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Senusret na III

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Senusret na III
Pharaoh

1872 "BCE" - 1853 "BCE"
← Senusret II (en) Fassara - Amenemhat III (en) Fassara →
Rayuwa
Haihuwa 20 century "BCE"
ƙasa Ancient Egypt (en) Fassara
Middle Kingdom of Egypt (en) Fassara
Mutuwa 1842 "BCE"
Makwanci Pyramid of Senusret III (en) Fassara
Ƴan uwa
Mahaifi Senusret II
Mahaifiya Khenemetneferhedjet I
Abokiyar zama Meretseger (en) Fassara
Neferthenut (en) Fassara
Khenemetneferhedjet II (en) Fassara
Yara
Yare Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt (en) Fassara
Sana'a
Sana'a ɗan siyasa

Khakaure Senusret III (kuma an rubuta shi azaman Senwosret III ko sigar jahannama, Sesostris III ) Fir'auna ne na Masar . Ya yi mulki daga 1878 BC zuwa 1839 BC a lokacin babban iko da wadata, [1] kuma shine sarki na biyar na daular sha biyu na Masarautar Tsakiya . Ya kasance babban fir'auna na daular sha biyu kuma ana ganin ya yi mulki a tsayin daular tsakiya. [2] Saboda haka, an dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin tushen labarin game da Sesostris . Yaƙin neman zaɓe na soja ya haifar da zaman lafiya da wadatar tattalin arziki wanda ya rage ikon masu mulkin yanki kuma ya haifar da farfaɗo a cikin sana'a, kasuwanci, da ci gaban birane. Senusret III yana daga cikin ƴan sarakunan Masar waɗanda aka bautar da su kuma aka girmama su da wata ibada a lokacin rayuwarsu.

Iyali

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Wani Pectoral mai ɗauke da zane ko sunan sarauta na Senusret III da aka samu a kabarin Merret a Dashur .

Senusret III ɗa ne na Senusret II da Khenemetneferhedjet I, wanda kuma ake kira Khenemetneferhedjet I Weret ( dattijon ). Mata uku na Senusret III an san su da tabbas. Waɗannan su ne Itakayt, Khenemetneferhedjet II da Neferthenut, dukansu uku an san su ne tun daga binne su kusa da dala na sarki a Dahshur . An san 'ya'ya mata da yawa, ko da yake su ma an tabbatar da su ne kawai ta hanyar binne dala a kusa da dala na sarki kuma ainihin dangantakarsu da sarki ba ta da tabbas. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Sithathor, Menet, Senetsenebtysy, da Meret . Aminemhat III ya kasance ɗan sarki ne. Sauran 'ya'yan ba a san su ba.

An gano kabarin Mereret an yi fashi da wani bangare amma wani bangaren Senusret III, mahaifinta, 'yan fashin kabarin sun rasa shi.

Ƙaddamarwa

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Senusret III ya share magudanar ruwa ta hanyar cataract na farko na Kogin Nilu, [3] (wannan ya bambanta da Canal na Fir'auna, wanda a bayyane yake, Senusret III shima yayi kokarin ginawa). Har ila yau, ya ci gaba da ingiza fadada masarautarsa zuwa Nubia (daga 1866 zuwa 1863 BC) inda ya kafa manyan garu na kogi da suka hada da Buhen, Semna, Shalfak da Toshka a Uronarti .

Ya gudanar da aƙalla manyan kamfen guda huɗu a cikin Nubia a cikin Shekaru 8, 10, 16, da 19. [4] Shekararsa ta 8 a Semna ya rubuta nasarorin da ya samu a kan Nubians, wanda ta hanyar da ake tunanin ya tabbatar da iyakar kudu, ya hana ci gaba da kutsawa cikin Masar. [5] Wani babban stela daga Semna mai kwanan wata zuwa wata na uku na shekara ta 16 ta mulkinsa ya ambaci ayyukan sojansa a kan Nubia da Kan'ana . A cikin ta, ya shawarci wadanda za su gaje shi a nan gaba da su kula da sabuwar iyakar da ya yi:

