Sare dazuzzuka a Haiti
 Sare dazuzzuka a Haiti | |
|---|---|
| Gandun daji | |
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙasa | Haiti |
Sare dazuzzuka a Haiti abu ne mai tsanani Kuma mai rikitarwa kuma sau da yawa rashin fahimtar matsalar muhalli . Mutanen Haiti suna noma kuma suna amfani da gawayi a matsayin tushen makamashi na gida.[1]
Dynamics da tasiri[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An fara saran gandun daji na Haiti cikin sauri a lokacin mulkin mallaka, wanda aka samu ta hanyar bautar da ’yan Afirka da aka yi garkuwa da su, kuma ya tsananta lokacin da aka fara amfani da kofi a shekara ta 1730. An share dazuzzukan dazuzzuka kuma bayan shekaru hamsin, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƙasar mallaka na ƙarƙashin kofi. Kuma Tsarin shuka monoculture da tsabtace-namo tsakanin layuka na kofi, indigo, taba, da kuma rake sun cinye ƙasa mai gina jiki kuma ya haifar da zazzagewa cikin sauri.[2]
Bayan juyin juya halin Haiti, an tilasta wa gwamnati fitar da katako a cikin karni na 19 don biyan lamunin faranc miliyan 90 ga Faransa saboda ikirarin Faransa na asarar kadarorin, gami da yawan mutanen da aka yi bauta a da. Kuma Dole ne a yi kashi-kashi na katako sama da ƙarni don cika ainihin adadin da kuma riba.[ana buƙatar hujja] ba a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka ba, ƙasar ta kasance ba daidai ba a rarraba, kuma yawancin mutane an ba su damar zuwa gangaren gefe kawai tsakanin 200 da 600m sama da filayen albarkatu da kuma ƙasa da yankunan samar da kofi. Waɗannan ƙasan da ke gefen tuddai sun kasance masu saurin lalacewa musamman idan an share su don noma. [2]
Sararin dazuzzukan ya ta'azzara bayan guguwar Hazel ta nutsar da bishiyoyi a ko'ina cikin tsibirin a shekarar 1954. [3] Tun daga kusan shekara ta 1954, masu ba da rancen kuɗi sun ƙara haɓaka aikinsu na katako don amsa buƙatun da Port-au-Prince ta ƙara na gawayi . Sake sare itatuwa ya kara tsananta, wanda ya riga ya zama matsala saboda ayyukan noma marasa inganci, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Kuma karuwar gasa a kan filaye. [3] Ba a yi amfani da dabarun da za su iya sa gandun daji ya yi amfani da man fetur kamar coppiing da pollaring ba.
Zaizayar kasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mafi girman tasirin sare dazuzzuka shine zaizayar kasa . [3] Kimanin 15,000 acres (61 km2) na saman kasa ana wankewa a kowace shekara, tare da zaizayar kasa kuma yana lalata sauran ababen more rayuwa kamar madatsun ruwa, tsarin ban ruwa, hanyoyi, da muhallin ruwa na gabar teku . Har ila yau, zaizayar kasa na rage yawan amfanin kasa, yana kara tabarbarewar fari, sannan kuma a karshe ya kai ga kwararowar hamada, wanda duk yana kara matsin lamba kan sauran filayen da bishiyoyi. [3]
Nufin gandun daji na Jamhuriyar Dominican[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Jami'an sojan Dominican sun ƙirƙiro sana'ar garwashi mai riba, kuma sun ɗauki ma'aikatan Haiti hayar gawayi a kan iyaka. Kuma Yawancin wannan gawayi ana nufin zuwa Puerto Rico da babban yankin Amurka, ko da yake kadan ya ketare kan iyaka zuwa Haiti. Wasu ƙididdiga sun ƙididdige yawan zirga-zirgar gawayi na tan 115 ba bisa ka'ida ba a kowane mako daga Jamhuriyar Dominican zuwa Haiti a cikin shekarata 2014, amma waɗannan ƙididdiga sun dogara ne akan binciken da bai cika ba kuma adadin yana da hamayya sosai. Jami’an kasar Dominican sun kiyasta cewa akalla manyan motoci 10 ne a kowane mako ke tsallakawa kan iyaka da gawayi. A ƙarshe rashin tabbas game da yawan gawayi da ke samo asali daga Jamhuriyar Dominican za a warware shi ta hanyar binciken samar da gawayi da amfani da shi a duk faɗin ƙasar wanda Bankin Duniya ya biya, kuma zai ƙare a ƙarshen shekarar 2018. Wannan binciken ya sanya masu kididdigar manyan motocin gawayi da na kwale-kwalen gawayi tare da duk wuraren shiga kan iyaka, a tsawon mako guda uku daban-daban a cikin shekara, sa'o'i 24 a rana. Za a fitar da kididdigar zuwa duk shekara.
