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Mutanen Dagaaba

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Mutanen Dagaaba

Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
Burkina Faso da Ghana

Mutanen Dagaaba (mufuradi Dagao, da kuma, a yarukan arewa, Dagara na jam'i da kuma mufuradi[1][2]) kabila ce dake arewa da haduwar Ghana, Burkina Faso da Cote d'Ivoire. Suna magana da yaren Dagaare, yaren Gur wanda ya ƙunshi yarukan Dagaare na Arewa masu alaƙa da yarukan Dagaare na Kudu da kuma wasu ƙananan yarukan. A cikin yarukan arewa ana kiran harshe da jama’a da Dagara. Suna da alaka da mutanen Birifor da Dagaare Diola.[2] Harshen da aka fi sani da Dagaare (wanda kuma ake kira Dagare, Dagari, Dagarti, Dagara ko Dagao), kuma a tarihi wasu wadanda ba 'yan asalin kasar ba sun dauki wannan a matsayin sunan mutane.[1][3] Wani masanin tarihi, yana kwatanta yadda ‘yan mulkin mallaka suka yi amfani da “Dagarti” a da, ya rubuta cewa: “Dagarti ya bayyana cewa Turawa na farko da suka ziyarci yankin ne suka kirkiro sunan Dagarti, daga asalin harshen dagaa, daidai ‘Dagari’. ' shine sunan yare, 'Dagaaba' ko 'Dagara' na mutane, da 'Dagaw' ko 'Dagawie' na ƙasa."[4]

Yaduwar yanki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Duk da cewa a wasu lokuta ana raba su zuwa Arewa da Kudancin Dagaare, idan aka kwatanta da yawan al’ummarsu a shekarar 2003 sama da miliyan daya bazuwa a yankin Arewa maso Yamma na Ghana[2] da yankin Sud-Ouest a kudu maso yammacin Burkina Faso.[5] Kudancin Dagaare mutane ne da ke da kusan 700,000 da ke zaune a yammacin yankin Upper West.[2] Masu magana da harshen Dagaare na Arewa, wanda aka kiyasta yawansu ya kai 388,000 (a cikin 2001)[5] suna zaune ne a lardin Ioba, amma kuma a lardunan Poni, Bougouriba, Sissili, da Mouhoun. A Ghana, guguwar hijira da dama daga cikin gida, tun daga farkon mulkin mallaka a karshen karni na 19 (amma mai yiyuwa ne aka fara shi da wuri) kuma a shekarun 1980, ya kawo yawan mutanen Dagaaba zuwa garuruwan kudancin kasar. , musamman yankin Brong Ahafo.[6] A Ghana ta zamani, mahaifar Dagaaba na yankin Upper West ya hada da gundumomi da garuruwan Nandom, Lawra, Jirapa, Kaleo, Papu, Nadowli, Daffiama, Wechiau da Hamile. Hakanan ana samun manyan al'ummomi a garuruwan Wa, Bogda, Babile, Tuna, Han, Zambo, Ghana, da Nyoli.[7]

Tarihi

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Tushen al’ummar Dagaaba a zamanin kafin mulkin mallaka ya Kuma kasance abin muhawara. Hujjar al’adar baka ita ce, Dagaaba ta fito ne daga kungiyar Mole-Dagbani da ta yi hijira zuwa yankin Sahel da ba shi da danshi a karni na goma sha hudu miladiyya. An yi imanin sun ƙara yin ƙaura zuwa ƙananan arewacin yankin a ƙarni na sha bakwai.[7] Tun kafin bayyanar Turawa, Dagaaba suna rayuwa ne a cikin ƙananan al'ummomin noma, ba a mayar da su cikin kowane babban tsari irin na jiha ba. Nazarin ilimin ƙabilanci ya yi nuni da wallafe-wallafen baka wanda ya nuna cewa Dagaaba lokaci-lokaci, kuma a ƙarshe sun yi nasara, sun bijirewa yunƙurin mamaya da jihohi a kudancin Ghana na zamani, da kuma masarautun Dagbon da Mamprugu da Gonja a arewa. Ɗaya daga cikin kididdigar da aka kafa a kan shaidar baka ita ce, Dagaaba ta kafa a matsayin ƙungiyar Dagbon da ke ƙarƙashin Na Nyanse.[8] Iyakokin turawan mulkin mallaka, da aka shata a lokacin Scramble for Africa, sun sanya su a arewa maso yammacin Ghana da kudancin Burkina Faso, da kuma kananan mazauna kasar Ivory Coast.

