Nil

Nil
General information
Height above mean sea level (en)	2,700 m
Tsawo	6,650 km 6,650 km 2,850 km
Labarin ƙasa
Tsarin Daidaiton Labarin Kasa	15°38′25″N 32°30′20″E
Kasa	Sudan, Misra, Uganda, Sudan ta Kudu, Burundi, Ruwanda da Habasha
Hydrography (en)
Tributary (en)	duba White Nile Blue Nile
Watershed area (en)	3,400,000 km²
Ruwan ruwa	Nile Basin
River source (en)	Tafkin Victoria, White Nile da Blue Nile
River mouth (en)	Bahar Rum

Nilu babban kogi ne da ke arewa maso gabashin Afirka, yana gudana zuwa Bahar Rum. Tsawonsa ya kai 7,088 kilometers (4,404 mi), kuma shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, duk da cewa ba ya ɗaukar ruwa da yawa kamar Amazon ko Congo. Nilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da al’adu na Afirka tsawon dubban shekaru.

Nilu yana da manyan rassan ruwa guda biyu: Farin Nilu da Bakin Nilu. Farin Nilu ya fi tsawo kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin kogin, amma Bakin Nilu yana kawo ruwa fiye da sau biyu na Farin Nilu. Farin Nilu yana farawa kusa da Lake Victoria, yana gudana ta Uganda da Sudan ta Kudu; Bakin Nilu kuma yana farawa kusa da Lake Tana a Habasha, yana shiga Sudan daga kudu maso gabas. Sannan sukan haɗu a Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. Daga nan Nilu yana gudana ta hamadar Nubia zuwa Cairo, sannan ya zube cikin Bahar Rum kusa da Alexandria, inda ya kafa babban kwarin Nilu Delta.

Kwarin Nilu yana ratsa ƙasashe 11. Yawancin ruwan Nilu yana fitowa daga ruwan sama a ƙasashen da ke sama kamar Habasha, Kenya, Tanzaniya da Uganda. Ƙasashen da ke ƙasa kamar Masar da Sudan suna dogara da ruwan Nilu don ban ruwa. Sauran ƙasashen da ke cikin kwarin sun haɗa da Burundi, DR Congo, Eritrea da Rwanda.

Nilu ya kasance ginshiƙin ƙasar Masar ta dā, inda ambaliyar shekara-shekara ta kawo ƙasa mai gina amfanin gona. Wannan ƙasa ta tallafa wa noma da rayuwa a cikin hamada. Nilu ya sauƙaƙa kasuwanci, sadarwa, sufuri, da mulki. A kudu da cataract na biyu akwai Nubia, inda tsoffin al’ummomi irin su Kerma da Daular Kush suka zauna. A ƙarni na 19, Turawa sun yi bincike a kusa da Lake Victoria don gano asalin kogin. A yau, al’ummomin Nilotic suna rayuwa a gefen Nilu, suna kiwon shanu ta hanyar yin hijira bisa yanayin ambaliyar Nilu.

A zamanin yau, Nilu yana da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin Masar da Sudan, inda ake amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa da samar da wutar lantarki. Tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, an gina dam fiye da goma sha biyu a kwarin Nilu. Wadannan dam sun canza tsarin ambaliyar shekara-shekara, sun rage yawan laka da ke zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya sa Nilu Delta ke raguwa. Wasu dam kamar Aswan High Dam da Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam sun haifar da rikice-rikicen siyasa kan ƙarancin ruwa, tsaro, abinci, da tilasta ƙaura.

Sunaye da Asalin Suna

Kalmar Turanci "Nile" ta samo asali daga Latin Nilus da Greek Neilos, wanda wataƙila ya samo asali daga kalmar Semitic naḥal ma’ana 'kogi'.

A cikin tsohuwar harshen Masar, kalma ɗaya ake amfani da ita don 'Nilu' da 'kogi': jtrw. Masarawa sun kira ƙasarsu kmt ma’ana 'baƙi', don nuni da launin ruwan ambaliyar Nilu mai ɗauke da laka daga sama. Sunan Turanci "Blue Nile" fassarar sunan Larabci ne Al-Baḥr Al-Azraq.

A zamanin yau, kogin yana da sunaye daban-daban a cikin kwarin Nilu. A Masar ana kiransa Al-Nīl, Baḥr Al-Nīl ko Nahr Al-Nīl. A Sudan ta Kudu ana kiransa Baḥr el-Jebel ma’ana 'Kogin Dutsen'. A Uganda, masu magana da Luganda suna kiransa Kiyira. Wasu mutanen Nubia na Masar da Sudan suna amfani da sunan Nobiin Áman Dawū ('Babban Ruwa').

Wasu rassan ruwa da sassan kogin suna ɗauke da sunan "Nile", ciki har da:

• Albert Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Albert zuwa Nimule
• Black Nile — wani suna na Atbarah River
• Blue Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu
• Kyoga Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Kyoga zuwa Lake Albert
• Main Nile — ɓangaren Nilu bayan haɗuwar Bakin Nilu da Farin Nilu
• Mountain Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga duwatsun Uganda zuwa filayen Sudan ta Kudu
• Victoria Nile — ɓangaren Farin Nilu daga Lake Victoria zuwa Lake Kyoga
• White Nile — ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassan Nilu
• Yellow Nile — Wadi Howar, tsohon rassa da ya bushe shekaru dubban da suka wuce

Asali

Nilu yana da cataracts guda shida da kuma asali da dama.

Asalin Nilu yana daga wani rassa na Rukarara River, a cikin Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, a 2°19′35″S 29°21′30″E, a tsayin 2,539 meters (8,330 ft). Asalin yana nufin farkon ruwan da ke gudana duk shekara a cikin kwarin Nilu. Daga wannan asali, kogin yana gudana 7,088 kilometers (4,404 mi) zuwa bakin Bahar Rum. Tsawon an auna shi a 2009 ta hanyar hotunan tauraron dan adam.

Mafi tsayin asalin Nilu yana kan duwatsun Rwenzori a Uganda. Duwatsun da ake kira “Mountains of the Moon” da Ptolemy ya bayyana sun danganta da Rwenzori.

Asalin da ya fi kudu yana Burundi a Ruvyironza River, wanda ke shiga Kagera River. An gina wani abin tunawa a kusa da Rutovu a 1937 ta Burkhart Waldecker.

Lake Victoria — wanda Tanzaniya, Uganda da Kenya ke rabawa — wani lokaci ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin asalin Nilu, saboda yana ciyar da Farin Nilu daga Jinja, Uganda. Wasu kuma suna ganin asalin gaskiya shi ne gajimare na ruwan sama da ke sama da Lake Victoria, saboda su ne ke kawo mafi yawan ruwan tafkin.

Asalin Bakin Nilu yana kusa da Gish Abay, kudu da Lake Tana.

Yanayin ƙasa

Ruwan Kogin Nilu yana samo asali ne daga ruwan sama da ke sauka a tsaunukan yankunan kudu da gabashin Kwarin Nilu.

Kogin Nilu babban kogi ne a arewa maso gabashin Afirka wanda ke kwarara zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum. Kwarin Nilu shi ne dukkan yankin ƙasa da ruwansa ke gangarowa zuwa Kogin Nilu, kuma yana da faɗin kilomita murabba'i 2,927,843 – kimanin kashi 10% na nahiyar Afirka (duba taswirar da ke kusa). Kasashe goma sha ɗaya ne gaba ɗaya ko wani ɓangarensu ke cikin wannan kwari: Burundi, Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kongo, Masar, Eritrea, Habasha, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan ta Kudu, Sudan, Tanzaniya da Uganda.

Wannan kwari ya ƙunshi nau'o'in yanayi, tsarin muhalli da siffofin ƙasa iri-iri – daga hamada masu yashi da fari a arewa, zuwa filayen fadama masu laushi a tsakiyar yankin, zuwa tsaunuka masu dazuzzuka da yawan ruwan sama a kudu.

Ana iya raba Kwarin Nilu zuwa yankuna bakwai; biyar daga cikinsu suna ɗauke da mafi tsawon hanyar da Kogin Nilu yake bi. Idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa, waɗannan yankuna biyar su ne: Tafkunan Manyan Afirka, Nilu na Tsaunuka, Farin Nilu, Babban Nilu, da Delta ta Nilu. Yankuna biyu na ƙari suna ɗauke da manyan rafukan da ke shiga Nilu: Shuɗin Nilu da Kogin Atbarah.

Tafkunan Manyan Afirka

Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka yana ɗauke da asalin Kogin Nilu tare da wasu manyan tafkuna da suke cikin tsarin Kogin Nilu: Tafkin Victoria, Tafkin Albert, Tafkin George da Tafkin Edward.

Asalin Kogin Nilu shi ne Kogin Rukarara da ke cikin Gandun Dajin Ƙasa na Nyungwe a Rwanda, kuma yana kaiwa zuwa Kogin Kagera wanda ke zubowa cikin Tafkin Victoria.

Ko da yake babban tafki ne – na biyu mafi girman tafkin ruwa mai ɗanɗano a duniya idan aka auna faɗi – Tafkin Victoria ba shi da zurfi sosai, domin matsakaicin zurfinsa kusan mita 40 ne.

Kogin yana fara ɗaukar sunan “Nilu” ne a inda Tafkin Victoria ke zubar da ruwa daga arewacinsa: sashen daga nan zuwa Tafkin Albert ana kiransa Victoria Nile.

