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Tohitapu

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Tohitapu
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'Tohi' wanda aka fi sani da Tohi ko Toi-Tapu (ya mutu a ranar 14 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1833) ya kasance rangatira (shugaban) na Te Roroa iwi (ƙabilar) na Northland, New Zealand, kuma mayaƙin tohunga da Māori . Wani labarin da wani mai ba da labari na Ngāpuhi ya fada wa masanin ilimin lissafi na Burtaniya John White game da ziyarar Marion du Fresne zuwa Bay of Islands a cikin shekarar 1772 ya bayyana Tohitapu a matsayin mai shiga cikin kisan gilla lokacin da aka kashe du Fresnesne da mutane 26 daga cikin ma'aikatansa kuma aka cinye su.[1]

Jagoran ruhaniya

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A matsayinsa na Tohunga o Tumatauenga (masanin makamai ko malamin jam'iyyar yaƙi) Ngāpuhi na Bay of Islands ya amince da shi a matsayin jagora na ruhaniya wanda ke da ikon sadarwa tsakanin ruhaniya da na duniya ta hanyar karakia (addu'o'i), pātere (waƙoƙi) ko yin waƙoƙi (waƙoƙin). A ranar 28 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1832, Revd. Alfred Brown ya ga Tohitapu yana aiki a matsayin Tohunga don hango nasarar muru na biyu na Tītore (tafiye-tafiye na yaƙi) zuwa Tauranga, wanda ya biyo bayan Yakin 'yan mata a Bay of Islands.[2]

Lamarin ƙofar

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Tohitapu ya zauna a Te Haumi kuma ya kasance mai ziyara akai-akai ga Revd. Henry Williams a Paihia. Kodayake akwai rashin fahimta da rikice-rikice da yawa tsakanin su. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsanani shine rikici a ranar 12 ga Janairun 1824, wanda wasu shugabannin suka shaida. Lamarin ya fara ne lokacin da Tohitapu ya ziyarci aikin. Yayin da aka rufe ƙofar, Tohitapu ya tsallake kan shinge. Williams ya bukaci Tohitapu ya shiga aikin ta hanyar ƙofar. Tohitapu shugaba ne kuma tohunga, ƙwararre ne a cikin sihiri da aka sani da makutu . Tohitapu ya yi fushi da bukatar William kuma ya fara barazanar haka da ke bunƙasa Kawai da taiaha. Williams ya fuskanci wannan ƙalubalen. Tohitapu ya kama tukunya, wanda ya yi iƙirarin a matsayin diyya don raunata ƙafarsa yayin tsallewa kan shinge, inda Williams ya kama tukunyar daga Tohitapu. Lamarin ya ci gaba da dare lokacin da Tohitapu ya fara karakia ko sihiri. Williams ba ta jin tsoron karakia. Kashegari da safe Tohitapu da Williams sun sulhunta bambance-bambance, kodayake gazawar karakia don samun wani tasiri a kan Henry Williams ya karfafa mana kuma ya haifar da shakku tsakanin Ngāpuhi game da ikon Tohunga. [3]

Tohitapu ya kasance mai goyon bayan Williams da manufa a Paihia.[4] A cikin shekarar 1829, Tohitapu ya zo don taimakawa masu wa'azi na CMS lokacin da aikin daya daga cikin mataimakan Māori na aikin ya lalata wani ɓangare na ɗayan gidajen Te Koki, wanda ya kasance babban laifi ga al'adar Māori. Te Koki shi ne babban shugaban Ngāpuhi a Paihia, kawun Hongi Hika, ɗan'uwan Tuhikura, na Ngāti Rehua, kuma mijin Ana Hamu.

Tohitapu ya yarda da canje-canjen da suka biyo baya daga aikin mishaneri na CMS. A watan Maris na shekara ta 1828, Tohitapu, Henry Williams da George Clarke sun kasance a cikin fada da ke faruwa tsakanin Ngāpuhi da Te Mahurehure hapu (ƙabilar). Tohitapu ya yi jawabi ga Ngāpuhi kuma ya ba da umarnin cewa ba za a yi yaƙi ba washegari saboda ranar Lahadi ce.[5] Revd A. N. Brown ya ruwaito a cikin mujallarsa ta watan Agustan 1831 cewa Tohitapu ya zaɓi yin amfani da hukunci mara tsanani ga bawa, lokacin da hukuncin a ƙarƙashin al'adar Māori yawanci mutuwa ce.[6]

A matsayin matsakanci

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Tohitapu ya kuma shiga cikin sulhu na rikice-rikice tsakanin shugabannin Ngāpuhi. Mutuwar Tiki, ɗan Pōmare I (wanda ake kira Whetoi) da kuma mutuwar Te Whareumu a cikin shekarar 1828 ya jefa Hokianga cikin yanayin rashin tabbas yayin da shugabannin Ngāpuhi suka yi muhawara ko fansa ya zama dole bayan mutuwar wani shugaban.[7] Henry Williams, Richard Davis da Tohitapu sun yi sulhu tsakanin mayakan. Kamar yadda shugabannin ba sa son kara fada, an cimma matsaya ta zaman lafiya. A lokacin Yakin 'Yan Mata a watan Maris na 1830, Tohitapu ya nemi taimakon mishaneri na CMS don yin sulhu tsakanin mayakan.[8] A watan Disamba na shekara ta 1831, Tohitapu ya nemi masu wa'azi na CMS su shiga tsakani don dakatar da fada a Kororāreka tsakanin mayaƙan Tītore da Tareha.[9]

