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Tarihin ɗan-Adam

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Tarihi
aspect of history (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na tarihi
Fuskar ɗan adamtaka, mutum da Duniya
Lokacin farawa 2,600,000 years BCE
Gagarumin taron Yaduwar farko na hominins daga Afirka da Neolithic Revolution
Significant place (en) Fassara African Continent (en) Fassara
Karatun ta world history (en) Fassara

Tarihin 'yan adam, ko Tarihin duniya, shine rikodin bil'adama daga prehistory zuwa yanzu. Mutanen zamani sun samo asali ne a Afirka kimanin shekaru 300,000 da suka gabata kuma da farko sun rayu a matsayin mafarauta-mai tarawa. Sun yi ƙaura daga Afirka a lokacin Ice Age na Ƙarshe, sun bazu zuwa kowace nahiya sai dai Antarctica a ƙarshen ta, shekaru 12,000 da suka gabata. Ba da daɗewa ba, Juyin Juya Halin Neolithic a Yammacin Asiya ya haɗa da kiwon shuke-shuke da dabbobi na farko, kuma ya ga mutane da yawa sun sauya daga rayuwar makiyaya zuwa rayuwa mai zaman kanta a matsayin manoma a cikin mazauna dindindin. Ƙaruwar rikitarwa na al'ummomin ɗan adam ya buƙaci tsarin lissafi da rubutu.

Al'adun farko sun fito ne a Mesopotamiya, Misira, Peru, Kwarin Indus, da China, suna nuna farkon zamanin d ̄ a a cikin karni na 4 KZ. Wadannan wayewa sun ba da Waƙar kafa daular yanki kuma sun samar da ƙasa mai kyau ga ra'ayoyin falsafa da na addini. Hinduism ya samo asali ne a lokacin marigayi Bronze Age kuma an bi shi da tsarin imani da yawa na Axial Age: Buddha, Confucianism, Falsafar Girka, Jainisma, Yahudanci, Taoism, da Zoroastrianism. Kiristanci ya fara ne daga baya a matsayin reshe na Addinin Yahudanci. Lokacin da ya biyo baya, daga kimanin 500 zuwa 1500 AZ, ya haɗa da tashiwar Islama da bunƙasa na China a ƙarƙashin daular Tang da Song yayin da wayewa ta faɗaɗa zuwa sababbin sassan duniya kuma cinikayya tsakanin al'ummomi ta ƙaru. Manyan daular sun tashi kuma sun fadi, kamar Daular Byzantine, KHalifa Musulunci, da Daular Mongol. Abubuwan da aka kirkira a wannan lokacin na gunpowder da na'urar buga littattafai sun shafi tarihin baya sosai. 

A farkon zamani zamani, daga kimanin 1500 zuwa 1800 AZ, ikon Turai sun binciki yankuna kuma sun mallaki yankuna a duk duniya, suna ƙarfafa musayar al'adu da tattalin arziki. Canje-canje na ilimi, al'adu, da fasaha a wannan zamanin sun haɗa da Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, da Enlightenment. A cikin karni na 18, tarin ilimi da fasaha sun kai ga wani abu mai mahimmanci wanda ya haifar da Juyin Juya Halin masana'antu, wanda ya haifar le Babban Bambanci, kuma ya fara zamanin zamani wanda ya fara a kusa da 1800 AZ. Saurin ci gaba a cikin ikon samarwa ya kara karuwar cinikayya da mulkin mallaka na duniya, yana haɗa wayewa daban-daban a cikin tsarin duniya da kuma karfafa rinjayar Turai a cikin karni na 19. A cikin shekaru 250 da suka gabata, wanda ya haɗa da yaƙe-yaƙe biyu na duniya, an sami gagarumin hanzari a fannoni da yawa, gami da Yawan mutane, noma, masana'antu, kasuwanci, ilimin kimiyya, fasaha, sadarwa, ikon soja, da lalacewar muhalli.  

Tarihi na farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Asalin Mutum

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mutane sun samo asali ne daga manyan birrai a Afirka ta hanyar zuriyar hominins, waɗanda suka taso daga 7-5. shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. Ba kamar sauran birai ba, hominins sun haɓaka ƙafafu biyu, ikon tafiya da ƙafafu biyu. Hominins sun fara amfani da kayan aikin dutse na asali c. 3.3 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce, [lower-alpha 1] wanda ke nuna zuwan zamanin Paleolithic . Juyin halittar hominin na farko ya yi daidai da canje-canjen yanayi a Afirka wanda ya sa nahiyar ta zama busasshe, sanyi, kuma ba ta da dazuzzuka. [4] Waɗannan canje-canjen, musamman ma zagayowar lokutan glacial da interglacial waɗanda suka fara shekaru miliyan 3.2 da suka wuce, wataƙila sun kasance manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da juyin halittar ɗan adam. [5]

Halitta ta Homo ta samo asali ne daga Australopithecus . [6] Rubuce-rubucen farko na Homo shine ƙashin ƙashin shekaru miliyan 2.8 daga Habasha, kuma nau'in da aka fi sani da suna shine Homo habilis wanda ya samo asali da shekaru miliyan 2.3 da suka gabata. [7][8] Bambanci mafi mahimmanci tsakanin Homo habilis da Australopithecus shine karuwar kashi 50% a girman kwakwalwa.[9] H. erectus[lower-alpha 2] ya samo asali ne kimanin shekaru miliyan 2 da suka gabata kuma shine nau'in hominin na farko da ya barin Afirka kuma ya warwatse a fadin Eurasia. [11][lower-alpha 3][13] Wataƙila tun farkon shekaru miliyan 1.5 da suka gabata, amma tabbas shekaru 400,000 da suka gabata. Hominins sun fara amfani da wuta don zafi da dafa abinci.    