Ruwan faɗuwa guda biyu – Ripon Falls da Owen Falls – sun kasance a wurin da Nilu ke fita daga Tafkin Victoria, amma an nutsar da su bayan gina Dam ɗin Nalubaale. Bayan Bujagali Falls da Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Bujagali, Victoria Nile yana zubowa cikin Tafkin Kyoga. Bayan ya fita daga Tafkin Kyoga, Kogin Kafu yana shiga cikinsa, sannan ya ratsa Murchison Falls ya shiga Tafkin Albert.

Ba kamar Tafkin Victoria ba, Tafkin Albert tafki ne mai zurfi wanda tsaunuka suka kewaye shi. Kogin yana fita daga tafkin a gefen arewarsa, inda ake kiransa Albert Nile; wannan sashe na kogin yana da shimfiɗa kuma faffaɗa, kuma ya dace da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa masu tururi.

Nilu na Tsaunuka

Yanki na biyu na Kwarin Nilu idan aka bi daga sama zuwa ƙasa shi ne Nilu na Tsaunuka ().

Wannan yanki yana farawa kusa da garin Nimule, yana kaiwa zuwa Tafkin No, kuma gaba ɗayansa yana cikin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan ya ratsa Nimule, kogin yana wucewa ta Fula Rapids sannan ya isa Juba – babban birnin Sudan ta Kudu. Bayan Juba, Nilu yana ratsa garin Bor sannan ya shiga Sudd, wata babbar fadama da ke kan shimfiɗaɗɗen fili.

Gangarar ƙasar a yankin Sudd kusan 1:13,000 ce kawai, saboda haka kogin yana tafiya a hankali kuma yana faɗaɗa. Tsire-tsire masu yalwa ciki har da sedges, papyrus da water hyacinth na gama gari (wani nau'in tsiro mai mamaye muhalli) suna toshe hanyoyin ruwa kuma suna wahalar da zirga-zirga. A gefen arewa na fadamar Sudd, Nilu yana wucewa ta Tafkin No, ƙaramin tafki inda Kogin Bahr el Ghazal (wato “kogin barewa” a Larabci) ke shiga cikinsa daga yamma.

Yankin Farar Nilu

Launuka daban-daban na Farar Nilu (hagu) da Bakar Nilu (dama) suna bayyana inda suka hade suka zama babban Nilu (hagu sama).

Yayin da ake ci gaba da tafiya ƙasa, yankin na uku na kwarin Nilu shi ne yankin Farar Nilu wanda ya hada da tsawon 800 kilometers (500 mi) daga kusa da Malakal zuwa Khartoum, babban birnin Sudan. A nan ne Bakar Nilu ya hade da shi. Wannan bangaren kogin yana da faɗi, kwanciyar hankali, tare da ciyayi da fadamomi a bakin koguna. Kogin nan ba shi da zurfi kuma yana rasa ruwa sosai ta hanyar ƙura.

Inda Farar Nilu ya hade da Bakar Nilu, launukansu suna bambanta sosai. Farar Nilu ya fi haske saboda yashi da yake dauke da quartz da feldspar. Wannan ya bambanta da Bakar Nilu wanda ke dauke da laka mai duhu daga duwatsun basaltic rock na Habasha.

Kogin Sobat shi ne rafi wanda ke hade da Farar Nilu kusa da garin Malakal (bayan haduwar Bahr el Ghazal, kafin Bakar Nilu). Yankinsa – wanda ya hada da Machar Marshes – yana dauke da kusan kilomita murabba’i 225,000. Sobat yana ambaliya tsakanin Yuli da Disamba.

Babban Nilu

Babban Dam na Aswan yana kan babban Nilu kusa da iyakar Misira da Sudan. Injinan lantarki na dam din suna da karfin samar da 2.1 gigawatts.

Yankin na hudu na kwarin Nilu – babban Nilu – yana daga Khartoum zuwa Cairo, babban birnin Misira. Wannan bangaren yana da faɗi da zurfi mai daidaito: kusan 500 meters (1,600 ft) faɗi da 10 meters (33 ft) zurfi a wurin da ya fi zurfi (idan ba ambaliya ba). Da zarar ya bar Khartoum, kogin ya shiga Sabaloka Game Reserve kuma ya ratsa manyan rafuka masu ƙarfi da ba a iya ketarewa da jirgin ruwa. Wannan shi ne na shida (kuma mafi kusa da sama) daga cikin rafuka shida na Nilu. Kogin Atbarah – babban rafi – yana hade da Nilu, wanda daga nan ya bi babban lankwasawa S zuwa yamma. Ana samun sauran rafuka hudu (lamba 5, 4, 3, da 2) a cikin wannan lankwasawa S, wanda ya sa kogin ba ya iya ketarewa; duk da haka jiragen ruwa na iya tafiya a wasu wuraren da ba su da rafuka. Kogin daga nan ya shiga tafkin Nasser. Wannan tafki – tafki na biyu mafi girma da mutum ya yi a duniya – an kafa shi ne lokacin da aka gina Babban Dam na Aswan a Misira, kuma ya mamaye fiye da 480 kilometers (300 mi) na Nilu. Dam na Aswan Low – wanda ya fi tsoho kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta – yana ƙasa da Babban Dam na Aswan, kusa da wurin rafin farko na Nilu (wanda yanzu ya nutse). Daga wadannan dam-dam, Nilu yana gudana kusan 800 kilometers (500 mi) ta cikin dutsen limestone, tare da gonaki masu ban ruwa, har sai ya isa Cairo.

Delta na Nilu

Delta na Nilu shi ne babban yanki mai siffar alwatika da ciyayi a saman wannan hoto, inda kogin ya zuba cikin Bahar Rum.

Yankin na biyar, kuma na ƙarshe, wanda ya kunshi Kogin Nilu shi ne Delta na Nilu, babban delta mai siffar alwatika (kimanin 22,000 kmSamfuri:Super) wanda ya fara daga Cairo zuwa Bahar Rum. Kogin ya rabu zuwa manyan hanyoyi biyu a cikin delta: reshen Rosetta da reshen Damietta. Jimillar girman delta (ciki har da bangaren da ya nutse) kusan 150,000 kmSamfuri:Super. Delta an gina shi tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, daga yashi da kogin ya kawo daga sama. Tun bayan kammala Babban Dam na Aswan a 1970, delta ya fara raguwa saboda lalacewar ruwan Bahar Rum. A da, lalacewar tana daidaita da sabbin ƙasa daga yashi da kogin ya kawo; amma dam yana rike yashi a tafkin sa, yana hana sabuwar ƙasa isa delta.

Rafin Bakar Nilu

Asalin Bakar Nilu yana daga Gish Abay a ƙasan layin haske. Kogin yana gudana zuwa arewa daga nan zuwa Tafkin Tana.

Tsawon hanyar Nilu – wanda ya hada da rafi Farar Nilu – yana da wasu rafuka. Yankunan kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu da Atbarah su ne yankuna na ƙarshe na kwarin Nilu.

Bakar Nilu yana fitowa daga tsaunuka a Habasha inda yake farawa a matsayin rafin da ake kira Abay kusa da garin Gish Abay: Gish kalma ce ta Amharic wadda ke nufin 'tushen', kuma Abay shi ne sunan rafin. Gish Abay yana shiga Tafkin Tana, tafki mai faɗi kuma ba shi da zurfi, wanda ke da hanya guda ta fita inda ya karɓi sunan "Bakar Nilu". Kogin daga nan yana yin babban lankwasawa: da farko zuwa kudu, sannan yamma ta cikin kwarin mai ban mamaki mai zurfin 2 kilometers (6,600 ft), sannan arewa yana shiga Kudancin Sudan zuwa Sudan, inda ya hade da Farar Nilu a Khartoum ya zama Babban Nilu. A hanyarsa, Bakar Nilu yana samar da wutar lantarki a wurare da dama, ciki har da Tis Abay hydropower project a Bakar Nilu Falls, Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam kusa da iyakar Habasha da Kudancin Sudan, Roseires Dam kusa da garin Ad Damazin, da Sennar Dam. Girman kwaruruwan Bakar Nilu ya fi kilomita murabba’i 306,000.

Rafin Atbarah

Kogin Atbarah rafi ne na Nilu wanda yake fitowa daga arewacin Habasha, kuma yana hade da Nilu kusan 320 kilometers (200 mi) arewa da Khartoum. Yankin kwaruruwansa ya fi kilomita murabba’i 204,000. Atbarah yana da gudu mai yawa a lokacin da bayan damina a Habasha (lokacin bazara da kaka), amma yana iya bushewa a lokacin hunturu da bazara. Duk da kasancewar rafin yana yawan yankewa, yana bayar da fiye da kashi 10% na jimillar ruwan shekara na Nilu. Dam-dam da ke kan Atbarah sun hada da Khashm el-Girba Dam, Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex, da Tekezé Dam (a kan rafin Tekezé).

Ruwan Kogin

Gudun ruwan Nilu yana bambanta sosai a duk shekara. An auna darajoji (m³/s) a Dongola a kan babban Nilu.

Gudun ruwa da ambaliya

Samfuri:Further Ko da yake Nilu shi ne mafi tsawo a duniya, ba shi da mafi girman gudun ruwa. Gudunsa – kimanin 87 km³ a shekara – ya yi ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da manyan koguna. Gudun Nilu kusan kashi 1% ne na Amazon, 6% na Congo, da 12% na Yangtze.

