Mutanen Daji
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Mutanen Daju rukuni ne na ƙabilu bakwai daban daban masu magana da yarukan da suka danganci (duba yarukan Daju ) suna zaune a ɓangarorin biyu na iyakar Chadi - Sudan da kuma kan tsaunukan Nuba . Rabuwa da kuma nisantar da magana da yarurruka daban-daban, a halin yanzu, galibi suna da kusancin alaƙar juna da juna.
Yankin gargajiyar da aka gano tare da Daju sune tsaunin Daju a yankin kudu na tsaunukan Marrah da ke lardin Darfur na Sudan . Da yake tsaunukan Marrah su ne kawai yankin Darfur da ke da yanayi mai kyau kuma don haka zai iya tallafawa ɗumbin jama'a, wata ƙasa mai ƙarfi ta tashi watakila tun a ƙarni na 12 kafin haihuwar Yesu. Kadan ne sananne game da wannan masarauta sai dai jerin sunayen sarakuna da ambaci dayawa a cikin rubutun Masar. Mafi ambaton sunayen sarki shi ne sarki Githar a lokacin annabi Daju Saleh wanda ya mutu kuma aka binne shi a bankin Wadi Saleh a kusurwar kudu maso yamma na tsaunukan Marrah Duba Nachtigal, a shekarar 1971 . A Daju ya bayyana a zama da rinjaye kungiyar a yankin Darfur daga farkon sau takara iko tare da su arewacin Marrah Mountain daga baya hammayarsu, da aikin gona da Fur mutane . Asalin asalin mutanen Daju sun kasance a cikin Kogin Yellow Nile [wanda ake kira Wadi Howar yanzu]. Hakanan sun bar kufai a Jebel Meidob, Manyan Manyan Manja da hanyar kasuwanci ta Darb el-Arbayyn zuwa Masar.
Asali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daju, wanda kuma ya san Henri Barth a matsayin "Jama'ar Fir'auna", ya yi ƙaura daga asali daga kwarin Nilu a bayan mamayewar Masarautar Meroe da Izana, sarkin Axum ya yi a tsakiyar tsakiyar ƙarni na huɗu Bayani na Asusun ya nuna asalinsu zuwa Shendi, wanda ke nufin a cikin harshensu "tunkiya." Da farko sun zauna a Wadi al-Malik, Wadi Howar da Jebel Midob a BC 3000 sannan suka yi ƙaura, saboda canjin yanayi, zuwa kwarin Nilu da Masar inda suka yi mulki da sunan Fir'aunan Libya. Wani Sarkin Iraki ya kore su zuwa kudu inda suka koma babban birnin su Nepta. Bayan haka an sake tura su kudu zuwa Meroe har sai da Izana ta kora su zuwa yamma zuwa Wadi Howar da Kordofan da ke yammacin Sudan kuma a can suka kafa manyan biranensu a kewayen yankin Jebel Qadir a tsaunukan Nuba da wasu garuruwa da yawa yanzu a Darfur da Chadi. Bayan ƙarni da yawa, sun haɗu da ƙasar da yanzu ake kira Dar Fur da sauransu. Masana tarihi sun danganta wannan fadada daga baya ga yaƙin tsakanin masarautar Daju da Masarautar Dongola a shekara ta 1100 AD wanda ya jagoranci Sarki Ahmed al-Daj ya mayar da hedikwatarsa zuwa Meri a Jebel Marra massif. A halin yanzu, Semia, ɗayan manyan biranen, Amir ya lalata shi gaba ɗaya daga Dongola. [1]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An kuma ce masarautar Daju ta shimfida ikonta har zuwa gabashin Kurdufan, yamma da tsaunukan Nuba da kuma yamma zuwa Chadi . [2] [3] Masanin tarihin nan na Masar Al-Maqrizi, yana rubutu game da 1400, ya bayyana "Taju" da cewa ita ce masarauta mai ƙarfi wacce take kwance tsakanin Kanem da masarautun Nilu. [4] An ce mutanen Daju sun zauna a cikin wani dogon bel wanda ya faro daga yankin Kudancin Kurdufan zuwa yamma zuwa Darfur zuwa Chadi . [5]
A bisa ga al'adar, mutanen Sokoro, Tunjur ne suka mamaye daular Daju a ƙarni na 14 waɗanda suka yi kaurta daga yamma ta masarautun Bornu da Wadai . Daju sun warwatse tare da sarkinsu ya tsere zuwa yamma tare da wasu mutanensa suka kafa ƙaramar sabuwar masarauta a Yankin Dar Sila da ke Chadi, suka zama mutanen Dar Sila Daju .