Tohitapu

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Jaridu na Church Missionary Society (CMS) mishaneri sun bayyana Tohitapu a matsayin mutum mai basira da kuma mana mai yawa tsakanin Te Roroa da Ngāpuhi. Revd. Henry Williams ya ce "shi mutum ne mai matukar muhimmanci a hanyarsa, kodayake mutanenmu masu kyau gabaɗaya ba za su iya sarrafa shi ba".Tohitapu bai yi watsi da matsayinsa na Tohunga da jarumi ba ko kuma ya zama Kirista. Daga Janairu 1832 har zuwa ƙarshen Yuli 1832 Tohitapu ya kasance wani ɓangare na muru, ko yaƙin yaƙi, wanda mayaƙan Tītore da Ngāpuhi suka yi zuwa Tauranga, wanda ya biyo bayan Yaƙin 'yan mata.[10] A watan Fabrairun 1833, Tohitapu ya shiga muru na biyu karkashin jagorancin Tītore tare da mayaƙan Te Rarawa, abokan Ngāpuhi, daga Arewacin Cape zuwa Tauranga don ci gaba da aikin yaƙi.[11][12] Henry Williams ya bi tafiye-tafiye biyu a cikin ƙoƙari na kawo su ga ƙarshe na zaman lafiya.

Tohitapu ya mutu a Bay of Islands a ranar 14 ga Yuli 1833.[25] A ranar 17 ga watan Janairun 1834, masu wa'azi na CMS sun tafi Wangai, wani yanki na kudu maso gabashin Paihia, don halartar bikin jana'izar da aka gudanar a hahunga (bikin tsabtace kasusuwa da tsaftace kasusuwan) na ƙasusuwan Tohitapu.[13]

Littattafai da tushe

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  • (2010) - Cannibal Jack: Rayuwa & Lokaci na Jacky Marmon, Pakeha-Maori, Littattafan Penguin, New Zealand   
  • (1856) - Takaitaccen Bayani na Ɗa Ɗa (2nd ed.) [1] daga Littattafan New Zealand na Farko (ENZB). 
  • Carleton, Hugh (1874) - Rayuwar Henry Williams, Archdeacon na Waimate, Volume I. Auckland NZ. Ana samunsa a kan layi daga Littattafan New Zealand na Farko (ENZB). 
  • (2011) - Te Wiremu - Henry Williams: Shekaru na Farko a Arewa, Huia Publishers, New Zealand   
  • (2004) - Wasiƙu daga Bay of Islands, Sutton Publishing Limited, United Kingdom; (Hardcover). Littattafan Penguin, New Zealand, (Paperback)    
  • Rogers, Lawrence M. (1973) - Te Wiremu: Tarihin Henry Williams, Christchurch: Pegasus Press 
  • (1961) - Jaridu na Farko na Henry Williams 1826 zuwa 1840. Christchurch: Pegasus Press. Ana samunsa a kan layi a Cibiyar Rubuce-rubucen Lantarki ta New Zealand (NZETC) (2011-06-27)  

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "The First Pakehas to Visit The Bay of Islands". Te Ao Hou / The New World, No. 51 (June 1965) page 17. Retrieved 12 December 2017.
  2. ↑ "The Missionary Register". Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. 1833. pp. 499–500. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  3. ↑ Williams, GE (2001). "The Trail of Waitangi: Tohitapu and a Touch of Mäkutu". Early New Zealand History: Covering the Introduction of Civilization, the Gospel, Treaty etc. to New Zealand. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  4. ↑ Fitzgerald 2004, p. 94 (letter of 7 October 1824)
  5. ↑ Missionary Register (1828) Vol. 20, page 468
  6. ↑ Missionary Register (1832) Vol. 20, page 191
  7. ↑ Ballara, Angela (30 October 2012). "Pomare I". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  8. ↑ "The Missionary Register". Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. 1813. pp. 56–60. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  9. ↑ "The Missionary Register". Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. 1832. pp. 409–410. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  10. ↑ ""Traditional Maori Concepts, Muru" Ministry of Justice website". Archived from the original on 2011-12-08. Retrieved 2024-08-24.
  11. ↑ Smith, S. Percy – Maori Wars of the Nineteenth Century (Christchurch 1910) page 450. at NZETC
  12. ↑ Proceedings of the Church Missionary Society for Africa and the East, (1834) vol 5, page 263
  13. ↑ "The Missionary Register". Early New Zealand Books (ENZB), University of Auckland Library. 1835. p. 555. Retrieved 9 March 2019.

Haɗin waje

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