Rashin daidaiton ilimi a Ghana
 Rashin daidaiton ilimi a Ghana | |
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aspect in a geographic region (en)  |
Rashin daidaito na ilimi a Ghana ya wanzu a cikin nau'o'i da yawa, tare da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci da ke faruwa tare da jinsi, dukiya, da rarrabuwar ƙasa. Gwamnati da kungiyoyin jama'a sun inganta.[1]
Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ghana ta sami ci gaba sosai a daidaiton jinsi tun daga shekarun 1970s. Gender Parity Index (GPI) ya tashi daga 0.76 (1971) zuwa 1.00 (2019), yana ba da shawarar daidaito tsakanin jinsi don matakan makarantar firamare da sakandare.[2] GPI don shiga makarantar sakandare ya sami ci gaba mafi yawa, daga 0.17 (1971) zuwa 0.85 (2019). [3]
Shingen halarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ke hana 'yan mata samun ilimi sun haɗa da tashin hankali na jinsi, rashin samun damar samar da kayan tsabtace mata, da kuma daukar ciki na matasa. A makarantun Ghana, kashi 52% na 'yan mata sun fuskanci tashin hankali na jinsi, suna hana su halartar makaranta.[4] Kayayyakin tsabtace mata, irin su pads da tampons, ana rarraba su a matsayin "abubuwa masu kayatarwa" sabanin abubuwan da ke da muhimmanci, wanda ke haifar da harajin shigo da kaya na 20%.[5] A cewar wani rahoto na UNESCO, 1 cikin 10 'yan mata a Afirka sun rasa makaranta lokacin da suke cikin lokacin su. Cutar matashi wani abu ne mai iyakancewa ga samun damar 'yan mata zuwa ilimi. A cikin 2013, kashi 11% na 'yan mata matasa masu shekaru 15-19 a Ghana sun haifi haihuwa da rai kuma kashi 14% sun fara haihuwa, wanda ya haifar da babban tasiri a kan ci gaba da ilimi da aiki a makaranta.[2]
Matsayin shiga kwaleji har yanzu yana nuna bambance-bambance na jinsi. A cikin 2017, kashi 18.68% na yara maza sun shiga makarantar sakandare, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 13.53% na 'yan mata.
Ayyuka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangane da wani binciken da aka yi a yankin Gabashin Gabas na Ghana, yara maza suna yin aiki mafi kyau fiye da 'yan mata a lissafi, galibi saboda har yanzu ana ganin lissafi da kimiyya a matsayin yankunan maza.[3] Sakamakon ilmantarwa ya kasance yanki na damuwa, tare da bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin Binciken Takardar shaidar Ilimi na asali (BECE) a fadin yankuna da jinsi: yankuna uku na arewacin suna aiki sosai mara kyau, kuma musamman idan aka kwatanta da Greater Accra, kuma waɗannan tasirin suna da tsanani yayin kallon bambancin jinsi ta yanki, inda sakamakon ya karkata ga 'yan mata a cikin dukkan batutuwa huɗu (Turanci, lissafi, kimiyya, da karatun zamantakewa). [6]
Ingantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Gwamnatin Ghana ta kirkiro shirye-shirye daban-daban don inganta ilimin 'yan mata. An kirkiro Sashin Ilimi na 'yan mata a karkashin Hukumar Ilimi ta Ghana a cikin 1997 don inganta damar samun ilimi mai inganci ga' yan mata, kuma Jami'an Ilimi na' yan mata suna tsaye a duk gundumomi 170 a cikin ƙasar don tallafawa kokarin ta a matakin gida. A cikin Shirin dabarun Ilimi na 2018-2030, daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya kasance babban batu.[1]
An karɓi sabbin mafita, kamar kafa makarantun 'yan mata kawai. A shekara ta 2008, Oxfam ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Hukumar Ilimi ta Ghana, kuma ta fara makarantar sakandare ta farko ta 'yan mata a Sawla, inda' yan mata 28, daga asalin iyali marasa galihu suka shiga.[7] Yanzu akwai makarantun 'yan mata 44 kawai a arewacin Ghana, inganta damar aiki ga' yan mata na Ghana sama da 1,642, daga cikinsu kashi 95 cikin dari sun kammala karatu, tare da mafi rinjaye suna ci gaba da zuwa ilimi mafi girma.[1][7]
Rashin daidaito na dukiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Shirin Ilimi na asali na Duniya (FCUBE) wanda aka gabatar a shekarar 1995 ya tabbatar da ilimin duniya kyauta. [8] Koyaya, kuɗin shiga na gida har yanzu yana da alaƙa sosai da rajistar yaro.[9]
Kudin kai tsaye da kuma damar hana yin rajista
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Duk da cewa karatun kyauta ne, akwai wasu nau'ikan farashi da ke da alaƙa da makaranta wanda ke ɗaukar nauyin iyalai mafi talauci. Wasu daga cikin wadannan makarantu ne ke karbar su, kamar kudaden rajista da farashin da ke da alaƙa da kayan ado da abincin rana. A waje da makaranta, farashin sufuri yana ba da gudummawa ga rashin halarta, musamman ga yara daga yankuna masu nisa, yankunan karkara.[9] Bugu da ƙari, farashin damar kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga rashin halarta, kamar yadda kashi 35% na iyaye suka nuna yaransu sun daina zuwa makaranta saboda ba za su iya biyan makaranta ba kuma / ko yaransu suna buƙatar aiki a gida (misali noma). [1][9]
Sakamakon haka, yaro daga mafi talauci na yawan mutanen Ghana yana da matsakaicin shekaru 3 sama da shekaru masu dacewa. Wannan tasirin yana tarawa a hankali a kowane matsayi mafi girma. Kashi 67% na daliban koleji sun fito ne daga saman quintile, yayin da kashi 1.8% kawai suka fito ne daga kasa quintile.[9]
Ingancin ilimi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ingancin ilimi ya bambanta dangane da wadata. Malaman makarantar firamare da aka horar sun ninka sau biyu a cikin gundumomi mafi talauci fiye da sauran wurare. A waje da ɗakunan ajiya, kashi 48% na gidaje sun nuna cewa suna biyan ƙarin kuɗi don koyarwa mai zaman kansa.
Inantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta sanya " ingantaccen damar samun dama da shiga cikin ilimi na asali" fifiko a cikin Shirin Shirye-shiryen Ilimi na 2018-2030.[1] Misali, shirin Ilimi na Ƙarin Yana ba da ilimi ga dubban yara da ba sa makaranta don taimakawa wajen sauyawa zuwa ilimi na yau da kullun.[10] Musamman magance kalubalen da ke tattare da farashi na kai tsaye, Shirin ciyar da Makaranta, wanda Ma'aikatar Jima'i, Yara da Tsaro ta Jama'a ke gudanarwa, ya samar da abinci mai gina jiki kyauta ga yara miliyan 1.74, yana kara yawan halartar makaranta.[11][12]
Rashin daidaito na yanki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dangane da binciken UNESCO, yayin da kusan kashi 7 cikin dari na iyaye ke nuna abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da nesa da makaranta, kusan dukkanin iyaye da ke nuna farashi a matsayin babban cikas na halarta suna zaune a yankuna masu nisa da masu wahala a isa, suna jaddada yanayin ƙasa a matsayin babban abin da ke ƙayyadewa.[9]
Intersectionality tare da wadata da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rashin daidaito na ilimi na yanki ya samo asali ne daga talauci na yankin. Misali, yankin Arewa a Ghana shine mafi talauci, kuma mafi karancin ilimi, tare da kashi 61.6% na yawan jama'arta sun sami kasa da shekaru hudu na ilimi.[9]
Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya fi tsanani yayin hulɗa tare da wasu dalilai kamar yanayin ƙasa. Misali, matsakaicin shekarun ilimi ga 'yan mata na karkara da matalauta shine shekaru 4.4, idan aka kwatanta da shekaru 13 ga' yan mata masu arziki a birane da 13.2 ga' yan maza masu arziki a cikin birane.[1][13]
Ingantawa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Misali na kokarin da ba na gwamnati ba don isa ga matasa a cikin al'ummomin karkara, School For Life ya taimaka wa yara sama da 350,000 su karanta da rubutu, 80% daga cikinsu sun sauya zuwa ilimi na yau da kullun.[14] Yana haɓaka halarta ta hanyar karɓar buƙatun aiki na yanayi a cikin kalandar makaranta da kuma ɗaukar malamai na gida waɗanda ke koyarwa a cikin harsuna na gida.[9]
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Education strategic plan 2018-2030. Ghana | Documents | Global Partnership for Education". www.globalpartnership.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-03.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "School enrollment, primary and secondary (gross), gender parity index (GPI) - Ghana | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2020-11-03.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "School enrollment, tertiary (gross), gender parity index (GPI) - Ghana | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2020-11-03.
- ↑ "Violence against Women in Ghana: Unsafe in the Second Safest Country in Africa". Council on Foreign Relations (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-03.
- ↑ "African activists seek universal access to sanitary products". Devex. 2019-07-15. Retrieved 2020-12-13.
- ↑ "Ghana education sector analysis. 2018 | Documents | Global Partnership for Education". www.globalpartnership.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-12-13.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Creating a model for girls' education in Ghana". www.oxfamamerica.org. Retrieved 2020-11-04.
- ↑ Akyeampong, Kwame (2009-05-01). "Revisiting Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education (FCUBE) in Ghana". Comparative Education. 45 (2): 175–195. doi:10.1080/03050060902920534. ISSN 0305-0068. S2CID 144577031.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 World Bank (2010-02-23). "Education in Ghana : Improving Equity, Efficiency and Accountability of Education Service Delivery" (in English). Cite journal requires
|journal=(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ "Complementary Basic Education for Ghana". www.crownagents.com (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
- ↑ "Ghana School Feeding Programme (GSFP) : Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection". www.mogcsp.gov.gh. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
- ↑ World Bank (2016-11). "Ghana Social Protection Assessment and Public Expenditure Review".
- ↑ Ghana Statistical Service. 2015 Labour Force Report. https://www.statsghana.gov.gh/gssmain/fileUpload/Demography/LFS%20REPORT_fianl_21-3-17.pdf Retrieved 2020-12-09.
- ↑ Sherris, Arieh; Sulemana, Osama Saaka; Alhassan, Andani; Abudu, Grace; Karim, Abdul-Rahaman (2014-11-10). "School for Life in Ghana: promoting literate opportunities for rural youth". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 35 (7): 692–708. doi:10.1080/01434632.2014.908891. ISSN 0143-4632. S2CID 145474361.