Maxine Singer

Maxine Singer
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna	Maxine Frank
Haihuwa	Brooklyn (mul) , 15 ga Faburairu, 1931
ƙasa	Tarayyar Amurka
Mutuwa	Washington, D.C., 9 ga Yuli, 2024
Ƴan uwa
Yara	view Amy Singer (en) ; Stephanie Singer (en) ;
Karatu
Makaranta	Swarthmore College (en) 1952) Bachelor of Arts (en) ; Yale University (en) 1957) Doctor of Philosophy (en) ; Midwood High School (en)
Thesis director	Joseph S. Fruton (en)
Harsuna	Turanci
Sana'a
Sana'a	biologist (en) , biochemist (en) , molecular biologist (en) da chemist (en)
	Mahalarcin Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA (en) ; Gordon Research Conferences (en) ;
Employers	National Institutes of Health (en) ; National Cancer Institute (en) (1974 -
Kyaututtuka	gani Guggenheim Fellowship (1987) ; AAAS Award for Scientific Freedom and Responsibility (1982) ; National Medal of Science (1992) ; Wilbur Cross Medal (1991) ; ASCB Public Service Award (2008) ; Philip Hauge Abelson Prize (2004) ; Mendel Medal (1996) ; Agnes Fay Morgan Research Award (1963) ; NAS Public Welfare Medal (2007) ; Vannevar Bush Award (1999) ; Presidential Rank Award of Distinguished Executive (1988) ; Viktor Hamburger Outstanding Educator Prize (2010) ; Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ; honorary doctor of Brandeis University ; honorary doctor of Harvard University ;
Mamba	Pontifical Academy of Sciences (en) ; National Academy of Sciences (en) ; American Academy of Arts and Sciences (en)

Maxine Frank Singer (Fabrairu 15, 1931 - Yuli 9, 2024) ɗan Amurka masanin ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta ne kuma mai kula da kimiyya.^[1]An san ta da gudummawar da ta bayar don warware ka'idodin kwayoyin halitta, rawar da ta taka a cikin muhawarar ɗabi'a da ka'idoji game da dabarun DNA na sake haɗawa (ciki har da ƙungiyar Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA), da jagorancinta na Carnegie Institution of Washington. A cikin 2002, mujallar Discover ta gane ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata 50 mafi mahimmanci a kimiyya.^[2]

Rayuwa da ilimi

An haifi Maxine Frank a birnin New York ga Henrietta da Hyman Frank.^[3]Mahaifinta lauya ne, mahaifiyarta kuma yar gida ce.^[4] Bayan ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Midwood a Brooklyn,^[5]Ta yi karatun sinadarai kuma ta karama a fannin ilmin halitta a Kwalejin Swarthmore.^[6]Ta ci gaba da samun digirin digirgir a shekarar 1957 a Jami’ar Yale, inda ta yi bincike kan sinadarai masu gina jiki karkashin Joseph Fruton.^[7]

Sana'a

Bayan kammala karatun, Fruton ya ƙarfafa ta ta ƙware a cikin sinadarai na nucleic, kuma a cikin 1956 ta shiga Laboratory of Biochemistry na Leon Heppel a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa.^[8]Ta jagoranci kungiyoyin bincike daban-daban na biochemical a matsayin shugabar dakin gwaje-gwaje na Biochemistry a Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta kasa tsakanin 1980 zuwa 1987.^[9]

A sakamakon rahoton 1973 na farko da aka fara amfani da fasahohin DNA na sake haɗewa don shigar da kwayoyin halitta daga wannan nau'in zuwa wani, Singer yana cikin na farko da ya yi la'akari da yiwuwar haɗarin injiniyan kwayoyin halitta.Ta kasance shugabar taron Gordon na 1973 akan Nucleic Acids, inda aka tattauna yiwuwar lafiyar jama'a na dabarar,^[10]kuma ta taimaka wajen shirya taron Asilomar na 1975 akan DNA mai sakewa wanda ya haifar da jagororin magance matsalolin da ba a san su ba na fasaha.^[11] An zaɓi Singer a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a cikin 1978.^[12]A cikin 1988, ta zama shugabar Cibiyar Carnegie ta Washington, matsayin da ta rike har zuwa 2002.^[13]An zabe ta a cikin Ƙungiyar Falsafa ta Amirka a 1990.^[14]Singer ta sami lambar yabo ta Kimiyya ta kasa a cikin 1992 "saboda fitattun nasarorin kimiyya da ta damu sosai game da alhakin al'umma na masanin kimiyya"^[15]kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta samu kyautar Vannevar Bush, a cikin 1999.^[16]A cikin 2007, an ba ta lambar yabo ta jin daɗin jama'a daga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa.^[17]

Rayuwa ta sirri

Maxine ya auri Daniel Singer, abokin karatun Swarthmore kuma masanin kimiyyar siyasa, a cikin 1952.^[18]Suna da yara huɗu: Ellen, Amy, David, da Stephanie.^[19] Mawaƙiya ta mutu daga cututtukan huhu na huhu da emphysema a gidanta da ke Washington, D.C., a ranar 9 ga Yuli, 2024, tana da shekara 93.^[20]

Manazarta

[1] ttps://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/DJ/p-nid/206

[2] ttp://discovermagazine.com/2002/nov/feat50/

[3] ttps://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/10/science/maxine-singer-dead.html

[4] ttp://findingaids.loc.gov/db/search/xq/searchMfer02.xq?_id=loc.mss.eadmss.ms007071&_faSection=overview&_faSubsection=bioghist&_dmdid=d1877e19

[5] ttps://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/wellness/1989/02/14/putting-science-first/d61aeac0-0fd5-4d7b-8414-2a6654807ae3/

[6] ttp://ascb.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/Maxine_singer.pdf

[7] ttps://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/10/science/maxine-singer-dead.html

[8] ttps://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/maxine-singer

[9] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20191029140041/https://www.aacc.org/community/awards/hall-of-fame/bios/l-to-s/maxine-singer.aspx

[10] ttps://web.archive.org/web/20170202020333/https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/CD/B/B/C/F/

[11] ttps://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/ps/retrieve/Narrative/DJ/p-nid/206

[12] ttp://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterS.pdf

[13] ttp://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/8455/title/Maxine-Singer-Named-President-Of-Carnegie/

[14] ttps://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Maxine+Singer&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced

[15] ttps://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/medalofscience50/singer.jsp

[16] "Vannevar Bush Award Recipients". National Science Board. Archived from the original on October 5, 2019.

[17] ttp://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=01122007

[18] ttps://carnegiescience.edu/news/maxine-singer-renowned-biologist-and-advocate-stem-inclusion-dies-93

[19] ttps://www.nytimes.com/1993/05/31/style/weddings-stephanie-singer-stephen-fischer.html

[20] ttps://carnegiescience.edu/news/maxine-singer-renowned-biologist-and-advocate-stem-inclusion-dies-93

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