Sauran Daju sun koma gabas daga ƙarshe suka sauka a yankin da ke yanzu Kudancin Kurdufan kusa da Muglad a arewacin Abyei da yamma da tsaunukan Nuba. Bayanai sun nuna cewa sun kunshi kungiyoyi guda biyu daban daban duk da cewa bashi da tabbas idan wannan hijirar tayi gudun hijirar mutanen da ba na Daju ba ko kuma daya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin Daju tuni yan asalin yankin ne. Akwai wata majiya da ke nuna cewa duka Ngok Dinka zuwa Kudu da kuma Messiria zuwa Arewa sun yarda cewa tabbas ‘yan asalin garin Muglad ne. [6] Daga bisani Messiria da ke turewa daga arewa sun raba su da matsuguni zuwa Abyei inda suka ci su kuma Ngok Dinka suka sake watsewa. Wata kungiyar an tura ta zuwa yamma (wataƙila magabatan mutanen Njalgulgule) dayan ƙungiyar kuma, wacce ta ƙunshi Dar Fur Daju, an tura ta gabas zuwa tsaunin Nuba da ke kusa da Lagowa inda suka samar da nasu yaren na daban na yaren Nyala . [7]
Bayan lokaci, Tunjur ya gabatar da Addinin Musulunci ga yankin (wanda ya kasance yana da arna a da) kuma a hankali ya ɗauki larabci a matsayin yaren mulkinsu. A shekara ta 1596, ikon mallakar Darfur ya shiga hannun manyan daular Keira ta hanyar auratayya tsakanin sarkin da ya gabata na daular Tunjur mai mulki, Ahmad al-Maqur da mafi yawan mutanen da ke fada da mutanen Fur . Wannan ya haifar da Sarautar Daular Dafur wacce Fur-ta mamaye har zuwa shekarar 1898. [3] [8] [9]
Labarin kasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sakamakon kayen da suka yi a hannun Tunjur sannan kuma mamayar ta Fur, an tabbatar da ƴan gudun hijira daga yawancin yankunansu kuma yanzu haka suna cikin wasu aljihunan da dama a cikin Sudan da Chadi. [10]
Ragowar mutanen Daju sun wanzu a cikin waɗannan rukunoni masu rarrabuwa: [11]
- Lambar Beygo mai lamba 850 (1978) da ke zaune a Kudancin Darfur a Sudan ta kudu maso gabashin Nyala a cikin tsaunukan gabashin Kube. Yaren Beygo yanzu ya ɓace tare da yawancin yawancin mutanen da ke magana da Larabci
- Dar Daju Daju mai lamba 34,000 (1993) kuma yana zaune a Yankin Guéra na Chadi . Suna magana da yaren Daju Mongo .
- Dar Fur Daju mai lamba 80,000 (2007) kuma yana zaune a Kudancin Darfur cikin Sudan cikin tuddan Daju Hills 40 km arewa maso gabashin Nyala . Suna magana da yaren Nyala . Mafi yawan wannan yawan sun gudu zuwa Chadi sakamakon Rikicin Darfur . [12] Hakanan akwai ƙaramar jama'a na Dar Fur Daju kusa da garin Lagowa a tsaunin Nuba.
- Dar Sila Daju mai lamba 63,100 (2000) kuma yana zaune a kudancin Chadi a yankin Ouaddai . Suna magana da yaren Sila .
- Njalgulgule mai lamba 900 (1977) kuma yana zaune a wani ƙauye ɗaya a kudancin Sudan kusa da haɗuwar Kogin Sopo da Boro. Suna magana da yaren Njalgulgule . Wataƙila su ƙaura ce daga baya sakamakon faduwar daular Daju.