Gudun shekara-shekara daga manyan rassan uku na Nilu: 54% daga Blue Nile, 32% daga White Nile (ciki har da gudun Bahr el Ghazal da Sobat), da 14% daga Atbarah.

Dutsen White Nile da Blue Nile suna samun ruwan sama na yanayi, amma gudun White Nile ya fi daidaito fiye da Blue Nile. Wannan saboda tafkuna da fadamomi da yawa a White Nile suna rage tasirin yanayin ruwan sama. Yayin da White Nile ke wucewa ta cikin fadamar Sudd, kusan rabin ruwan yana ɓacewa ta hanyar ƙura.

A gefe guda, gudun Blue Nile yana bambanta sosai: yana ambaliya daga Yuli zuwa Oktoba saboda ruwan sama na damina. Ruwan Blue Nile ya yi yawa a lokacin damina har White Nile ke ja baya a wurin haɗuwar koguna. A lokacin ambaliya, gudun ruwa zuwa babban Nilu kusan 70% daga Blue Nile, 20% daga Atbarah, da 10% daga White Nile. A kololuwar ambaliya, gudun yau da kullum zuwa Lake Nasser kusan 0.71 km³, sau uku fiye da matsakaicin gudun yau da kullum na shekara 0.23 km³.

Kafin a gina madatsun ruwa a Nilu, gudun ruwan Nilu a Masar yana bambanta da yanayi: ya fi yawa a lokacin bazara/damina; ya fi ƙanƙanta a lokacin sanyi/bazara. Amma bayan gina Aswan High Dam – wanda ya ƙirƙiri tafkin da zai iya riƙe kusan shekaru biyu na gudun ruwa – gudun ruwan da ke ƙasa ya fi daidaito a duk shekara.

Jigilar laka

Nilu yana ɗaukar laka zuwa ƙasa. Motsin laka ana rarrabe shi zuwa laka mai shawagi (wanda ke shawagi a cikin ruwa) ko laka mai nauyi (wanda ke kan ƙasan kogi). Kashi 97% na laka da Nilu ke ɗauka daga Atbarah da Blue Nile ne, dukkansu daga Habasha. Ƙasa a Delta ta Nilu ta samo asali daga duwatsu a Habasha. Jimillar duwatsun da aka nika cikin shekaru miliyan 30 daga asalin Nilu a Habasha kusan 102,000 km³, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙasar Delta ta Nilu kusan 150,000 km³.

Muhalli

Dabbobi

Jimillar nau’in kifaye da aka samu a kwarin Nilu an kiyasta fiye da 800. A cikin kogin kaɗai, nau’in kifaye 128 ne aka samu, daga iyalai 27. Yawancin nau’in kifaye suna cikin iyalai huɗu: Cichlidae (cichlids), Cyprinidae (carp), Mormyridae (elephantfish), da Mochokidae (catfish). Wasu nau’in Cichlid suna cikin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka.

Baya ga kifaye, dabbobin da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwan Nilu a wasu lokuta sun haɗa da hipopotamus, kada na Nilu, da buffalo na Afirka. Wasu halittun ruwa sun haɗa da molluscs, crab, da shrimp. Dabbobi da yawa suna rayuwa a cikin muhallin bakin kogi, ciki har da giwaye, antelope, da giraffe. Ƙwaryar da aka samu a tafkunan Nilu suna ɗauke da ƙwari masu cutarwa (blood flukes) waɗanda ke haifar da schistosomiasis ga dabbobi da mutane.

Tsuntsaye da ke rayuwa a bakin Nilu sun haɗa da herons, kingfishers, ospreys, da nau’o’in storks ciki har da shoebills. Wasu nau’in tsuntsaye suna da alaƙa da kwarin Nilu kaɗai (misali blue-winged goose), yayin da wasu suna da yaduwar duniya (misali moorhen da osprey). Wasu nau’in heron, ducks, geese, da egrets suna rayuwa a kwarin duk shekara, kuma nau’in ducks da geese 14 suna zuwa ne kawai a lokacin sanyi. Yawancin gulls da terns a kwarin suna yin hijira. A cikin shekaru dubu da suka gabata, wasu nau’in tsuntsaye sun ragu saboda mamayar ɗan adam a muhallinsu.

Tsirrai

Nymphaea lotus (furen lotus na Masar) yana asali daga ruwan kwanciyar hankali na kwarin Nilu.

Yankin Tafkunan Manyan Afirka na kwarin Nilu ya ƙunshi tsirrai kamar water lily, papyrus, da water hyacinth. Water hyacinth tsiro ne mai mamaya, kuma ya shafi tsirrai na asali a Lake Kyoga. Tsirrai da aka saba a fadamar Sudd sun haɗa da Vossia, hippo grass, reed mace, ambatch, da papyrus. Sudd kuma tana ɗauke da tsirrai da ke rayuwa a cikin ƙaramin ambaliya, misali Oryza, antelope grass, da Phragmites.

Gurbatar muhalli

A tarihi, ruwan Nilu ya kasance mai kyau don sha, amma a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, ya zama ba shi da lafiya a wasu wurare. Gurɓatawa ya fi yawa a Lake Tana, kusa da manyan birane, da Delta ta Nilu.

Asalin gurɓatawa a Nilu sun haɗa da aikin gona, masana’antu, da shara na gida. Akwai masana’antu 36 da ke zubar da gurɓataccen ruwa kai tsaye cikin Nilu, da 41 cikin tashoshin ban ruwa. Waɗannan masana’antu sun haɗa da: sinadarai, lantarki, injiniya, takin zamani, abinci, ƙarfe, hakar ma’adinai, mai da sabulu, takarda, masana’antar zane da itace. Akwai fiye da magudanan aikin gona 90 da ke zubar da gurɓataccen ruwa cikin Nilu.

Gurbatar kogi ya fi yawa tsakanin Aswan da Tekun Bahar Rum. Gurɓatar nan ya fito daga ayyukan ɗan adam, zubar aikin gona, da shara na masana’antu. Gurɓataccen abu yana ƙaruwa yayin da kogi ke tafiya ƙasa saboda taruwar gurɓatawa. Delta tana da sauƙin taruwar gurɓatawa saboda rashin motsin ruwa mai kyau, ƙasa mai laushi, da yawan laka a ƙasan kogi.

Kariya da tasirin ɗan adam

Murchison Falls a White Nile

Kwarin Nilu ya kasance mai ɗanɗano da danshi daga shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata zuwa 5,000, wanda ya ba da damar fara aikin gona mai girma a kusan shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata. Ci gaban aikin gona ya ƙara tasiri ga muhalli tun daga lokacin, yana haifar da sare dazuzzuka da lalacewar ƙasa. Tasirin ya ƙara muni saboda yanayin ƙanƙara da ya fara kusan shekaru 4,000 da suka gabata. Wannan ya haifar da yunwa, rikice-rikicen zamantakewa, da lalacewar muhalli.

Wasu nau’in dabbobi sun bace a kwarin Nilu saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Sacred ibis ya kasance mai muh

Tarihin ɗan Adam

Kafin Tarihi

Kogin Nilu (ƙasa) yana gudana ta hamadar Masar, wanda ya kasance mai ɗan danshi a lokacin African humid period.

Tsofaffin kakanni na jinsin ɗan Adam sun zauna kusa da kwarin Nilu. An gano ƙashin Australopithecus afarensis da aka fi sani da Lucy a gabashin iyakar kwarin. Olduvai Gorge – inda aka fara gano ƙashin Homo habilis – yana kudu da kwarin. A cikin kwarin Nilu, wurin binciken Nyayanga a gabashin gabar Tafkin Victoria yana da kayan aikin Oldowan tun shekaru miliyan 2.6 da suka wuce. An gano zaman ɗan Adam a bakin Nilu tsakanin shekaru 12,000 zuwa 20,000 da suka wuce a wurin kusa da garin Qurta (Masar). Waɗannan mutane sun sassaka petroglyphs a cikin duwatsu, suna nuna aurochs, tsuntsaye, hippopotamids, barewa, hartebeest, da kifi. Wasu masana sun yi hasashen cewa waɗannan mutane, ko wasu da ke kusa, sun iya fara kiwon tumaki, awaki, ko shanu. Saharar gabas – ciki har da Masar da Sudan – ta kasance mai ɗan danshi a lokacin African humid period wanda ya ɗauki daga kusan shekaru 10,000 zuwa 5,000 da suka wuce. Al’ummomin makiyaya sun bunƙasa a lokacin, amma lokacin da yanayi ya bushe kusan 3,900 K.Z., mutane sun tilasta yin hijira zuwa kwarin Nilu don tsira. Wannan ne asalin al’ummomin Nubiya a Sudan da kuma wayewar Masar ta dā.

Wayewar Masar ta dā

Masarawa sun yi amfani da jiragen ruwa sosai wajen sufuri. Wannan hoto daga Kabari na Pairy.

Kogin Nilu ya kasance cibiyar rayuwar Masar: yana ba da abinci ta hanyar amfanin gona da ya shayar, kuma yana jawo mutuwa lokacin da fari ya jawo gazawar amfanin gona da yunwa. Nilu ya ƙarfafa ci gaban kimiyya da gwamnati: ban ruwa, hasashen ambaliya da haraji duk sun buƙaci sabbin ƙwarewar lissafi da gudanarwa. Hasashen yanayi da taurari ma sun bunƙasa saboda buƙatar Masarawa su fahimci kogin da ambaliyarsa.