Da farko kimanin shekaru 600,000 da suka gabata, Homo ya bambanta zuwa sababbin nau'o'i da yawa, na farko H. heidelbergensis a Afirka da Turai sannan Neanderthals a Turai da Denisovans a Siberia.[14] Juyin halitta na ɗan adam ba tsari ne mai sauƙi ko ci gaba mai rassa ba amma ya haɗa da haɗuwa tsakanin nau'o'in da suka danganci. Neanderthals, Denisovans, Homo sapiens, da sauran hominins da ba a san su ba duk sun haɗu da juna kuma sun haɗu.[15]

Mutane na farko

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Homo sapiens ya samo asali ne a Afirka kimanin shekaru 300,000 da suka gabata daga H. heidelbergensis . Mutane sun ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin dubban shekaru masu zuwa kuma sun zama na zamani ta hanyar shekaru 125,000 da suka gabata.[16] Shekaru 100,000 da suka gabata sun binne matattu, sun sa kayan ado, kuma sun yi wa jikinta ado da ja ochre. Ɗaya daga cikin canje-canje mafi muhimmanci (wanda ba a san ranar ba) shine ci gaban harshe na syntactic, wanda ya inganta ikon ɗan adam na sadarwa.[17]

Mutanen Paleolithic sun rayu a matsayin mafarauta-masu tarawa kuma gabaɗaya makiyaya ne.[18] Ana iya samun alamun bayyanar fasaha ta farko a cikin nau'ikan zane-zanen kogo da siffofi da aka yi da hauren giwa, dutse, da ƙashi.[19] Hotunan kogo suna nuna wani nau'i na ruhaniya gabaɗaya ana fassara shi azaman animism ko shamanism. [20][21] Kayan kiɗa na farko da aka sani ban da muryar ɗan adam sune ƙaho na ƙashi daga Swabian Jura a Jamus, wanda aka rubuta kusan shekaru 40,000.

Mutane sun yi ƙaura daga Afirka a cikin raƙuman ruwa da yawa waɗanda suka fara shekaru 194,000-177,000 da suka gabata.[22] Babban ra'ayi tsakanin malamai shine cewa farkon raƙuman ƙaura sun mutu, kuma duk waɗanda ba 'yan Afirka ba ne na zamani sun fito ne daga rukuni ɗaya da ya bar Afirka shekaru 70,000-50,000 da suka gabata. H. sapiens ya ci gaba da mulkin mallaka a duk nahiyoyi da manyan tsibirai, ya isa Ostiraliya shekaru 65,000 da suka gabata, Turai shekaru 45,000 da suka wuce, Amurka shekaru 21,000 da suka gabata.[23][24][25] Wadannan ƙaura sun faru ne a lokacin Ice Age na baya-bayan nan, lokacin da yankuna daban-daban na yau ba su da kyau. Duk da haka, a ƙarshen Ice Age kimanin shekaru 12,000 da suka gabata, mutane sun mallaki kusan dukkanin sassan duniya marasa kankara.[26] Yaduwar ɗan adam ya yi daidai da abin da ya faru na Quaternary da kuma Neanderthal.[27] Wadannan halaka sun kasance masu yiwuwa ne saboda canjin yanayi, aikin ɗan adam, ko haɗuwa da su biyu.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ This date comes from the 2015 discovery of stone tools at the Lomekwi site in Kenya.[1] Some paleontologists propose an earlier date of 3.39 million years ago based on bones found with butchery marks on them in Dikika, Ethiopia,[2] while others dispute both the Dikika and Lomekwi findings.[3]
  2. ↑ The African variant is sometimes called H. ergaster.[10]
  3. ↑ Or perhaps earlier; the 2018 discovery of stone tools from 2.1 million years ago in Shangchen, China predates the earliest known H. erectus fossils.[12]
Cite error: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found.
  1. ↑ Harmand 2015, pp. 310–315
  2. ↑ McPherron et al. 2010, pp. 857–860
  3. ↑ Domínguez-Rodrigo & Alcalá 2016, pp. 46–53
  4. ↑ Scarre 2024
  5. ↑ Scarre 2024
  6. ↑ Strait 2010
  7. ↑ Villmoare et al. 2015
  8. ↑ Spoor et al. 2015
  9. ↑ Bulliet et al. 2015a
  10. ↑ Scarre 2024, p. 71
  11. ↑ Herries et al. 2020
  12. ↑ Zhu et al. 2018, "Fourth, and most importantly, the oldest artefact age of approximately 2.12 Ma at Shangchen implies that hominins had left Africa before the date suggested by the earliest evidence from Dmanisi (about 1.85 Ma). This makes it necessary to reconsider the timing of initial dispersal of early hominins in the Old World."
  13. ↑ Dunbar 2016
  14. ↑ Scarre 2024
  15. ↑ Ackermann, Mackay & Arnold 2015
  16. ↑ Scarre 2024
  17. ↑ Christian 2015
  18. ↑ Christian 2015
  19. ↑ Wiesner-Hanks 2015
  20. ↑ McNeill & McNeill 2003
  21. ↑ Christian 2015
  22. ↑ Weber et al. 2020
  23. ↑ Clarkson et al. 2017
  24. ↑ Christian 2015
  25. ↑ Bennett 2021
  26. ↑ Christian 2015
  27. ↑ Christian 2015
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