Year 16, third month of winter: the king made his southern boundary at Heh. I have made my boundary further south than my fathers. I have added to what was bequeathed me. (...) As for any son (i.e., successor) of mine who shall maintain this border which my Majesty has made, he is my son born to my Majesty. The true son is he who champions his father, who guards the border of his begetter. But he [who] abandons it, who fails to fight for it, he is not my son, he was not born to me. Now my majesty has had an image made of my majesty, at this border which my majesty has made, in order that you maintain it, in order that you fight for it.[6]

Sebek-khu Stele, wanda aka yi kwanan watan mulkin Senusret III (mulkin: 1878 - 1839 BC), ya rubuta yakin soja na Masar na farko a cikin Levant. Rubutun yana cewa "Mai Martaba ya zarce zuwa arewa don hambarar da 'yan Asiya . Mai martaba ya isa wata ƙasa ta waje wacce ake kira Sekmem (...) Sai Sekmem ya faɗi, tare da Shaƙƙin Retenu ", inda ake tunanin Sekmem (skmm) yana nan. Shechem da "Retenu" ko " Retjenu " suna da alaƙa da tsohuwar Siriya .

Yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙarshe, wanda ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 19, bai yi nasara ba saboda an kama sojojin sarki saboda kogin Nilu bai kai na al'ada ba. Dole ne su ja da baya su yi watsi da kamfen nasu don gudun kada su makale a cikin yankin Nubian mai adawa. [7]

Irin wannan yanayin ƙarfinsa ne da kuma babban tasirinsa cewa Senusret III an bauta masa a matsayin allahntaka a Semna ta ƙarni na baya. [8] Jacques Morgan, a cikin 1894, ya sami rubuce-rubucen dutse a kusa da tsibirin Sehel waɗanda ke tattara bayanan da ya haƙa na magudanar ruwa. Senusret III ya gina haikali da gari a Abydos, da wani haikali a Medamud . [9]

Kotunsa ta hada da 'yan bangar Nebit, da Khnumhotep . Ikhernofret ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajin sarki a Abydos. Sobekemhat shi ma ma'ajin ne aka binne shi a Dahshur. [10] Senankh ya share mashigin ruwa a Sehel ga sarki. Horkherty sanannen sarki ne.

Tsawon mulki

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Shekara ta 16 kan iyakar Senusret III ( Altes Museum ), Berlin

Wani papyrus mai kwanan wata biyu a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Berlin ya nuna Shekara 20 na mulkinsa kusa da Shekara ta 1 na ɗansa, Amenemhat III ; Gabaɗaya, ana tsammanin wannan ya zama hujja ga daidaito tare da ɗansa, wanda yakamata a fara a cikin wannan shekara. A cewar Josef W. Wegner, an dawo da bayanin kula da kulawa na shekara ta 39 akan farar dutsen farar ƙasa daga:

...a securely defined deposit of construction debris produced from the building of the Senwosret III mortuary temple. The fragment itself is part of the remnants of the temple construction. This deposit provides evidence for the date of construction of the mortuary temple of Senwosret III at Abydos.[11]

Wegner ya jaddada cewa da wuya Amenemhat III, ɗan Senusret kuma magajinsa, zai ci gaba da yin aiki a haikalin mahaifinsa kusan shekaru arba'in a cikin mulkinsa. [12] Ya lura cewa kawai bayanin da zai yiwu don wanzuwar toshe a aikin shine Senusret III yana da shekaru 39 yana mulki, tare da shekaru 20 na ƙarshe tare da ɗansa Amenemhat III . Tun da aikin yana da alaƙa da aikin Senusret III, ana tsammanin Shekarar Regnal ɗinsa an yi amfani dashi don kwanan wata toshe, maimakon shekara ta 20 na Amenemhat III. Wegner ya fassara wannan a matsayin ma'anar cewa Senusret yana raye a cikin shekaru ashirin na farkon mulkin ɗansa.

Wasu malamai sun yi watsi da hasashen Wegner, kamar Pierre Tallet da Harco Willems; a cewarsu, da alama hakan bai taɓa faruwa ba, kuma har yanzu bayanin kula na shekara ta 39 yana nufin Aminemhat III, wanda wataƙila ya ba da umarnin ƙarin ƙarin abubuwan tunawa da Senusret.