Kalanda ta Masar ta dā ta dogara da zagayen ambaliyar Nilu. Shekara ta kasu kashi uku, kowanne yana da watanni huɗu na kwanaki talatin. Lokutan su ne Akhet ('ambaliya'), Peret ('girbi'), da Shemu ('amfani'). Akhet shi ne lokacin da Nilu ya yi ambaliya, yana barin sabuwar ƙasa mai albarka; Peret shi ne lokacin girma; Shemu kuma lokacin girbi ba tare da ruwan sama ba. Nilu ya shafi harshensu: kalmomin kwatance sun dogara da mutum da yake fuskantar sama da kogin: kalma ɗaya na iya nufin sama da kudu; wata kalma na hagu da gabashi; da wata kalma na dama da yamma. Wani lokaci suna kiran ruwan sama da "Nilu a sama".

Al’ummomin Nubiya, Habasha, da Nilotic

Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt ta kasance ƙarƙashin sarakunan Kushite, waɗanda aka fi sani da Baƙar Firauna.

Kudu da ambaliyar Nilu ta biyu akwai Nubia, inda al’ummomi suka zauna a bakin Nilu (yanzu Sudan) tun ƙarshen lokacin danshi na Afirka. Waɗannan al’ummomin Nubiya sun bunƙasa tare da wayewar Masar a arewa, amma ba su yi hulɗa sosai ba har sai lokacin Old Kingdom of Egypt kusan 3,000 K.Z. Wayewar farko ta Nubia ita ce Kerma culture, daga kusan 2600 K.Z. zuwa 1500 K.Z. Kerma ta fara da kiwon shanu, amma daga baya ta koma noma yayin da Saharar ta bushe. Kusan 780 K.Z., Kushite Empire ta taso a bakin Nilu, ta mamaye yawancin Masar ƙarƙashin Black Pharaohs. Bayan zuwan Kiristanci, masarautun Kirista a Nubia (ciki har da Nobatia, Makuria, da Alodia) sun bunƙasa a bakin Nilu.

A yankin Eritrea da arewacin Ethiopia, Kingdom of Aksum ta bunƙasa daga ƙarni na 1 zuwa 960 Z.Z. Aksum ta fi amfani da Tekun Ja wajen sufuri, amma kogunan Atbarah da Blue Nile suna cikin mulkinsa. Funj Sultanate (1504–1821) ta yi mulki a yankin Sudan na zamani. Ethiopian Empire (1270–1974) ta mamaye yankin Habasha da Eritrea.

Kogin Nilu ya kasance gida ga Nilotic peoples, manyan al’ummomi da suka samo asali a Sudan ta Kudu, suka yi hijira zuwa Uganda da Kenya. Nilotic sun haɗa da Dinka da Nuer, manyan kabilu a Sudan ta Kudu; dukkansu makiyaya ne masu yin hijira bisa yanayin ambaliyar Nilu.

Masar daga zamanin Roma zuwa mulkin mallaka

An gina Mahmoudiyah Canal ta hannun Muhammad Ali na Masar (mai mulki daga 1805 zuwa 1848) don tallafawa ban ruwa da sufuri.

Kogin Nilu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen bunƙasar Daular Roma, wadda ta yi mulkin Masar tsawon ƙarni da dama. Romawa sun shigo da hatsi mai yawa daga Masar, wanda aka noma da ruwan ambaliyar Nilu. A ƙarni na farko, sarkin Trajan ya gina wani canal da ya haɗa Nilu da Tekun Ja. Tsakanin 945 da 977 Z.Z., ambaliyar Nilu ta yi ƙasa sosai; hakan ya jawo gazawar amfanin gona da rikice-rikicen siyasa wanda ya haifar da Fatimid Caliphate. Canals a Masar sun ci gaba da gina su da gyara su ta hannun Fatimiyawa (ƙarni na 10–11), Mamluk Sultanate (ƙarni na 13–16), da Ottoman Egypt (ƙarni na 16–19). Duk da ƙwarewar Masarawa wajen gina canals, ba su yi nasarar gina manyan dam ba sai ƙarni na 19, lokacin da auduga — da aka shayar da ruwan Nilu — ta zama muhimmin amfanin kasuwanci. Waɗannan dam ɗin farko an gina su a lokacin mulkin Muhammad Ali na Masar. An fara gina ƙananan dam a Delta da kusa da Cairo, domin tsawaita lokacin girma. Ali ya kuma gina canals ciki har da Mahmoudiyah Canal, wanda aka fara a 1818. Ismail Pasha (Viceroy na Masar, 1863–1879) ya gina Ibrahimiya Canal — an kammala a 1873 — wanda yake tafiya a layi da Nilu kuma ana amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa.

Binciken asalin Nilu

Taswirar Turawa ta ƙarni na 17 na Afirka ta tsakiya. Nilu an rubuta shi Nilus fl.. Yawancin abubuwan taswirar suna da kuskure ko almara.

Tun daga zamanin Helenawa, Turawa sun yi sha’awar gano asalin Nilu da ambaliyarsa. Herodotus ya ziyarci Masar a 457 K.Z. ya yi tafiya har zuwa Aswan; ya yi mamakin ambaliyar Nilu da ke farawa a lokacin bazara — lokacin da ba a samun ruwan sama a Masar. Masana ilimin ƙasa daga Turai, Afirka, da Larabawa tun daga Eratosthenes ƙarni na 2 K.Z. sun yi hasashen cewa asalin Nilu daga manyan tafkuna a Afirka ta tsakiya. Duk da haka, har zuwa ƙarni na 17, taswirar da aka yi ba ta da tushe na kimiyya.

Asalin Blue Nile an gano shi ta hannun mishan Pedro Páez wanda ya ziyarci Gish Abay a farkon ƙarni na 17, ya rubuta littafin História da Ethiópia. Daga baya Jerónimo Lobo da James Bruce sun yada labarinsa, suna hasashen ya ziyarci wurin tsakanin 1613–1618.

Asalin White Nile ya fi wahala a gano. Tafkin Victoria ba a tabbatar da shi a matsayin babban asalin White Nile ba sai bayan shekaru 260 da aka gano Blue Nile. A 1858, John Hanning Speke ya fara ganin Tafkin Victoria, daga baya ya gano wani kogi da ke fita daga arewacin tafkin, ya ce shi ne Nilu. Amma bai bi kogin har zuwa Sudan ba, hakan ya sa wasu suka yi shakku.

A farkon ƙarni na 20, Richard Kandt ya ce asalin White Nile daga wani reshen Kagera River a Nyungwe Forest. A 1969, masu bincike daga Waseda University sun gano wani reshe na Kagera. A 2006, masu yawon buɗe ido sun sake gano wurin, suka sanya alama a jikin itace. A 2009, masana sun yi amfani da hoton tauraron dan adam don ƙara tabbatar da wurin, suka gano tushen a wani rijiya kusa da wurin da aka gano a baya.

Siyasar ruwa a zamanin zamani

Kogin Nilu yana ketare iyakokin ƙasashe da dama, yana mai da shi kogi na ƙasashe da dama kuma ya zama abin rikici na siyasa.

Zamanin mulkin mallaka

Bayan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya a Masar ya fara a 1882, suka fara ƙarin ayyukan ruwa don ƙarfafa samar da auduga da tallafawa yawan jama’ar Masar da ke ƙaruwa da sauri. Babban dam na farko da aka gina a kan Nilu shi ne Aswan Low Dam, an kammala shi a 1902. An ƙara tsayinsa sau biyu: a 1912 da 1933. Wasu dam da aka gina a lokacin mulkin mallaka sun haɗa da Sennar Dam (1914–1925) a kan Blue Nile a Sudan, da Jebel Aulia Dam, wanda aka kammala a 1937 kusa da Khartoum. Babban manufar dam ɗin da aka gina a ƙarni na 20 ita ce tallafawa ban ruwa; samar da wutar lantarki ta hydropower ba ta da muhimmanci sosai.

A 1929, an cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin Masar da Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa Masar da Sudan za su yi amfani da biliyan 48 da biliyan 4 na ruwan Nilu a kowace shekara, bi da bi. Masar ta tanadi ikon sa ido kan ruwan Nilu a ƙasashen sama, ta gudanar da ayyukan da suka shafi kogi ba tare da amincewar ƙasashen sama ba, kuma ta yi veto kan duk wani gini da zai iya cutar da Masar.

Bayan mulkin mallaka

File:Großer Tempel (Abu Simbel) 31.jpg|thumb|An ɗaga haikalin Abu Simbel zuwa sama lokacin da aka gina Aswan High Dam wanda ya nutse wurin da suka kasance a dā. |alt=Babban sassaka na dutse na sarakuna huɗu suna zaune a kujeru.]

Masar da Sudan sun samu ‘yancin kai daga Birtaniya a tsakiyar shekarun 1950s. A 1959 Masar da Sudan suka sabunta yarjejeniyar raba ruwa ta 1929. Sabuwar yarjejeniyar ta raba ruwa tsakanin Masar da Sudan da biliyan 55.5 da biliyan 18.5, bi da bi. Ƙasashen sama a cikin kwarin Nilu ba su shiga yarjejeniyar ta 1959 ba — ciki har da Habasha, wadda ke samar da fiye da rabin ruwan Nilu.