Hakanan akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu waɗanda suke a cikin tsaunukan Nuba kuma saboda tsananin bambancin yare da suke da shi da kuma sauran harsunan Daju, an yarda da cewa sun fito ne daga ƙaura ta farko (wataƙila shekaru 2,000 da suka gabata) daga cikin Daju Urheimat a tsaunukan Marrah . A can suka sassaƙa ƙaramin yankinsu a tsakiyar asalin mazaunan gabashin tsaunukan Nuba, da ƙabilun Kordofanian, haka kazalika daga cikin ƙauracewar kabilu / yare daban-daban : kabilun Nyimang, kabilun Temein, da kabilun Kadugli. Hijirar ƙabilun Hill Nubian a cikin tsaunukan Nuba gabaɗaya ana ganin su suna zuwa ne bayan babban ƙaura na hijira. Dutsen Nuba gabaɗaya yanki ne na "ja da baya" ga ƙungiyoyin da aka tsananta masu neman tsaro saboda haka akwai mahimmancin bambancin yare. [13]
- Logorik mai lamba 2,000 (1971) kuma yana zaune a tsakiyar tsaunukan Nuba. Suna magana da yaren Liguri .
- Lambar Shatt 15,000 (1984) kuma tana zaune a kudu maso gabashin Nuba na babban birnin Kadugli . Suna magana da yaren Shatt . [14] Bugu da ƙari, Jukun da Yarbawa suna da'awar tuntuɓar Daju.
Sutura / Addini
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daju yawancin manoman hatsi ne (galibi gero, dawa, da masara). Abu na biyu, suna farauta gami da tattarawa (galibi zuma, 'ya'yan itace da' ya'yan itacen daji). [3] Mata suna yin yawancin ayyukan yau da kullun. Suna shukawa suna shuka amfanin gona, suna nika hatsi, kuma suna dafa abinci. Su ma sune masu ginin-gida na farko. Gidan Daju na al'ada yana da zagaye tare da murfin mazugi duk da cewa a cikin garuruwa, gidaje galibi suna da murabba'i. Ana raba ayyukan gida. A al'adance, Daju mata suna yin zanen fatar idanunsu, gumis, da leɓɓansu da ƙayayyan itaciya. Mayaƙa suna yin zane a saman hagu na hagu tare da tawada mai baƙar fata da ja.
Dar Sila Daju da ke Chadi an shirya su ne ta hanyar dangi maza da mata. Kowane dangi yana da nasa matsayin daban a cikin al'umma. An zaɓi Sarkin ne daga ɗaya daga cikin dangi kuma masu ba shi shawara suna cikin sauran dangi. Sultanship da farko yana ba da matsayin jagoran addini. [3]
Dar Daju Daju da Dar Sila Daju galibi musulmai ne amma har yanzu suna aiwatar da yawancin al'adunsu na gargajiya da suka haɗa da gina wuraren bautar gumaka ga babban allahnsu Kalge wanda suke kamanta shi da Allah na Islama. [3] Daga wannan sunan aka samo ″ Par-Kalge, ″ tsattsarkan dutsen da yake kusa da Napta. Dar Fur Daju suna kula da tsohuwar addininsu na asali.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Kramer, Robert S., Lobban, Richard A. & Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013). Historical dictionary of the Sudan. 4th ed., Henri Barth,1857, Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a Journal of an Expedition in the Years 1849-1855. Volume II. New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers. P.544
- ↑ Musa, Abraham; Ancient History of Western Sudan Archived 2017-06-22 at the Wayback Machine US Military: Defense Language Institute, August 16, 2006
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Jenkins, Orville; The Daju Populations of Sudan and Chad
- ↑ al-Maqrizi in Nehemiah Levztion and J. F. P. Hopkins, eds. and trans. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History (Cambridge, 1981, reprinted Princeton, NJ, 2000), pp 353-54.
- ↑ Sudan Tribune: "The Nuba: A People’s Struggle for Political Niche and Equity in Sudan" Archived 2012-06-09 at the Wayback Machine April 1, 2008
- ↑ Sudanese Online: "ABC REPORT REVISITTED: A REPLY TO ADAM B ELHIRAIKA,PhD By Charles K Deng" March 14, 2006.
- ↑ [1] Ende, Nanne op't, History of the Nuba, part I
- ↑ Nachtigal, Gustav; Sahara and Sudan: Wadai and Darfur p 273-274
- ↑ BBC News: "making Space for Darfur's Victims May 06, 2006
- ↑ Joshua Project Daju people Archived 2012-10-20 at the Wayback Machine map of Daju settlement
- ↑ Ethnologue Entry on Nilo-Saharan, Eastern Sudanic, Western, Daju Languages retrieved May 21, 2011
- ↑ New York Times: "The Face of Genocide" November 19, 2006
- ↑ "Thelwall, Robin; The Linguistic Settlement of the Nuba Mountains". Archived from the original on 2021-04-27. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
- ↑ by Thelwall, Robin; The Linguistic Settlement of the Nuba Mountains 1983