Ibada

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Shugaban Sarki Senusret III a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Calouste Gulbenkian, kasancewa daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun shugabannin inda hanci ya kasance.

"Cycle of Songs in Honour of Senwosret III" jerin wakoki 6 ne a matsayin wani bangare na taskar papyri na Illahun . Adolf Erman ya ba da shawarar cewa an rubuta su kuma an rubuta su ga sarki a wani gari da ke kudancin Memphis . Wakokin sun zayyana nauyin da ya rataya a wuyan sarki kuma sun kunshi akidar sarauta a kasar ta tsakiya . Wannan akida ta hada da kare hadin kan masarautun biyu, da fadada iyakokin Masar, da sanya tsoro ga makiya Masar, da tabbatar da nasarar talakawansa. [13] Ko da yake babu bambanci mai ƙarfi na waƙoƙin yabo da sarakuna masu rai ko matattu, akwai alamun cewa talakawan sarki ne za su rera waɗannan waƙar tun yana raye. Waƙar yabo tana karanta "ya rayu har abada abadin." [14] Sau da yawa ana kwatanta shi da Sekhmet a cikin waƙoƙin yabo saboda ƙarfin ƙarfensa da cin nasara da abokan gaba. Ibadar sarkin bayan rasuwarsa ta yi kusan karni 3 a Kudancin Abydos .

Binne

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Shirin hadadden dala a Dashur

An gina rukunin dala na Senusret arewa-maso-gabas da Jajayen Dala na Dashur . [15] Ya zarce waɗanda suka fito daga farkon daular goma sha biyu a girman, girma, da fahimtar addini.

An gina hadadden pyramids a matakai biyu. Asali, an tsara shi don bin dala na Tsohon Mulki wanda ya haɗa da tsarin kansa, haikalin dala na gabas, da bangon dutse da ke kewaye da hadaddun. [16] Mataki na biyu ya haɗa da bangon bulo na waje wanda ke kewaye da ƙananan pyramids 6 don sarakunan sarauta. Har ila yau, akwai wani gidan tarihi na ƙasa tare da ƙarin binne ga matan sarauta. Anan an samo dukiyar Sithathor da Sarauniya Merret . [17] Na ƙarshe, na bakwai, dala ya kasance a matsayin dala na sarki tare da wani mutum-mutumi na kansa a ciki don bauta. Akwai kuma haikalin kudu, duk da haka an lalatar da wannan.

Rushewar Pyramid na Senusret III a Dahshur

Dala na Senusret yana da murabba'in mita 105 da tsayin mita 78. Jimlar ƙarar ta kasance kusan mita 288,000 cubic. An gina dala ne da tushen tubalin laka . Ba a yi su daidai gwargwado ba yana nuna cewa ba a yi amfani da madaidaitan gyare-gyare ba. An lulluɓe ɗakin binne da dutsen dutse. A saman ɗakin da aka rufe akwai ɗaki na biyu na sassautawa wanda aka lulluɓe da katako na farar ƙasa guda biyar kowanne mai nauyin tan 30. Sama da wannan akwai rumbun bulo na laka na uku.

Kabarin a Abydos

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An yi hasashe cewa Senusret ba lallai ne a binne shi a dala ba, a'a a cikin babban rukunin jana'izarsa a Abydos . A ƙarƙashin wannan fassarar, dalansa zai zama cenotaph .

Haikali na gawawwaki da ke Abydos yana da nisan mita 30 a ƙasa kuma ya faɗi ƙasa har zuwa 180m. Yana kan gindin manyan duwatsun hamada kuma yana mai da hankali kan wani kabarin sarauta na karkashin kasa. Kusa da wurin, akwai wani gari da ke da masu mulki da limaman cocin da aka sadaukar da su ga addinin marigayi sarki. [18] Dutsen da kabarin yake an san shi da "Dutsen Anubis" kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman hanyar haɗin kai na Senusret da alloli. [19] Zane na kabarin wataƙila yana wakiltar saukowar rana zuwa cikin mulkin Osiris . Daga baya za ta haɓaka ta zama cibiyar gine-ginen jana'izar kuma za ta haɗa da sarakuna 11 waɗanda dokokinsu suka fara daga ƙarni na goma sha uku da Tsaki na Biyu .