Yarjejeniyar ta 1959 ta ba da damar gina dam, wanda aka yi: Masar ta gina Aswan High Dam (an kammala 1970); Sudan ta gina Khashm el-Girba Dam (1964), Roseires Dam (1966), Merowe Dam (2009), da Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex (2017).

A 1960, Masar ta fara gina Aswan High Dam wanda ke adana kusan ruwan Nilu na shekaru biyu. Dam ɗin ya mai da sashen Nilu daga dam zuwa teku a matsayin babban canal na ban ruwa. Dam ɗin ya kawo fa’ida: ƙarin ruwa don ban ruwa, da wutar lantarki don masana’antu. Amma ya kawo illa: ingancin ruwa ya ragu, ƙasar ta rasa albarkar laka, ƙasar ta ƙara gishiri, cutar schistosomiasis, asarar muhalli, da korar Nubians.

Rikice-rikice da tattaunawa na ƙarshen ƙarni na 20

A duk ƙarni na 20, akwai babban bambanci a ƙarfin siyasa a cikin kwarin Nilu: Masar da Sudan a arewa sun fi ƙarfi fiye da sauran ƙasashe goma a kudu. Bayan Masar da Sudan suka ƙirƙiri yarjejeniyar 1959, wasu daga cikin ƙasashen sama (ciki har da Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, da Habasha) suka fara bayyana adawa da sharuɗɗan yarjejeniyar, suna cewa ba su da alhakin bin ta saboda ba su shiga ba. Ƙasashen sama sun yi hujja cewa dam ɗin da Masar da Sudan suka gina sun kare waɗannan ƙasashe daga fari, yunwa, da ambaliya, amma ƙasashen sama kamar Habasha har yanzu suna fuskantar fari da yunwa. Misali, Aswan High Dam ya samar da kusan biliyan 10 na kilowatt-hours a kowace shekara; kuma ya ba manoma na Masar damar yin girbi sau uku a shekara, maimakon sau ɗaya kafin dam. Shugabannin Masar sau da yawa sun bayyana cewa za su iya amfani da ƙarfin soja don kare haƙƙoƙinsu bisa yarjejeniyar 1959.

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, ƙasashen Afirka sun shiga ƙoƙari da dama don kafa manufofin rabon ruwa — ciki har da Undugu Commission (1983–1993) da TECCONILE (1993–1998) — amma ba su yi nasara wajen ƙirƙirar yarjejeniyoyi na dogon lokaci ba. A 1999, ƙasashe tara daga cikin goma na kwarin Nilu — Burundi, Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Kongo, Masar, Habasha, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania da Uganda — suka kafa Nile Basin Initiative don inganta tattaunawa cikin lumana kan batutuwan da suka shafi kwarin Nilu.

Sauyin ƙarfi zuwa ƙasashen sama

File:GERD 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, an kammala a 2025, yana samar da fiye da gigawatts 5.|alt=Hoton babban dam na kankare da tafkin da ya haifar, daga sama.]

A farkon ƙarni na 21, ƙarfi ya koma ga ƙasashen sama yayin da suka fara gina dam ba tare da amincewar Masar ko Sudan ba. A 2008, Habasha ta gina Tekezé Dam ba tare da neman izini daga Masar ko Sudan ba. A 2010, ƙasashe biyar na sama — Uganda, Habasha, Rwanda, Tanzania, da Kenya — suka rattaba hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya, Cooperative Framework Agreement, wadda ta nufi raba ruwan cikin adalci ga ƙasashen sama. Kenya ta rattaba hannu saboda tana da shirin fitar da ruwa daga Tafkin Victoria don ban ruwa. Masar da Sudan sun yi adawa da yarjejeniyar. A 2011, Sudan ta Kudu ta samu ‘yancin kai daga Sudan, ta zama ƙasa ta goma sha ɗaya a kwarin Nilu. A rikice-rikicen ruwa na gaba, Sudan ta Kudu ta yi kawance da ƙasashen sama maimakon Sudan.

A 2011, Habasha ta sanar da shirin gina babban dam a kan Blue Nile kusa da iyakar Sudan. Dam ɗin daga baya aka sanya masa suna Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Habasha ta ɗauki GERD a matsayin muhimmin ginshiƙi na makomar ƙasar, saboda wutar lantarki da dam ɗin zai samar za ta inganta rayuwar jama’a. Masar ta damu cewa dam ɗin zai rage ruwan ban ruwa saboda tana amfani da kusan duk ruwan da ke shiga ƙasar, kuma ta yi fargabar zai haifar da ƙarancin ruwa. Sudan ta damu da tsaro da samar da ruwa. Bayan sanarwar dam ɗin, shugaban Masar Mohamed Morsi ya yi nuni da yiwuwar kai hare-haren soja kan Habasha, kuma Sudan da Masar suka gudanar da atisayen soja tare.

An gudanar da tattaunawa da dama tsakanin Habasha, Sudan, da Masar yayin da ake gina dam ɗin da kuma lokacin da ake cika tafkin. A 2015 ƙasashen suka rattaba hannu kan "Declaration of Principles" wanda ya ƙunshi yarjejeniyoyi na manyan manufofi kan amfani da ruwa da hanyoyin cika tafkin. A 2019, Amurka ta jagoranci tattaunawa tsakanin ƙasashen. A 2020, African Union ta fara jagorantar tattaunawa. A wannan shekarar, Masar ta nemi Majalisar Tsaron Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya ta shiga, amma ta ƙi. A 2021 da 2022, UAE ta jagoranci tattaunawa. Gina dam ɗin GERD ya kammala a 2020, kuma a 2025 tafkin ya cika kuma yawancin injinan dam ɗin suna samar da wutar lantarki.

Siyasar ruwa a zamanin murnar

Kogin Nile yana ratsa iyakokin ƙasashe da dama, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama kogin da ya ratsa iyakoki kuma batun takaddamar siyasa.

Zamanin mulkin mallaka

Bayan fara mulkin mallakar Birtaniya a Masar a shekarar 1882, sun fara ƙarin ayyukan ruwa don haɓaka samar da auduga da kuma tallafawa al'ummar Masar da ke haɓaka cikin sauri. Madatsar ruwa ta farko mafi girma da aka gina akan kogin Nile ita ce madatsar ruwa ta Aswan Low Dam, wadda aka kammala a shekarar 1902. An ɗaga tsawonta sau biyu: a shekarun 1912 da 1933. Sauran madatsun ruwa da aka gina a ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin mallaka sun haɗa da madatsar ruwa ta Sennar Dam, wadda aka gina tsakanin 1914 da 1925 a jikin kogin Blue Nile a Sudan, da kuma madatsar ruwa ta Jebel Aulia Dam, wadda aka kammala a shekarar 1937 kusa da Khartoum. Babban dalilin gina madatsun ruwan a ƙarni na 20 shi ne don tallafawa ban ruwa; samar da wutar lantarki daga ruwa ya kasance manufa ta biyu ce kawai.

A shekarar 1929, an cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin Masar da hadakar ƙasashen Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Yarjejeniyar ta tanadi cewa Masar da Sudan za su yi amfani da cubic meter biliyan 48 da biliyan 4 na gudanar ruwan Nile a kowace shekara, bi da bi. Masar ta tanadi haƙƙin sanya ido kan gudanar ruwan Nile a ƙasashen da ke sama, da gudanar da ayyukan da suka shafi kogin ba tare da amincewar ƙasashen da ke saman kogi ba, da kuma yin weto (ko hana) kowane irin aikin gine-gine da zai yi tasiri mara kyau ga Masar.

Zamanin bayan mulkin mallaka

An mayar da haikalan Abu Simbel zuwa wuri mafi girma lokacin da aka gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam kuma ta nutsar da ainihin wurinsu.

Masar da Sudan sun sami 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya a tsakiyar shekarun 1950. A shekarar 1959 Masar da Sudan sun sabunta yarjejeniyar raba ruwa ta shekarar 1929. Sabuwar yarjejeniyar ta raba ruwan da za a raba tsakanin Masar da Sudan zuwa cubic meter biliyan 55.5 da biliyan 18.5 bi da bi. An cire ƙasashen da ke saman kogin na yankin magudanar ruwan Nile daga yarjejeniyar ta 1959—gami da Habasha, wadda ita ce tushen fiye da kashi biyu cikin uku na ruwan kogin Nile.

Yarjejeniyar ta 1959 ta haɗa da sharullan da ke ba Masar da Sudan damar gina madatsun ruwa, wanda kuma suka yi: Masar ta gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam (an kammala a shekarar 1970); Sudan ta gina madatsar ruwa ta Khashm el-Girba Dam (1964), Roseires Dam (1966), Merowe Dam (2009), da kuma rukunin madatsun ruwa na Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex (2017).

A shekarar 1960, Masar ta fara gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam wacce ke tara kusan gudanar ruwan Nile na tsawon shekaru biyu. Madatsar ruwan ta mayar da sashen kogin Nile na ƙasa (daga madatsar ruwan zuwa teku) ya zama wata babbar hanyar ban ruwa. Madatsar ruwan tana da kyakkyawan tasiri: ana samun ƙarin ruwa don ban ruwa, kuma wutar lantarki daga ruwa ta samar da ƙarin wuta don masana'antun Masar. Mummunan tasirin madatsar ruwan sun haɗa da gurɓacewar ingancin ruwa, raguwar albarkar ƙasa saboda rashin sabon laka da ambaliyar ruwa ke ajiyewa, ƙaruwar gishirin ƙasa, cutar tsarki (schistosomiasis), asarar wuraren zama na tito da namun daji na asali, da kuma kwashe mutanen Nubia.

Madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam ta nutsar da wani babban yanki na kofatun kogin Nile, kuma ta kusan nutsar da tsofaffin abubuwan tarihi masu mahimmanci da dama. Wani kamfen na ƙasa da ƙasa don ceton abubuwan tarihin na Nubia daga nutsewa a cikin sabon tafkin ya yi nasarar ceton wasu abubuwan tarihin, ciki har da haikalan Abu Simbel. Madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam ta kuma tilasta ƙaurace wa mutanen Nubia da dama da ke zaune a kwarin da sabon tafkin ya mamaye. An fitar da mutanen Nubia daga ƙasashen kakanninsu, kuma da yawa an tilasta musu yin ƙaura zuwa birane a Masar da Sudan.

Rashin jituwa da shawarwari a ƙarshen ƙarni na 20

A tsawon ƙarni na 20, an sami rashin daidaituwa bayyananne a cikin ikon siyasa a cikin yankin magudanar ruwan Nile: Masar da Sudan a arewa sun fi mallakar iko fiye da sauran ƙasashe goma na hudu zuwa kudu. Bayan Masar da Sudan sun ƙirƙiri yarjejeniyar ta 1959, da yawa daga cikin ƙasashen sama (gami da Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, da Habasha) sun fara nuna rashin amincewa da sharullan yarjejeniyar, kuma sun yi gardamar cewa ba su da alaƙa da yarjejeniyar domin ba su kasance ɓangare na ta ba. Gardamar ƙasashen na sama ita ce cewa madatsun ruwa da Masar da Sudan suka gina sun kare waɗannan ƙasashe biyu daga fari, yunwa, da ambaliyar ruwa, duk da haka ƙasashen sama kamar Habasha har yanzu suna fuskantar fari da yunwa. Alal misali, madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam tana samar da kusan kilowatt-hours biliyan 10 a kowace shekara; kuma ta ba manoman Masar damar yin girbi sau uku a kowace shekara, idan aka kwatanta da girbi guda ɗaya kafin gina madatsar ruwan. Shugabannin Masar galibi suna bayyana cewa a shirye suke su yi amfani da ƙarfin soja don kare haƙƙoƙinsu a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ta 1959.

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 20, ƙasashen Afirka sun shiga cikin ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce da dama don kafa manufofin raba ruwa—gami da Hukumar Undugu Commission (wadda ta yi aiki daga 1983 zuwa 1993) da kuma TECCONILE (wadda ta yi aiki daga 1993 zuwa 1998)—amma ba su yi nasarar ƙirƙirar yarjejeniyoyi na dogon lokaci ba. A shekarar 1999, tara daga cikin ƙasashe goma na yankin magudanar ruwan Nile—Burundi, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Masar, Habasha, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania da Uganda—sun kafa shirin Nile Basin Initiative don haɓaka tattaunawa ta lumana game da batutuwan da suka shafi yankin magudanar ruwan Nile.

Juya ikon zuwa ƙasashen sama

Madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, wadda aka kammala a shekarar 2025, tana samar da fiye da gigawatts 5.

A farkon ƙarni na 21, iko ya koma ga ƙasashen sama yayin da suka fara gina madatsun ruwa ba tare da amincewar Masar ko Sudan ba. A shekarar 2008, Habasha ta gina madatsar ruwa ta Tekezé Dam ba tare da neman izini daga Masar ko Sudan ba. A shekarar 2010, ƙasashen sama guda biyar—Uganda, Habasha, Rwanda, Tanzania, da Kenya—sun sanya hannu kan wata sabuwar yarjejeniya—wato Cooperative Framework Agreement—wadda ke da nufin raba ruwa cikin adalci ga ƙasashen sama. Kenya ta sami kwarin gwiwar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ne saboda tana da shirin hako ruwa daga tafkin Victoria don ban ruwa. Yarjejeniyar ta 2010 ta fuskanci adawa daga Masar da Sudan. A shekarar 2011, Sudan ta Kudu ta sami 'yancin kai daga Sudan, inda ta zama ƙasa ta sha ɗaya a yankin magudanar ruwan Nile. A cikin takaddamar ruwa na gaba, Sudan ta Kudu ta haɗa kai da ƙasashen sama maimakon da Sudan.

A shekarar 2011, Habasha ta sanar da shirin gina wata babbar madatsar ruwa a jikin kogin Blue Nile kusa da iyaka da Sudan. Daga baya aka sanya wa madatsar ruwan suna Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Habasha ta ɗauki GERD a matsayin abu mai mahimmanci ga makomar ƙasar, saboda wutar lantarki da madatsar ruwan za ta samar zai ba ta damar haɓaka ingancin rayuwar al'ummarta sosai. Masar ta damu cewa madatsar ruwan za ta fuskanci barazana ga ban ruwan amfanin gonakanta saboda Masar ta riga ta yi amfani da kusan dukkanin ruwan kogin da ke shiga ƙasarta, kuma ta damu cewa sabuwar madatsar ruwan za ta haifar da ƙarancin ruwa. Sudan kuma ta damu da tsaro da wadatar ruwa. Bayan an sanar da gina madatsar ruwan, shugaban Masar Mohamed Morsi ya ba da nuni da cewa hare-haren soja akan Habasha na iya zama zaɓi, kuma Sudan da Masar sun gudanar da atisayen soja na haɗin gwiwa da dama.

An gudanar da shawarwari masu yawa tsakanin Habasha, Sudan, da Masar yayin da ake gina madatsar ruwan kuma ake cika tafkin. A shekarar 2015 ƙasashen sun sanya hannu kan "Declaration of Principles" (Sanarwar Ka'idoji) wadda ke ƙunshe da yarjejeniyoyi na babban mataki game da amfani da ruwa da hanyoyin cika tafkin ruwan. A shekarar 2019, Amurka ta karɓi bakuncin tattaunawa tsakanin ƙasashen da abin ya shafa. A shekarar 2020, Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta fara sauƙaƙe tattaunawa. A shekarar nan, Masar ta buƙaci Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ya tsoma baki, amma ya ƙi yin hakan. A shekarun 2021 da 2022, UAE ta karɓi bakuncin tattaunawa. An kammala gina madatsar ruwa ta GERD a shekarar 2020, kuma a shekarar 2025 tafkin ya cika kuma mafi yawan janatocin madatsar ruwan suna samar da wutar lantarki.

Tattalin arziki

Ayyukan Noma

Wadannan amfanin gona a Masar (kusa da Toshka Lakes) sakamakon tsarin ban ruwa ne wanda ke hako ruwan Nile daga Lake Nasser.

Akwai babban bambanci a cikin ayyukan noma tsakanin ƙasashen arewa na yankin magudanar ruwan Nile (Masar, Sudan, da Sudan ta Kudu) da kuma ƙasashen kudu (Uganda, Habasha, da sauransu). Arewa mafi yawanta hamada ce, fari ga shi kuma kudu tana samun ruwan sama mai yawa; amfanin gona a arewa ya dogara ne da farko kan ban ruwa, yayin da kudu ta dogara da ruwan sama da ke taruwa a cikin ƙasa (soil water); yawan amfanin gona ya fi yawa a arewa (saboda yawan amfani da takin zamani da magungunan kashe kwari) fiye da kudu; kuma arewa tana da manyan gine-ginen ban ruwa (madatsun ruwa, magudanar ruwa, da sauransu) waɗanda ke samun goyon bayan manufofin gwamnati da kafofin tallafi na ƙasa da ƙasa. Adadin ruwan ƙasa da ake amfani da shi kowace shekara don amfanin gona a kudu ya kai cubic kilometer 229, wanda ya ninka jimillar gudanar ruwan Nile na shekara-shekara sau biyu (kusan cubic kilometer 100). Yawan amfanin gona a kudu yana fuskantar cikas saboda nisan tazara zuwa kasuwa; sabanin arewa, inda kusan dukkanin gonaki ke tattare a cikin wani kunkuntar yanki a gefen koguna tare da wadatattun damammakin sufuri.

Rashin ruwan sama da na ƙarƙashin ƙasa ya sa Masar ta dogara da kogin Nile don kusan dukkanin buƙatun ta na ruwa. Manyan amfanin gona da ake nomawa a Masar sun haɗa da auduga, alkama, masara, shinkafa, dawa, da wake (fava beans). Gabaɗaya akwai lokutan shuka guda biyu a Masar: lokacin rani (auduga) da lokacin sanyi (hatsi da kayan lambu). Tun daga shekarun 1950, Masar ta daɗa yin amfani da dabarun noma na masana'antu (gami da amfani da takin zamani da magungunan kashe kwari) don haɓaka yawan amfanin gona. Ƙasar Masar kashi 94% hamada ce, sumni kashi 3% kuma ƙasa ce mai kyau don noma. Mafi yawan ƙasar noma ta Masar tana cikin yankin Nile Delta, sauran kuma suna gefen kogin Nile.

Manyan amfanin gona a Sudan su ne gyaɗa, auduga, ridi, rake, da dawa. Sauran amfanin gona sun haɗa da maiwa, alkama, masara, da sha'ir. Amfanin gonar Sudan yana samun ruwa ne daga kogunan Blue Nile da White Nile, tare da tallafin madatsun ruwa da dama da suka haɗa da Sennar Dam da Khashm el-Girba Dam. Mafi yawan ƙasar da ake wa ban ruwa tana cikin tsarin Gezira Scheme, wani babban aikin ban ruwa da aka fara tun a shekarun 1920.