Kiyasin asarar gandun daji[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An ba da rahoto da yawa cewa a cikin shekarata 1923 sama da kashi 60% na ƙasar Haiti an yi dazuzzuka; Har yanzu ba a san tushen wannan ikirari ba amma ana iya danganta shi da mamayar ruwan Amurka a Haiti. A cikin shekarar 2006, an yi iƙirarin cewa ƙasar tana da ƙasa da kashi 2% na gandun daji . [4] Ko da yake an yi saran gandun daji sosai, an ƙalubalanci wannan ƙiyasin da cewa ba daidai ba ne saboda bincike mara tushe. Duk da haka, ƙiyasin kashi 2% da ba a tabbatar da shi ba an yaɗa shi sosai a kafafen yada labarai da kuma maganganun da suka shafi ƙasar. Bincike mai zurfi na baya-bayan nan game da hotunan tauraron dan adam da nazarin muhalli game da rabe-raben gandun daji sun kammala cewa Haiti tana da kusan 30% murfin bishiyar .
Tsarin muhalli da aka yi a cikin shekarata 2018 yana nuna cewa a cikin yanayin 'kasuwa-kamar yadda aka saba' na lalacewar itace, a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, biomass na itace a saman ƙasa a Haiti zai ragu da kusan 4% na hannun jari na yanzu, . Bincike na baya-bayan nan game da samar da gawayi da sha a Haiti yana ba da sabbin bayanai a matakin ƙasa.
Ƙoƙarin muhalli[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yawancin gwamnatocin Haiti sun biya aikin lebe ne kawai ga wajibcin sake dazuzzuka . [3] Babban yunƙurin yin aiki ya fito ne daga ƙasashen waje. [3] Shirin Bayar da Aikin Noma na USAID, Pwojè Pyebwa, shi ne babban shirin sake dazuzzukan Haiti a shekarun 1980. [3] Ƙauye sun dasa bishiyoyi sama da miliyan 25 a ƙarƙashin Projè Pyebwa a cikin halittar farko. [3]
Daga baya kokarin ceto itatuwan Haiti ya mayar da hankali ne kan kara habaka shirye-shiryen sake dazuzzuka, da rage sharar da ake samu wajen hakar gawayi, da samar da ingantattun murhu, da shigo da itace a karkashin shirin samar da zaman lafiya na USAID. [3] Domin yawancin mutanen Haiti sun dogara da itace da gawayi a matsayin tushen man fetur na farko, ana buƙatar hanyoyin makamashi don ceton dazuzzuka. [4] Shirin Ayyukan Muhalli na shekaru 15, wanda aka ba shi izini a cikin shekarata 1999, ya ba da shawarar dakatar da sare dazuzzuka ta hanyar haɓaka madadin hanyoyin mai. [4] Rikicin siyasa da rashin kudade sun takaita tasirin wannan yunƙurin na sake fasalin. [4]
Hukumomi da kamfanoni da dama da ke kera injinan girki mai amfani da hasken rana a matsayin madadin yin amfani da itace da gawayi sun yi aiki a Haiti don samar da hanyoyin magance fatara da man fetur, duk da cewa tasirinsu da matakin da ake amfani da su na da shakku.
Duba wasu abubuwan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Noma a Haiti
- Muhalli na Haiti
- Matsalolin muhalli a Haiti
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ci gaba da karatu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Jared Diamond, Rugujewa: Yadda Ƙungiyoyin ke Zaɓa don Kasawa ko Nasara, Littattafan Penguin, 2005 da 2011 ( ). Dubi babi na 11 mai jigo "Tsibirin Daya, Mutane Biyu, Tarihi Biyu: Jamhuriyar Dominican da Haiti".
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Gerald Murray. "The wood tree as a peasant cash‑crop: An anthropological strategy for the domestication of energy" (PDF). Retrieved 18 February 2018.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nathan C. McClintock. "Agroforestry and sustainable resource conservation in Haiti: A case study" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-05-13. Retrieved 2015-04-28.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Malik, Boulos A. "Forestry". A Country Study: Haiti (Richard A. Haggerty, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (December 1989). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Country Profile: Haiti. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (May 2006). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.