Ƙarfafa dangantakar jama'a

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Al’ummar Dagaaba a wasu lokuta suna samun rikici da kungiyoyin da ke makwabtaka da su, musamman kan hakkin filaye, a shekarun 1980 da kabilar Sisala[9] da kuma a lokutan baya da mutanen Wala. Na karshen, tare da kawance da Daular Wassoulou ta Diola Samory Toure, sun ci Dagawie da yawa a karshen shekarun 1890, karkashin jagorancin Sarankye Mori.[10]

Wasu daga cikin kauyukan Dagaaba na kudu sun kasance a farkon shekarun 1890 karkashin mulkin Masarautar Wala amma sai suka yi tawaye a 1894 suka ba da yancin kai. Duk da haka an mayar da su ga yankunan Wala Native Authority ta Birtaniya a 1933.[11]

Al'umma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin mahaifar Dagawie, Dagaaba sun kafa al'ummomin noma marasa zaman kansu. Tsakanin Dagaaba na zamani sun ƙunshi dangi goma waɗanda suka ƙunshi sama da mutane miliyan ɗaya.

Siyasar gargajiya

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Al'ummomin Dagaaba na gargajiya sun samo asali ne daga ƙabilar "Yir" ko rukunin gida, waɗanda jerin su an tattara su zuwa cikin "Tengan", yankin bautar gumaka na duniya. Tsarin Tengan, ƙungiyar rawar da aka saba gada a cikin rukunin gida ɗaya, ana kiransa tendaalun. Shugaban wadannan wuraren tsafi, tengan sob (wani lokaci tindana) ya cika aikin dattijo da firist, tare da tengan dem, mai kula da al'ada da mai kula da cibiyar al'ada. Sauran ayyukan firist/dattijo a cikin tendalun sun haɗa da suo sob wanda ke yin yankan dabba ga allahntakar duniya, zongmogre da ke yin al'ada a cibiyoyin kasuwa mai tsarki, da gara dana ko wie sob wanda shi ne shugaban al'ada a tsakanin al'ummomin farauta. Wadannan sauran nau'o'in rayuwa na al'umma a yawancin al'ummar Dagaaba, da kuma tasiri, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ra'ayin al'umma game da ƙasa kamar yadda aka yi a cikin ruhaniya, da kuma albarkatun al'umma daban-daban da ke faɗo a ƙarƙashin kulawar hukumomi, zuriya, da/ko rundunonin ruhaniya daban-daban.[12]

Har zuwa karshen karni na goma sha tara lokacin da aka samu sarautar hukumomi (kuma daga baya gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa shi),[13] al'ummomin Dagaaba sun yi aiki a karkashin tsarin majalisar dattawa.[7]

Wasu daga cikin al’ummar Dagaaba suna rike da sarautar gargajiya, wani lokacin kuma suna takara. Tun a shekara ta 2006 ne ‘Majalisar Dattawa’ ta al’ummar Dagaaba ta kasar Ghana ta yi yunkurin hada kan bangarori daban-daban tare da nada Naa Franklin Suantah, babban jami’in kula da karatu na kwalejin horas da ma’aikata ta Saint Louis ta Kumasi a matsayin shugaban al’ummar Dagaaba a kasar Ghana.[14]

Al'adu

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Al’ummar Dagaaba a tarihi sun yi addinan Gargajiya, da Musulunci da Kiristanci.[5] Dagaaba na Ghana a al'adance sun kasance suna da alakar ƴan uwa/Barkwanci da mutanen Frafra (Gurunsi).[15] Dagaaba, kafin tasirin ’yan mulkin mallaka, sun kasance masu dogaro da kai wajen samar da karfe, sun kuma samu nasara wajen noman gauraye. Sun kuma ƙera naɗaɗɗen kayan kida da suka haɗa da gyle (xylophones).

Ilimin tattalin arziki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Al'ummomi a yankunan Dagaaba sun kasance a matsayin ƙananan ƙananan noma, tare da filayen noman iyali da kansu ke nomawa. A zamanin yau, ana amfani da kuɗin shiga a waje da gonaki don ƙarin kuɗin shiga kasuwanci da rayuwa daga noma. Al'ummomin masu kamun kifi na Dagaaba sun ci gaba da tafiya tare da Black Volta, iyakar ƙasar Dagaaba. Saboda ana samun al'ummomin tare da hanyoyin kasuwanci na bakin teku zuwa Sahel mai tarihi, ciniki ya daɗe yana zama muhimmiyar sana'a, amma galibi a cikin kayan gida. Kasuwanni a cikin manyan garuruwa suna ranar Lahadi, tare da wasu a zagaye na kwanaki shida.[16]

Wasu al'ummomin Dagaaba na zamani na arewacin Ghana sun shahara a matsayin al'ummomin Yammacin Afirka na ƙarshe da har yanzu suke amfani da harsashi na Cowrie a matsayin kuɗi, tare da cedi na zamani na Ghana.[17] Ana amfani da Cowrie ba kawai don kayan ado na gargajiya da na biki ba (kamar yadda sauran al'ummomin Afirka ta Yamma suke yi), har ma a matsayin wata hujja ta hauhawar farashin kayayyaki na tanadi na cikin gida da kuma amintacciyar hanyar kasuwanci a kan iyakokin ƙasa (da kuɗaɗe) waɗanda za su iya raba kan al'ummomin Dagaaba.[16]