Sufurin Kifi

An gabatar da kifin Nile perch a Tafkin Victoria a shekarun 1950 don ƙirƙirar sabuwar hanyar kamun kifi.

Kogin Nile da tabkuna masu alaƙa da shi sun kasance muhimmiyar hanyar samun abinci ga mutanen da ke zaune kusa da ruwan tun zamanin da. A shekarar 2000, yankin magudanar ruwan Nile ya samar da kusan tan miliyan 1.4 na kifi a kowace shekara, wanda ya kai fiye da rabin jimillar kifin ruwan sanyi da aka samu daga daukacin nahiyar Afirka (tan miliyan 2.2). Tafkin Victoria kaɗai—tafki mafi girma a Afirka—ya samar da tan miliyan 1. Kifin da ake samu daga tabkunan yankin magudanar ruwan Nile ya zarce adadin kifin da ake kamawa a cikin kogunansa. Dukkanin ruwayen yankin magudanar ruwan Nile—banda yankin Sudd—suna nuna alamun fuskantar matsalar yawan kamun kifi da ya wuce kima. A shekarun 1950, an shigar da kifin Nile perch da Nile tilapia cikin Tafkin Victoria a matsayin ƙoƙarin juyar da raguwar kifin asali na tafkin; ƙoƙarin ya yi nasara, amma ya haifar da raguwar nau'ikan kifin asali a cikin tafkin. A halin yanzu, mafi yawan kifin da ake kamawa a Tafkin Victoria su ne Nile perch da Silver cyprinid (wato kifin sardine na Tafkin Victoria). Wasu kamun kifi—musamman na kifin Nile perch—an fi fitar da su zuwa Turai, maimakon a cinye su a cikin gida. Ana gudanar da noman kifi a wasu sassa na yankin magudanar ruwan.

Wutar Lantarki daga Ruwa

Wasu tashoshin wutar lantarki daga ruwa akan kogin Nile. "GERD" ita ce madatsar ruwa ta Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam.

Kogin Nile da rassan sa suna samar da wuta ga dazin tashoshin wutar lantarki daga ruwa, waɗanda gabaɗaya suke da ikon samar da sama da gigawatts 10 (GW) na wutar lantarki. Kafin shekarar 2000, akwai madatsun ruwa kaɗan a kogin Nile, amma bayan haka, gwamnatoci sun hanzarta gina madatsun ruwa. Tashoshin wutar lantarki daga ruwa waɗanda ke da ikon samar da wuta sama da 100 MW an lissafa su a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa.

Manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki daga ruwa a yankin magudanar ruwan Nile

Tashar Wutar Lantarki	Wuri na Kusa	Shekarar Kammalawa	Ikon Samar da Wuta (MW, a 2025)	Reshen Kogi
Aswan Low Dam	Samfuri:Operational	1902, 1912, 1933, 1985	550	Babban Nile
Aswan High Dam	Samfuri:Operational	1970	2,100	Babban Nile
Merowe Dam	Samfuri:WinDL	2009	1,250	Babban Nile
Upper Atbara and Setit Dam Complex	Samfuri:WinDL	2017	320	Atbarah da Tekezé
Roseires Dam	Samfuri:WinDL	1966, 2013	280	Blue Nile
Tana Beles	Samfuri:Partial	2010	460	Kogin Beles, Blue Nile
Tekezé Dam	Samfuri:Partial	2009	300	Tekezé, Atbarah
Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam	Samfuri:Partial	2020	5,150	Blue Nile
Fincha	Samfuri:Partial	1973	134	Blue Nile (Chomen Lake)
Karuma	Karuma Falls, Uganda	2024	600	Victoria Nile
Isimba	Kamuli District, Uganda	2019	183	Victoria Nile
Bujagali	Bujagali Falls, Uganda	2012	250	Victoria Nile
Kiira	Kimaka, Uganda	2003	200	Victoria Nile
Nalubaale	Jinja, Uganda	1954	180	Victoria Nile

Sufuri

Jiragen lodi—kamar wannan na kusa da Luxor, Masar—ana amfani da su wajen ɗaukar kaya a kan kogin.

Kogin Nile yana da sassauƙan gangare a arewa idan aka kwatanta da yankin kudu mai tuddai—sakamakon haka ƙasashen arewa (Masar, Sudan, da Sudan ta Kudu) suna da sassan ruwa da za a iya yin amfani da su don sufuri cikin sauƙi. A Masar, kogin ba shi da wani babban cikas tsakanin delta da katarat ta farko a Aswan, kuma a sakamakon haka an yi amfani da wannan sashe sosai don sufuri. Ana iya amfani da wannan sashe tun ma kafin zuwan jiragen ruwa masu amfani da tururi, saboda gudanar ruwa na iya ɗaukar jiragen ruwa zuwa ƙasa, kuma iskoki daga arewa galibi suna taimaka wa jiragen ruwa na madauki tafiya zuwa sama. Kogin Blue Nile gabaɗaya ba shi da sauƙin sufuri a mafi yawan wurare. Maimakon kogin, mutanen Habasha da turawan mulkin mallaka na Italiya sun yi amfani da hanyar ƙasa—wato Strada Imperiale—don sufuri daga arewa zuwa kudu a Habasha. Kamar yadda yake a shekarar 1903, masu bincike har yanzu suna binciken kogin Blue Nile don gani ko za a iya amfani da shi don sufuri tsakanin Habasha da Sudan, amma ba su yi nasara ba.

A tsohuwar Masar, kogin shi ne babban tsarin sufuri, kuma an gina jiragen ruwa iri-iri—na yau da kullum da na bukukuwa. Jiragen ruwan Masar sun kasance masu ƙarfi sosai don ɗaukar manyan ginshiƙan dutse (obelisks) da duwatsu don gina dala da haikali. A zamanin murnar, ana ci gaba da amfani da kogin don sufuri, musamman a Masar, wadda ke da hanyoyin ruwa guda huɗu da suka dace da manyan jiragen ruwa: guda biyu a delta, guda ɗaya tsakanin delta da Aswan High Dam, da kuma guda ɗaya a Lake Nasser. Masar tana jigilar tan miliyan 500 na kaya a kan kogin kowace shekara, wanda hakan ya kai kusan kashi 0.8% kacal na jimillar jigilar kayayyaki na Masar (mafi yawan kayayyaki ana jigilar su ne ta hanya ko layin dogo). Kayayyakin da ake jigilar su a kan kogin sun haɗa da siminti, farandutse (limestone), gawayi, kayayyakin man fetur, da phosphates.

Daga sama da Lake Nasser, kogin Nile da rassan sa suna ɗauke da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, katarat, rapids, da madatsun ruwa waɗanda ke sa sufuri na nisa mai tsawo ya zama mai wahala. Wani cikas ga sufuri shi ne Sudd, wani babban dausayi mai dausayi a kan kogin White Nile a Sudan ta Kudu. Shirye-shiryen gina magudanar ruwa ta cikin dausayin—da ake kira Jonglei Canal—an fara su ne a farkon ƙarni na 20 da nufin samar da ƙarin ruwa don shuka auduga a Masar. An fara ginin na ɗan lokaci a shekarar 1978, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka dakatar da aikin.

Bude Ido da Shakatawa

Sassa da yawa na kogin suna jan hankalin masu buɗe ido. Wannan jirgin ruwan yana kallon Murchison Falls a kan White Nile, tsakanin Lake Victoria da Lake Albert.

Kogin Nile—musamman sashin da ke Masar—ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wuraren buɗe ido mafi shahara a duniya na tsawon dubunnan shekaru, kuma ya kasance jigon rubuce-rubucen tafiye-tafiye masu yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da aka fi ziyarta a gefen kogin Nile shi ne rukunin dala na Giza pyramid complex—kusan kilomita 9 daga ainihin hanyar kogin Nile na yanzu a birnin Alkahira—wanda ya kasance wurin buɗe ido tun zamanin Helenawa.

Sashen kogin Nile tsakanin Alkahira da Aswan ya daɗe yana zama sanannen wuri ga masu buɗe ido: lokacin bukukuwan da suka shafi buɗe Suez Canal a shekarar 1870, wani babban rukunin masu buɗe ido ya yi tafiyar jirgin ruwa a wannan sashe na kogin kuma sun ziyarci Luxor, Dendera, Saqqara, Edfu, da Philae. Ɗaya daga cikin hukumomin balaguro na farko a duniya, wato Thomas Cook & Son, ya fara ba da rangadin kogin a shekarar 1870 lokacin da aka buɗe Suez Canal, kuma ya fara balaguron jiragen ruwa na tururi a kai a shekarar 1875. Tun lokacin da aka gina madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam a shekarar 1970, madatsar ruwan da kanta ta zama wurin jan hankalin masu buɗe ido, tare da haikalan da ke kusa da aka kwashe lokacin ginin don guje wa nutsewa. Madatsar ruwa ta Aswan High Dam ta kuma amfani masana'antun jiragen ruwan shakatawa saboda kogin daga Aswan zuwa delta ya zama mai sauƙin sufuri cikin aminci a duk tsawon shekara.