Kwanan ginin da rubuce-rubucen sun kara ba da shawarar daidaito tsakanin Senusret III da Amenemhat III, a cewar Wegner da Dieter Arnold . Ya nuna cewa mai yiwuwa an gama gina haikalin a lokacin mulkin Amenemhet III maimakon ya ba da umarnin a gina. [12]

Sarauta statuary

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Wani mutum-mutumi na Senusret III a gidan tarihi na Biritaniya, yana nuna halayen da suka dace da wannan sarki.

Senusret III sananne ne don takamaiman mutum-mutuminsa, waɗanda kusan nan da nan ana iya gane su a matsayin nasa. A kan su, an kwatanta sarki a shekaru daban-daban kuma, musamman, a kan tsofaffi yana wasa da wani nau'i mai ban sha'awa: idanu suna fitowa daga ƙwanƙwasa ido tare da jaka da layi a ƙarƙashinsu, baki da lebe suna da haushi na haushi., kuma kunnuwa suna da girma kuma suna fitowa gaba. A kaifi bambanci tare da ko da- gishiri haƙiƙanin kai da kuma, ko da kuwa ya shekaru, sauran jiki ne manufa a matsayin har abada matasa da kuma tsoka, a cikin mafi na gargajiya pharaonic fashion. [20]

Malamai kawai za su iya yin zato game da dalilan da ya sa Senusret III ya zaɓi ya ba da kansa a cikin irin wannan hanya ta musamman, kuma ya daidaita kan ra'ayoyi guda biyu masu bambanta. [20] Wasu suna jayayya cewa Senusret yana so a wakilta shi a matsayin mai mulki mai kaɗaici da rashin jin daɗi, ɗan adam kafin allahntaka, damuwa da nauyinsa ya cinye shi. [21] Akasin haka, wasu malamai sun ba da shawarar cewa asalin mutum-mutumin zai ba da ra'ayin wani azzalumi mai ban tsoro mai iya gani da jin komai a ƙarƙashin ikonsa mai ƙarfi. [22]

Kwanan nan, an ba da shawarar cewa manufar irin wannan hoton na musamman ba don wakiltar ainihin gaskiya ba ne, a maimakon haka, don bayyana yanayin da ake tsammani na ikon sarauta a lokacin mulkin Senusret. [23]

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  • Senwosret III's name in hieroglyphs
    Sunan Senwosret III a cikin hieroglyphs
  • Head of Senusret III with youthful features. 12th Dynasty, c. 1870 BC. State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich
    Shugaban Senusret III tare da tsarin matasa. Daular 12, c. 1870 BC. Gidan kayan tarihi na Masarautar Masar, Munich
  • Face of a king, probably Senusret III, wearing the nemes royal headdress, Quartzite, Twelfth Dynasty, From Egypt, Presented by Guy Brunton, The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London
    Fuskar sarki, mai yiwuwa Senusret III, sanye da rigar sarauta na nemes, Quartzite, Daular Goma sha biyu, Daga Masar, Guy Brunton ya Gabatar, Gidan Tarihi na Petrie Museum of Egypt Archaeology, London
  • Egyptian Museum
    Gidan kayan tarihi na Masar
  • British Museum
    Gidan kayan tarihi na zamani
  • Munich, Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst
    Munich,Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst
  • British Museum
    Gidan kayan tarihi na zamani
  • Louvre
    Louvre
  • Louvre
    Louvre
  • British Museum
    Gidan kayan tarihi na zamani
  • Berlin Museum
    Berlin Museum
  • Luxor Museum
    Luxor Museum
  • Louvre
    Louvre
  • Walters Art Museum, One of the few intact statues of Senusret III
    Walters Art Museum, Daya daga cikin 'yan tsirarun mutum-mutumi na Senusret III
  • Sebek-khu Stele, describing the campaign to Canaan
    Sebek-khu Stele, yana yakin yakin zuwa Kan'ana
  • British Museum
    Gidan kayan tarihi na zamani
  • British Museum Senwosret's name on belt from the three statues (far right).
    Sunangidan kayan tarihi na BiritaniyaSenwosret akan bel daga mutum-mutumi uku (dama a dama).
  • Senusret III, MET Museum NYC
    Senusret III, MET Museum, NYC

