar da ƙimar girma. Ci gaban tattalin arziki cikin sauri ya fara faruwa bayan 1870, yana fitowa daga sabon rukuni na sababbin abubuwa a cikin abin da ake kira Industrial revolution na biyu. Waɗannan sabbin abubuwan sun haɗa da sabbin hanyoyin samar da ƙarfe, samarwa da yawa, layin taro, tsarin grid na lantarki, manyan kayan aikin injin, da yin amfani da injunan ci gaba a cikin masana'antu masu ƙarfin tururi.
Asalin kalma
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An rubuta farkon yin amfani da kalmar "Industrial revolution" a cikin watan Yuli 1799 daga wakilin Faransa Louis-Guillaume Otto, yana sanar da cewa Faransa ta shiga tseren don samun masana'antu. A cikin littafinsa na 1976 Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society, Raymond Williams ya furta a cikin shigarwa don "Masana'antu": "Ma'anar sabon tsarin zamantakewa dangane da babban canjin masana'antu ya bayyana a Southey da Owen, tsakanin 1811 da 1818, da kuma ya kasance a bayyane tun farkon Blake a farkon 1790s da Wordsworth a farkon karni na." Kalmar Industrial revolution da ake amfani da ita ga canjin fasaha ya zama ruwan dare a ƙarshen 1830s, kamar yadda a bayanin Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui a cikin shekarar 1837 na la révolution industrielle.
Friedrich Engels a The Condition of the Working Class in England a cikin shekarar 1844 ya yi magana game da "juyin masana'antu, juyin juya hali wanda a lokaci guda ya canza dukan ƙungiyoyin farar hula". Kodayake Engels ya rubuta littafinsa a cikin shekarar 1840s, ba a fassara shi zuwa Turanci ba har zuwa ƙarshen 1800s, kuma furcinsa bai shiga harshen yau da kullum ba sai lokacin. Ana iya ba Arnold Toynbee daraja don yada kalmar, wanda laccoci na 1881 ya ba da cikakken bayani game da kalmar.
Masana tarihin tattalin arziki da marubuta irin su Mendels, Pomeranz da Kridte suna jayayya cewa samar da masana'antu a sassa na Turai, duniyar Islama, Mughal India, da Sin sun haifar da yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki wanda ya haifar da juyin juya halin masana'antu, wanda ya haifar da babban bambanci. [4] [5] Wasu masana tarihi, irin su John Clapham da Nicholas Crafts, sun yi iƙirarin cewa sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki da zamantakewa sun faru a hankali kuma cewa kalmar juyin juya hali ba daidai ba ne. Har yanzu dai wannan batu ne da ake ta muhawara a tsakanin wasu masana tarihi. [6]
Abubuwan bukatu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Abubuwa shida sun sauƙaƙe masana'antu: babban matakan aikin noma don samar da wuce gona da iri na ma'aikata da abinci; tarin basirar gudanarwa da kasuwanci; akwai tashoshin jiragen ruwa, koguna, magudanar ruwa, da hanyoyi don motsa kayan da ake samarwa da arha; albarkatun kasa kamar kwal, ƙarfe, da magudanan ruwa; kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da tsarin doka wanda ke tallafawa kasuwanci; da jarin kudi akwai don saka hannun jari. Da zarar an fara haɓaka masana'antu a Burtaniya, ana iya ƙara sabbin abubuwa: ƙwarin gwiwar 'yan kasuwa na Biritaniya don fitar da ƙwarewar masana'antu da kuma niyyar shigo da tsarin. Biritaniya ta cika ka'idojin da masana'antu tun daga karni na 18, sannan ta fitar da tsarin zuwa yammacin Turai (musamman Belgium, Faransa, da kuma Jamus) a farkon karni na 19. Kasar Amirka ta kwafi samfurin Birtaniyya a farkon karni na 19, sannan Japan ta kwafi irin na yammacin Turai a karshen karni na 19. [7] [8]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ E. Anthony Wrigley, "Reconsidering the Industrial Revolution: England and Wales." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 49.01 (2018): 9–42.
- ↑ Landes, David S. (1969). The Unbound Prometheus. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 978-0521094184.Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Horn, Jeff; Rosenband, Leonard; Smith, Merritt (2010). Reconceptualizing the Industrial Revolution. Cambridge MA, London: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262515627.Empty citation (help)
- ↑ (Lawrence ed.). Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Elvin 1973.
- ↑ Nicholas Crafts, "The first industrial revolution: Resolving the slow growth/rapid industrialization paradox." Journal of the European Economic Association 3.2–3 (2005): 525–534.
- ↑ Christine Rider, ed. Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution 1700–1920, (2007) pp. xiii–xxxv.
- ↑ Phyllis Deane "The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain" in Carlo M. Cipolla ed., The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Emergence of industrial societies Vol 4 part 2 (1973) pp 161–174.