Yankin magudanar ruwan Nile gida ne ga gidan shakatawa da wuraren kiyaye halittu da dama, gami da Murchison Falls National Park na Uganda da kuma Salouga and Ghazal Protected Area na Masar. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta Bujagali Falls ta taɓa kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wuraren shawagin kwal jirgin ruwa (rafting) na Afirka, amma ta nutse sakamakon gina tashar wutar lantarki ta Bujagali Power Station.

A cikin al'ada

Fasaha da adabi

Wannan aikin fasaha na tsohuwar Masar, "Menna da Iyali Suna Farauta a cikin Daunuka", yana cikin Kabarin Menna a cikin Makabartar Theban.

Kada na Nilu yana cin kifi.

Yanayin ƙasar Nilu, kamar wannan mosaic na Romawa na ƙarni na 2, sau da yawa yakan nuna kadoji da dorina.

Kamannin Kogin Nilu babban mutum-mutumi ne na marmara daga wajen ƙarni na 2 CE na Rome – yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Vatican.

Kogin ya kasance ana nuna shi akai-akai a cikin fasahar tsohuwar Masar, sau da yawa tare da sarakuna suna kamun kifi ko kuma suna harbawa dorina mashin. Ayyukan fasaha na yanayin ƙasa da ke nuna kogin Nilu – ko dai kai tsaye ko a fakaice – ana kiran su yanayin ƙasar Nilu. Yanayin ƙasar Nilu yana da siffar hoton kogi da ke nuna rayuwar shuke-shuke da dabbobi, wanda yawancinsu na asalin ƙasar Masar ne. Abubuwan da aka saba gani sun haɗa da ganyen papyrus, itacen dabino, kifi da tsuntsayen ruwa, kuma – da kashin-da-tari – dabbobi irin su kyanwar daji, birai, da kada.

Hakanan ana wakiltar yanayin ƙasar Nilu a cikin ayyukan fasaha daga tsohuwar Girka da tsohuwar Rome. Fasahar Nilu ta Daular Romawa ta fi ba da muhimmanci ga dabbobi masu zafi, yawanci sun haɗa da kadoji da dorina. Wani shahararren wakilci na Nilu a cikin fasaha shi ne Kamannin Kogin Nilu, babban mutum-mutumi na marmara daga wajen ƙarni na 2 CE na Rome – yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Vatican. Ana wakiltar Nilu a matsayin mutum mai kishingida riƙe da damammakin alkama a hannunsa. A gefensa akwai sphinx – wanda ke wakiltar Masar – da yara goma sha shida waɗanda ke nuni ga kamu goma sha shida (kyakkyawan tsayin ambaliyar ruwa na shekara-shekara). A gindinsa akwai kadoji, pigmies (mutane gajeru), da dorina.

Ana ganin Nilu a cikin ayyukan fasaha da ke nuna manyan koguna guda huɗu na duniya: Nilu (Afirka), Danube (Turai), Ganges (Asiya), da Río de la Plata (Amurka). Misalai sun haɗa da zanen Koguna Huɗu na Aljanna na Peter Paul Rubens (1615) da kuma maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a Rome Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi wanda Gian Lorenzo Bernini ya tsara (1651). A cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa ta Bernini, an nuna Nilu a matsayin mutum mai kansa a rufe da tufa, wanda ke nuna alamun sirrin asalin kogin Nilu da ba a sani ba.

Bayan gaisuwa ga Nilu an tsara shi kuma mutanen tsohuwar Masar sun rera shi; ya yi bikin ambaliyar ruwan Nilu da fa'idodin da ya kawo wa wayewar Masar. Isma'il Pasha ya ba Giuseppe Verdi aikin tsara wasan opera don bikin buɗe Kogin Suez. Wasan operan, Aida, an nuna shi a sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na masarautar Masar (Egyptian Royal Opera House) a cikin shekarar 1871. Kashi na uku na wasan operan an shirya shi ne a gabar kogin Nilu. Tun lokacin da aka fara ginin Babban Madatsar Ruwa ta Habasha (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam), mawakan Habasha sun fitar da wakoki da ke yabo da ɗaukaka kogin Nilu da madatsar ruwan.

William Shakespeare ya sa jarumi Marc Antony ya kwatanta ambaliyar ruwan Nilu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Antony and Cleopatra: "Haka suke yi, yallabai: suna auna kwararar Nilu ta wasu ma'aunai a cikin dala; sun sani, ta tsayi, ko ƙanƙanta, ko matsakaici, idan fari ko yalwar girbi zai biyo baya: yayin da Nilus ke ƙaruwa sosai, haka yake ƙara alkawari: yayin da yake raguwa, mai shuka iri a kan laka da ta rube yake watsa hatsinsa, kuma ba da jimawa ba girbi zai zo."

Agatha Christie ta rubuta shahararren littafin nan na binciken sirri na shekarar 1937 mai suna Death on the Nile, game da kisan kai a cikin jirgin ruwan tururi na Nilu, wanda ya yi tasiri ga sauye-sauye da yawa na wasan kwaikwayo. Adrift on the Nile wani labari ne na shekarar 1966 na marubucin Masar kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel, Naguib Mahfouz, game da wani saurayi da ke zaune a cikin jirgin ruwa na gida a kan kogin Nilu. Kogin wani misali ne na rayuwar da ba zai iya sarrafawa ba, wanda ya sa shi juya wa al'umma baya. Kogin Nilu yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasannin bidiyo da yawa, gami da Civilization VI.

Tatsuniya da addini

Allahn Masar Hapy ne ke da alhakin ambaliyar ruwan Nilu na shekara-shekara.

Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibraniyawa ya ƙunshi labari game da jariri Musa da aka ceto daga kogin Nilu.

Ilimin sararin samaniya na tsoffin Masarawa ya kasance mai dorewa a dabi'ance: maimakon kallon rayuwa a matsayin mai farawa da ƙarshe, ana kallon ta ne a matsayin da'ira mai dorewa. Wannan mahangar rayuwa ta da'ira ta samo asali ne daga duniyar dabi'a da ta kewaye Masarawa, hanyar wucewar rana ta yau da kullum, da kuma ambaliyar ruwan Nilu na shekara-shekara. Allahn rana Ra yana ratsa sararin sama kowace rana daga gabas zuwa yamma, kuma matakai uku na ranar (fitowar rana, rana, da faɗuwar rana) sun dace da tsarin rayuwar ɗan adam: haihuwa, rayuwa, da mutuwa. Don wannan dalili, yawancin wuraren binne mutane an sanya su a gabar yammacin kogin Nilu, inda zasu kasance kusa da ranar da ke faɗuwa.

A cikin addinin tsohuwar Masar, babu wani allah guda ɗaya da ya siffata kogin Nilu kamar yadda allah Ra ya siffata rana. Allolin da ke da alaƙa da kogin sun haɗa da Hapy (allahn ambaliyar ruwa na shekara-shekara) da Khnum (allahn magudanan ruwa na farko na Nilu), waɗanda ke da alhakin samar da ambaliyar ruwan Nilu na shekara-shekara wanda ke takaita ƙasar noma ta ƙasar. Addinin Masar ya sanya tushen ambaliyar ruwan Nilu na shekara-shekara a Tsibirin Elephantine (a madaidaicin ruwa na farko) inda aka yi imanin cewa ruwan ambaliyar yana kwarara ne daga duniyar matattu.

Isis ta kasance babbar dangi a addinin Masar, tana da alaƙa mai ƙarfi da Nilu. Kungiyoyin asiri da ke da tushe a kan Isis sun bazu daga Masar zuwa Turai a ƙarni na biyu BCE. Misali na tasirin ƙungiyar asiri ta Isis a Turai shi ne mosaic na Nilu na Palestrina, wanda ke Rome kuma ya kasance na ƙarni na farko BCE: mosaic mai girman mita 4 zuwa 3 yana nuna cikakken yanayin ƙasar Nilu.

A cikin tatsuniyoyin Girka, Nilus shi ne allahn Nilu, ɗaya daga cikin dubban allolin kogi yaran Titans Oceanus da 'yar'uwarsa-matarsa Tethys. Nilus shi ne mahaifin naiad Memphis, wanda ya kafa birnin Memphis na tatsuniya a Masar.

An ambaci sunan Nilu a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki sau da yawa, ciki har da labari a cikin Littafin Fitowa game da jariri Musa da aka sanya shi a cikin kwando a cikin kogin. Wasu mahukunta sun gano kogin Gihon – wanda aka ambata a cikin Littafin Farawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Koguna Huɗu na Aljanna – a matsayin Nilu. Labari mafi mahimmanci ga mutanen Coptic na Masar ana samun shi a cikin Littafin Matiyu: yana ba da labarin yadda kakan Yusufu da Maryamu mahaifiyar Yesu suka gudu zuwa Masar kuma suka zauna kusa da Nilu na shekaru da yawa, don haka suka guje wa Hiridus Mai Girma.

Manazarta

Majiya

Litattafai

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• {{cite book

| title =Ancient Egypt in Video Games |editor-first=Jennifer |editor-last= Cromwell | isbn = 9783111534022 |year=2025 | publisher = de Gruyter Oldenbourg | chapter = Pharaohs, Labourers and Wonder Builders: Illustrating Ancient Egypt with Game Mechanics in Strategy Games | pages = 87–110 | last= Tian |first=Tian

Unknown author

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• {{Cite web

|last= Waslekar |first= Sundeep |author-link= Sundeep Waslekar | url = http://www.strategicforesight.com/publication_pdf/11374Nile%20concise.pdf |title = Blue Peace fo