Adabin baka

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Adabin baka yana da dadadden al’ada tare da al’ummar Dagaaba, kuma ya kasance abin koyi da tarbiyya a cikin al’ummar Dagaaba. Akwai manyan adabi guda biyu a cikin al'ummar Dagaaba. Ana iya rarraba su gabaɗaya a matsayin adabi na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi labarai, tatsuniyoyi, karin magana da sauran nau'ikan baka da kuma adabi masu tsarki da aka samar a lokacin al'ada da hidimar addini. Mafi mahimmancin waɗannan su ne tatsuniyoyi na tatsuniyoyi na jakunkuna da jawabai da aka yi a lokacin bukukuwan qaddamarwa da sauran hidimomin addini.[18][19][20][21]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Constancio Nakuma. An Introduction to the Dagaare Language. on DagaareLinguists' HomePage Archived 4 ga Augusta, 2007 at the Wayback Machine, update as of 25 May 2003, retrieved 2009-02-12.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Dagara, Southern in Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/. Retrieved 200902-12.
  3. ↑ Dr. A. B. Bodomo. [Dagaare Language and Culture, Introduction: The Dagaare language and its speakers], from The Structure of Dagaare (1994) Posted by author March 9, 2004. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  4. ↑ Ivor Wilks. Wa and the Wala: Islam and Polity in Northwestern Ghana (African Studies) # Cambridge University Press ( 2002) 08033994793.ABA p. 15.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Dagara, Northern in Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  6. ↑ Gariba B. Abdul-Korah. ‘Where Is Not Home?’: Dagaaba migrants in the Brong Ahafo Region, 1980 to the present. African Affairs 2007 106(422):71-94.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 A. B. Bodomo. Introduction, in A Dagaare-Cantonese-English Lexicon for Lexicographical Field Research Training (Afrikawissenschaftliche Lehrbücher vol. 14). Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Cologne (2004). 08033994793.ABA
  8. ↑ Benjamin Kunbuor. "Customary Law of the Dagara" of Northern Ghana: Indigenous Rules or a Social Construction Archived 24 ga Faburairu, 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Journal of Dagaare Studies, Vol 2 ( 2002). On early history, he cites: Tuurey, G. (1982) An Introduction to the Mole-Speaking Community. Catholic Press: Wa.; Lentz, C. (1994) "A Dagara Rebellion against Dagomba rule?: Contested Stories of Origin in North-Western Ghana", in Journal of African Law Vol. 35: 457-492
  9. ↑ Carola Lentz. Contested boundaries : decentralisation and land conflicts in northwestern Ghana. Le bulletin de l'APAD, n° 22, Gouvernance foncière au quotidien en Afrique , 15 December 2005. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
  10. ↑ Ivor Wilks (2002) pp. 120-128.
  11. ↑ Ivor Wilks, Wa and the Wala: Islam and polity in northwestern Ghana (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 8, 15
  12. ↑ Benjamin Kunbuor (2002), pp.9, 10. includes citing Lentz, C. (1994) on p. 9.
  13. ↑ Benjamin Kunbuor (2002), passim
  14. ↑ Avoid Intra-Tribal & Ethnic Conflicts Archived 14 ga Yuli, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Ghana News Agency. 12-09-2006
  15. ↑ Wegru Joseph Yelepuo The Frafra-Dagaaba Dog Head Jokes. Electronic Journal of Folklore, volume 14, 2000. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Emmanuel Yiridoe. Economic and Sociocultural Aspects of Cowrie Currency of the Dagaaba of Northwestern Ghana Archived 2021-11-05 at the Wayback Machine. Nordic Journal of African Studies 4(2): 17-32 (1995)
  17. ↑ Yiridoe (1995), pp. 1, passim.
  18. ↑ Dannabang Kuwabong. Naa konga : a Collection of Dagaaba Folktales. Accra : Woeli Pub. Services (1992). 08033994793.ABA
  19. ↑ Gervase T Angsotinge. Thou shalt not reveal thy secrets: the value of reticence in speech in Dagaaba Folklore. Institute of African Studies: Research Review 2005, Vol. 21(1): 19-27
  20. ↑ Goody Jack, The Myth of the Bagre, 1972, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  21. ↑ Tengan Alexis, Mythical Narratives in Ritual: Dagara Black Bgar, 2006, Brussels: Peter Lang

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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  • Bibliography of Dagaare Studies, compiled by Dr. Adams B. Bodomo, retrieved 2009-02-12.
  • Journal of Dagaare Studies, University of Hong Kong, ISSN 1608-0661. Abstracts of 6 issues in 6 volumes, 2001–2006, retrieved 2009-02-12.
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