Tambayoyi

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Senusret babban hali ne a cikin jerin almara na tarihi na Kirista Jacq The Mysteries of Osiris . [24]

Wasu malaman Littafi Mai Tsarki suna la'akari da Senusret Fir'auna da aka ambata a cikin Farawa 39-47, wanda ya ɗaukaka Yusufu zuwa babban mukami, wanda zai amsa kai tsaye gare shi. [25]

Duba kuma

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  • Jerin Fir'auna

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ Kim S. B. Ryholt, The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800-1550 B.C., Museum Tusculanum Press, Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications 20, 1997. p.185
  2. ↑ Mark, Joshua J. "Senusret III". World History Encyclopedia (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-02-29.
  3. ↑ J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part One, Chicago 1906, §§642–648
  4. ↑ J. H. Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, Part One, Chicago 1906, §§640–673
  5. ↑ J.H. Breasted, §652
  6. ↑ Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian literature: a Book of Readings, Berkeley CA, University of California Press, 1973. pp.119–120
  7. ↑ Ian Shaw, The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press 2003, p.155
  8. ↑ Peter Clayton, Chronicle of the Pharaohs, Thames & Hudson Ltd, (1994),p.86
  9. ↑ "Senusret (III) Khakhaure". Petrie.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  10. ↑ Simpson, William K. (December 1957). ""Sobkemḥēt, a Vizier of Sesostris III."". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 43: 26–29. doi:10.2307/3855275. JSTOR 3855275.
  11. ↑ Josef Wegner, The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret III–Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations based on new evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), p. 251
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Wegner, Josef W. (1996). "The Nature and Chronology of the Senwosret III-Amenemhat III Regnal Succession: Some Considerations Based on New Evidence from the Mortuary Temple of Senwosret III at Abydos". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 55 (4): 249–279. doi:10.1086/373863. ISSN 0022-2968. JSTOR 546190. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Wegner-1996" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Simpson-2003
  14. ↑ "Hymns to king Senusret III". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
  15. ↑ Katheryn A. Bard, Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Routledge 1999, p.107
  16. ↑ Arnold, Authors: Dieter. "The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret III, Dahshur | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History". The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-03-01.
  17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Arnold-2002
  18. ↑ "Mortuary Complex of Pharaoh Senwosret III at South Abydos". ARCE (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-03-14.
  19. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Expedition Magazine
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Empty citation (help) Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "robins" defined multiple times with different content
  21. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  22. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  23. ↑ Laboury, Dimitri, Senwosret III and the Issue of Portraiture in Ancient Egyptian Art, in Andreu-Lanoë, Guillemette & Morfoisse, Fleur (eds.), Sésostris III et la fin du Moyen Empire. Actes du colloque des 12-13 décembre 2014, Louvre-Lens et Palais des Beaux-Arts de Lille. CRIPEL 31 (2016-2017), pp. 71–84.
  24. ↑ "The Tree of Life (Mysteries of Osiris, book 1) by Christian Jacq". Fantasticfiction.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-12-03.
  25. ↑ Andrew E. Hill and John H. Walton, A Survey of the Old Testament (3rd edition), Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2009, p. 187.

Littafi Mai Tsarki

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  • W. Grajetzki, Masarautar Tsakiyar Tsohuwar Masar: Tarihi, Archaeology da Society, Duckworth, London 2006 , 51-58.
  • Josef Wegner, Yanayin da Tarihi na Senwosret III – Aminemhat III Nasara na Regnal: Wasu la'akari da sababbin shaida daga Haikali na Mortuary na Senwosret III a Abydos, JNES 55, Vol.4, (1996), p. 249-279.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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Samfuri:Pharaohs

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